Grammar

Summary of Functions of Modal

PRESENT
Verbs / FUTURE

PAST

Practice Section

advice

You should try to make more of an

effort, (general advice; 1 advise you)
You ought to keep to the speed limit.
(1 advise you; most people believe this)
You had better not keep her waiting. (Its not
a good idea; advice on a specific situation)
Shall 1 apply for the job? (asking for advice)

You should have paid more attention.

(but you didnt)
She ought to have reserved a table.
(but she didnt)
It would have been better if you hadnt
kept her waiting, (but you did)

criticism

She could at least wait until 5 oclock.

They should warn us.
You ought to be more polite to her.

She could at least have waited until 5 oclock.

They should have warned us. (but they didnt)
You ought to have been more polite to her. (It
was the right thing to do, but you didnt do it.)

obligation

1 must get more exercise. (1 need to; 1 say so)

1 have to get more exercise. (Im obliged
to; the doctor says so)
We ought to give more money to charity.
(Its the right thing to do, but we dont
always do it.)

1 had to get more exercise because 1 was unfit.

1 had to get more exercise because 1 was unfit

-requests
__

offers

suggestions

We ought to have given more money to

charity. (It was the right thing to do but we
didnt do it.)

Can ! use your phone? (informal)

Could 1 use your phone? (polite)
May 1 make a phone call, please? (formal)
Might 1 borrow your pen? (very formal)
Will you give me a hand? (very friendly)
Would you mind helping me? (polite)

Can l/we do anything to help? (informal)

Shall IIwe help you tidy up? (informal)
Would you like me to do it for you?

Shall we stop for a drink?

llWe can always leave early.
We could eat out tonight if you want

He could have asked for advice.

prohibition

You cant wear jeans at work, (you arent

allowed to)
You mustnt walk on the grass, (its forbidden)
You may not talk during the test, (formal)

They couldnt wear jeans at work, (they

werent allowed to)

duty

All members must follow the rules.

People ought to live in peace. (Its the right thing
to do, but people dont do it)

All members had to follow the rules.

She ought to have treated us more fairly. (It was
the right thing to do but she didnt always do It.)

'

Use the appropriate modals with the verbs in brackets to complete the sentences.
1

(take) my advice

(study) for many

~3

(be) late if the

Susan .......................
if she had studied harder.
............................................ (attend) a course

.............................................................. (finish).

4
(cost) a fortune.

Grammar Module 1

.9 You ............................................... (eat) fruit until

youve washed it because of the pesticides they put on
the crops.

You.................................... the dishes. I'll do it later.

They cooked more food than necessary for the dinner
party.
have
They ............................................. so much food for

13

(have) a look at your newspaper?

(stay) in the shade, then
you wouldnt have got burnt.
12 You (exercise) your
dog every day to keep it fit and healthy.

the dinner party.

It's possible that she has forgotten his birthday, may

14

(wait) until
we finished eating dinner.
(speak) Spanish fluently
when he was child and he lived in Spain.
i
5 Mary ........................ (find) a new flat after
she was evicted from her old one.

She..................................................... his birthday.

Perhaps Daniel is at the chemist's,

15

could
Daniel ..............,................................. the chemist's.
I'd better start studying for my test,

16

ought

Complete the sentences using the words in bold.

Use two to five words.
1

It's forbidden to eat in the library, not

I'm sure he has written his report now. have

17

You .................................................................. library.

2

Perhaps she will be late,

be
She ................................................................... late.

It isn't necessary for Jim to come to the meeting today.

He................................................. his report now.

It wasn't necessary for Bob to work overtime, need

18

Bob ........................................................... overtime.

Alex was obliged to wear glasses because he couldn't
see properly.
had
Alex .............................................. glasses because

19

have
Jim ....................................... to the meeting today.
4

Shall I carry this bag for you?

me

he couldn't see properly.

It's necessary for you to learn how to drive, need

20

You............................................................ to drive.

Would ......................................... this bag for you?

5

Circle the correct answer.

It wasn't necessary for her to buy me a gift, needn't

She ................................................................. a gift.

1 Your acne..........due to your unhealthy eating habits.

I'm certain it has stopped snowing now.

have
It ....................................................... snowing now.

would be

B could be

should be

I........ like to rely on alternative medicine for my

health.
A mustnt

couldnt

B neednt

wouldnt

She is likely to win the competition, that

I advise you to read the contract before you sign it. had

You........go to the dentist soon.

A had better

C should have

B ought to have

D had to

As its very sunny today, you............. wear plenty of

sunscreen when you go outside.

I'm sure John hasn't finished yet.

A are likely to

will be able to

have

B are able to

must

John ................................................................. yet.

I I Let's try doing this exercise, we
Shall .................................................. this exercise?
12

He ................................................................... now.

You.............................................. before you sign it.

10

A ought to be

I'm sure he isn't at home now. be

It is ............................................. the competition.

