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Cell Structure - Multiple Choice Questions

In which organelles is DNA present?


A

nucleus and ribosomes

chloroplasts and mitochondria

mitochondria and lysosomes

chloroplasts and ribosomes

What is the function of the organelles labelled A in the photomicrograph below?

They form the basal bodies of cilia.

They synthesise microtubules of the spindle.

They are involved in muscle contraction.

They provide routes along which materials move.

Which of the following is/are the most likely direct consequence(s) for a cell lacking functional Golgi
complexes?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The cell dies because it is unable to make glycoproteins to detect stimuli from its environment.
The cell dies from a lack of enzymes to digest food taken in by endocytosis.
The cell dies from the accumulation of worn-out organelles within itself.
The cell is unable to reproduce itself.
The cell is unable to export its enzymes or peptide hormones.

1 and 5

2 and 3

1, 2, 3 and 4

1, 2, 3 and 5

Which observation indicated that facilitated diffusion of a substance was taking place?
A

The substance was moving down its concentration gradient much faster than expected.

The substance was moving against its concentration gradient only when ATP was present.

The substance was moving down its concentration gradient at a decreasing rate.
The substance was moving against its concentration gradient only when certain proteins were
present in the cell membrane.

The diagram shows the structure of a typical plant cell. Which cell component is also present in
prokaryotes?

Which of the following correctly identifies organelles containing phospholipids, RNA and DNA?

phospholipids

DNA

RNA

ribosome

chloroplast

nucleus

nucleus

mitochondrion

ribosome

ribosome

nucleus

rough endoplasmic reticulum

lysosome

ribosome

nucleus

Which of the following is not part of the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells?
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum


Polyribosomes
Lysosome
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Centrioles
Golgi apparatus

i, ii, iv and vii

ii, iv and v

ii, v and vi

iv, v and vii

The table gives the descriptions of four membranous structures in a cell. Which structure is correctly
matched to its function?
Function

Structure

Packing of proteins

Aerobic respiration

Protein synthesis

Lipid synthesis

A network of tubes and sacs, each tube and sac


surrounded by a single membrane.
An organelle bounded by two membranes, the inner
being highly folded.
An organelle bounded by one membrane, containing
hydrolytic enzymes.
A stack of elongated, curved sacs, each sac
surrounded by a single membrane.

Which of the following pathways is MOST likely taken by newly synthesized histones?
A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex secretory vesicle

Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex nucleus

Rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum nucleus

Cytoplasm nucleus

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The diagram below represents an electron micrograph of a secretory cell from a mammal. If the cell
was supplied with certain amino acids containing radioactive sulphur atoms, in which of the following
structures would the earliest concentration of radioactivity appear?

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Cells can be ruptured and their contents collected after a series of centrifugation at different speeds.
The largest components sediment and form a pellet at a relatively slow speed. The supernatant is
then centrifuged at a greater speed than previously and more sedimentation into pellets occurs. The
process is repeated as outlined in the following diagram.

The sequence of pellets obtained in tubes 1, 2, 3 and 4 would be


A

ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, nuclei.

ribosomes, mitochondria, nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum.

nuclei, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes

nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria.

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Some organisms change the composition of their membranes to maintain membrane fluidity when
temperature changes.
Which changes occur in the composition of membranes following a change to low temperature?

13

Increase phospholipids, decrease cholesterol

Increase saturated fatty acids, increase cholesterol

Increase unsaturated fatty acids, increase cholesterol

Increase saturated fatty acids, decrease cholesterol

Fig. 20 shows the fusion of cell membranes containing rat antigens and human antigens. The
distribution of the antigens from the resulting cell is also shown.

Rat antigen
Human
antigen

Fig. 13
Which of the following features of cell membrane does this experiment illustrate?

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Membranes are fluid.

Membranes are made up of phospholipids.

Membranes contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.

Membranes form effective barriers between the internal and the external surroundings.

A strain of African Clawed Toad, Xenopus laevis, exists in which there is only one nucleolus in the
nucleus of each cell instead of the usual two. When such animals are mated, approximately one
quarter of the offspring have two nucleoli per nucleus, one half have one nucleolus per nucleus, and
one quarter have no nucleoli at all.
Tadpoles without nucleoli die about four days after hatching because they lack

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centrioles and are unable to undergo cell division.

Golgi apparatus and are unable to secrete metabolites.

ribosomes and are unable to manufacture proteins.

yolk and are unable to feed.

Which process would allow the movement of large protein molecules out of the cell?
A

Active Transport

Exocytosis

Facilitated Diffusion

Phagocytosis

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The diagram shows part of a cell surface membrane.

What is the correct function for each of the structures labelled?

forms hydrogen bonds


with water to stabilise
membrane
R

regulates
membrane fluidity

17

transports ions and


large polar molecules
Q

The figure shows an electron micrograph of a cell.

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The cells of the marine algae Halicystis ovalis have large central vacuoles. The table shows the
concentrations of certain ions in sea-water and in these vacuoles.
Ions

Sea-water concentration /
mM
488
12
523
12
34

Na+
K+
ClCa2+
Mg2+

Vacuole concentration /
mM
257
337
543
2
Trace

Which statement is supported by the data in the table?