9

....................................................... for my test.

It isn't necessary to wash the dishes. I'll do it later, need

Grammar

9 After qualifying, new doctors decide in which area

Practice Section

at risk if he

of medicine they...........like to specialise.

C need be

D should be

A must

would

B could

should

allergic to it.

a curry in under 10
C should make

A might be

C must be

B shall be

D have to be

I ! Julie would make a great office clerk if only she

faster.

be so rude to the customers.

A should

need

arent likely to

B must

could

might not

chew with your mouth open like that?

A ought to

ask Simon to come to the meeting.

C

ought to

D
d

could have

type

B have to

C
D

must

nee

Module 3
Quite - Rather - Fairly - Pretty -Very
Quite (= fairly, to some degree) is used in favourable comments. Hes quite good at geography. Quite is used before
a/an. Hes quite a good football player. Quite (= completely) is used with adverbs, some verbs and adjectives such as:
amazing, brilliant, certain, dreadful, different, exhausted, horrible, impossible, perfect, right, sure, true, useless, etc. Im
quite sure she will come with us.
Rather is used in unfavourable comments. Hes rather bad at tennis. It can also be used in favourable comments
meaning to an unusual degree. The lecture was rather interesting, (more interesting than we expected). Rather is also
used with comparative degree. My MP3 player was rather more expensive than yours. Rather is also used before or after
a/an. Its a rather warm summer, or Its rather a warm summer.
Fairly/Pretty are synonymous with quite and rather.They are used after a. Shes a fairlylpretty good actress. very + adj/adv of
positive degree. He is very careless with his things
.
so take a jacket with you.
chess.
i
7 to see them again.
the film doesnt start until nine oclock?
8 quite/rather better this time than at their last performance.
9 My new laptop was quite/rather more modern than his

2
3

10

11

12

Be/Get used to - Used to - Would

n the habit of) expresses habitual actions.

He isnt used to driving on the left. He got used to the noise pollution.
expresses past habitual actions. He used to play football more when he was 20.
expresses past repeated actions and routines but not states. When she was 15, she would go swimming every day for an
hour, (also: she used to go) Stative verbs are not used with would. He used to live in London. (NOT: he would dive)

Grammar Module 2

7
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
form.
1
2
3

Fiona used to........................................ (wake up)

at 7 am every day.
My grandmother would always ................... (cook)
a roast dinner on Sundays.

My mother never had a washing machine, so she was

used to ...................... (do) the washing by hand.

I am not used to............................ (be) spoken to

Practice Section

Choose the correct item.

1

so rudely!

How are you A get B getting

2

I didnt use to ............ (like) fish, but now I love it.

When Michael was young, he used to ......................

(go) fishing with his grandfather every Saturday.

Grammar

My father was in the habit of taking a long walk on

Sundays.
always My father.......................................................
....................... a long walk on Sundays.
Dean hasnt become accustomed to the climate abroad
yet.
got Dean ...................................................................
the climate abroad yet.

A would
was used
3

Although Pete was a postman all his life, he never

got used to ................................... (get) up early in

A used B got used

A is used to

C gets used to

go When I lived in Africa, I.........................................

B used to

D is used

When Amy was a nurse, she used to work night shifts,

Paula found her job difficult at first, but now she quite
likes it.
Billy lived in Egypt when he was a child.
live
Billy ...................................... when he was
a child.
I dont think Ill ever find it easy to live in this noisy
neighbourhood.
get I dont think Ill ever........................................... .
this noisy neighbourhood.

He....hard
work
because he was
brought up

I went on safari every month when I lived in Africa,

used Paula found her job difficult at first, but now . . .it.

C drive D to
driving
play football every

on a farm.

would When Amy was a nurse,................................

............................................. night shifts.

have black hair, but now shes blond.

C used to D used

Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use

two to five words.

......................... on safari every month.

C to get D to
getting

I cant get
used

When I was younger, I

weekend.
5

used to your new car?

A to drive B
driving

road.

the morning.
I would never......................... (sleep) without the
light on when I was a child.
9 When she was younger, Mary used to .....................
(be) chubby, but now she has lost a lot of weight.
(stay UP)
late at night.

Susan .

Your dancing has improved. You didnt........to

be so good!
A would

C use

B was used

D is used

When Tommy was younger, he ........... live in

Canada.
A got used to

C would

B was used to

D used to

I...get used to your unusual accent!

A would never

will be

B would always

will never

Its taking me a long time to. . .speaking French.

A am used to

used to

B get used to

would

My cousins rarely go to parties any more.

10

used

by bus.

My cousins ........................... to parties.

Before she started cycling, she.......go to work

A used to

C was used to

B got used to

article the

usedThe

definite

with nouns when talking about something specific.

Grammar Module 3

Christina has got a book and a pen. The book is green

and the pen is blue.
with nouns that are unique (the moon, the Earth, etc).