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Cations diffuse into the cell more readily than anions.

Halicystis uses chloride in greater quantities than sodium.

Magnesium is not used by Halicystis.

The algae maintain a high concentration of potassium against a concentration gradient.

The diagram below shows a section of a cell surface membrane

B
A
C
Which of the following statements are correct?
I
Structure A is found only on the extracellular surface of the membrane.
II
Structure B may contain a channel that is hydrophobic to allow ions to move across the
membrane.
III
Structure B is able to bind to certain substances and change its conformation to
transport these substances into the cell.
IV Structure C is able to change the structure of substances such that the substance can
now diffuse across the membrane.
V
Structure D is found only on one surface of the membrane.
A

I, II, III and IV

II, III and V

I and III only

I and V only

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Membranous sacs containing products of metabolism are formed by the endoplasmic reticulum in
cells. Where are these products used?
A

inside and outside the cell

inside lysosomes only

inside the cell only

outside the cell only

Structured Questions
1

Fig. 1.1 is a micrograph of part of a plant cell.

Fig 1.1
(a)

Name the structures P to R. [3]


P:
Q:
R:

(b)

Suggest why plant cells with chloroplasts also contain mitochondria. [3]

(c)

State two ways in which chloroplast and mitochondria are


(i) Similar in structure [2]

(ii) Different in structure [2]

[Total:10 ]

(a)

Fig 2.1 is an electron micrograph of an organelle. This organelle is present in large numbers in
muscle cells.

Fig. 2.1

(i) The scale bar represents an actual length of 2 m. Calculate the magnification of the
drawing and show your working. [2]

(ii) Explain why muscle cells contain large numbers of this organelle. [2]

(b)

Muscle cells are examples of eukaryotic cells. Bacterial cells are examples of prokaryotic cells.
State four ways in which the structure of muscle cells differ from bacterial cells. [4]

[Total:8]

Fig 3.1 shows part of an animal cell as seen through an electron microscope.

Fig 3.1

(a)

(i) Identify structures A to D. [2]


A:
B:
C:
D:
(ii) Identify and describe the function of X. [3]

(iii) Explain how X is adapted to its function. [2]

(b)

Membranes of A, C and X share the same basic structure.


(i) Describe the basic structure of these membranes. [2]

(ii) Explain how the membranes differ in structure for A, C and X to perform different functions.
[2]

[Total: 11]

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Fig 4.1 shows two organelles that are found in a cell.

Fig 4.1
(a)

Identify organelles A and B. [1]


A:
B:

(b)

Describe two ways in which organelle A is similar to B. [2]

(c)

Explain the function of organelle A and B with relation to the synthesis of a protein found on the
plasma membrane. [4]

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(d)

The passage of most molecules through membranes is regulated by proteins. Fig. 4.2 shows
four main steps in the release of insulin from beta cells, which involves three types of
transmembrane proteins.

Fig 4.2
Explain why transmembrane proteins are necessary for glucose, postassium ions and calcium
ions to pass through the cell surface membrane. [2]

(iii) Explain why a Na+/K+ pump requires a catalytic site for its function. [3]

[Total: 9]

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5 (a) Glycoproteins are found in cell surface membranes. In human circulatory system, old red blood
cells are removed and taken in by liver cells. This is facilitated by glycoproteins found on the cell
surface membrane of red blood cells. Fig 5.1 shows the structure of glycoproteins found in
membranes of new and old red blood cells.

New red blood cell


Glycoprotein contains sugar
chains with terminal sialic
acid.
glycoprotein

Old red blood cell


As the red blood cell
circulates in the
bloodstream, enzymes on
the inner surface of blood
vessles remove terminal
sialic acid, exposing
galactose.

red blood cell


membrane

Fig. 5.1

(i) With reference too Fig 5.1, suggest how liver cells are able to identify old red blood cells and
remove them from circulation. [2]

(ii) Suggest how glycoproteins like this are embedded in the cell surface membrane. [2]

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(iii)Suggest why molecules involved in cell-cell recognition are made of sugar units instead of
amino acids. [2]

(b)

Fig 5.2 shows a section of a cell surface membrane.

L
M

Fig. 5.2

(i)

Name the molecular composition of the structures labeled L and M. [2]

(ii)

Name structure N and explain its role in the cell surface membrane. [3]

[Total: 11]

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Essays
1

(a)

Explain how the molecular structure of phospholipids is related to their function in the
membrane.
[6]

(b)

Relate the structure of the following organelles to the synthesis and secretion of proteins out of
the cell:

(i)
(ii)

rough endoplasmic reticulum; and


Golgi apparatus.

[8]

(c)

Describe how the structure of the membrane affects the movement of substances into and out
of a cell.
[6]

(a)

Explain how lysosomes differ from ribosomes.

(b)

Describe the main structural features of rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrion and
ribosomes.
[6]

(b)

Outline the functions of rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrion and ribosomes.

[6]

[8]

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