Grammar
9

with names of newspapers (the Times), cinemas (the

Coronet), theatres (the Art Theatre), museums/art
galleries (the Natural History), ships (the Titanic),
organisations (the United Nations).
with the names of rivers (the Thames), groups of islands
(the Virgin Islands), mountain ranges (the Alps),
deserts (the Gobi), oceans (the Indian), canals (the
Suez canal), countries when they include words such
as States, Kingdom, Republic (the UK), names or
nouns with of (the Houses of Parliament), in
geographical terms such as the Antarctic!Arctic!
equator,
the
North
of
Ireland,
the
NorthlEast/SouthlWest
9 with the names of musical instruments and dances (the
piano, the rumba).
9

with the names of families (the Smiths) and nationalities

ending in -sh, -ch or-ese (the French). Other
nationalities can be used with or without the (the
Egyptians/Egyptians).

with titles (the King, the Prime Minister) BUT not with
titles including a proper name (Queen Elizabeth).

with adjectives/adverbs in the superlative form (the

best book I have ever read) BUT when most is
followed by a noun, it doesnt take the. Most people
enjoy watching DVDs.

with the words day, morning, afternoon and evening. It

was late in the evening when they left.
BUT at night, at noon, at midnight, by day/night

with historical periods/events (the last Ice Age, the

Vietnam war). BUT World War 1 _ 9 with the words only, last
and first (used as adjectives). She was the only one who
didnt believe me.
9

with the words station, cinema, theatre, library, shop,

coast, sea(side), beach, country(side), city, jungle,
world, ground, weather. Lets go to the park.

Practice Section

with uncountable and plural nouns when talking about

something in general. Ships are a safe means of
transport Many people drink coffee.

with proper nouns. Anthony works as a clerk.

9

with the names of sports, games, activities, days, months,

celebrations, colours, drinks and meals. We : had dinner
with the Robinsons on Saturday.

with languages, unless they are followed by the word

language. Bob speaks German, Spanish and English
fluently. BUT The French language is spoken in pans of
Canada.

with the names of countries which dont include the word

State, Kingdom or Republic. Germany, jh
india, Australia. BUT there are some exceptions:

the Vatican, the Riviera.

with the names of streets (Oxford Street, Penny Lane). , BUT
the M6, the A42, squares (Trafalgar Square), f bridges
(London Bridge) BUT the Golden Gate Bridge, parks
(Hyde Park), railway stations (Euston, Kings Cross),
mountains (Mount Olympus), individual islands (Corfu),
lakes (Lake Erie) and continents (Europe). g
9
with possessive adjectives or the possessive case. That is
my computer.
9

with the names of restaurants, shops, banks, hotels, etc

which are named after the people who started them
(Hcrrods, Marios Restaurant).

with the words bed, hospital, college, court, prison,

school, university when we refer to the purpose for
which they exist. The injured boy had to be taken to
hospital. BUT We went to the hospital to visit Douglas.
9

with the word work (= place of work). / must leave I work by

12 oclock.

with the words home, mother, father, etc when we talk about
our own home/parents.

with by + means of transport (bus/ferryltrainlcar etc). We

travelled to America by plane.

with the names of illnesses. Hes got chicken pox. BUT

flulthe flu, measleslthe measles, mumps/the mumps

Grammar Module 3

Fill in a/an or the where necessary.

Grammar

jinversion

Practice Section

A. modal/auxiliary verb + subject + main verb

It is used in the following cases:

Neither/Nor can I. (We use neither/nor to agree with

a negative statement.)

in questions.
Can you really sing well?
after the following words or expressions, when they
come at the beginning of a sentence.

I cant stand classical music." Neither!Nor can I.

with should, were, had when they come at the beginning of
an if-clause instead of if.
e.g.Type I: Should he call, tell him Ill meet him at six. (=
If he should call ...)
Type 2: Were I you, I would tell her how I feel. (= If I
were you ...)
Type 3: Had I been told, I would have been prepared for
what would follow. (= If I had been told

Never (before) have I

seen such an exciting
match. Not only did they
make a lot of money but
they (also) made a good
name for themselves.
Seldom do we go out since
I took up Spanish classes. BUT We seldom go out since
I took up Spanish classes. (There is no inversion
because the word seldom does not come at the
beginning of the sentence.)

B. main verb + subject

It is used in the following cases:
after verbs of movement or adverbial expressions of
place when they come at the beginning of a sentence.
Outside the house was a big pine tree.
On the chair lay a cat.
Here comes the bus.
There goes the train.
If the subject is a pronoun, there is no inversion.
Here they come. (NOT: Hem come they.)
Out you go. (NOT: Out go you.)
in direct speech when the subject of the introductory
verb is a noun.

Note: When the expressions only after, only by, only if, only
when, not until/till come at the beginning of a
sentence, the inversion is in the main clause.
Only after saving money for months was she able
to buy a new car.
Only if you do what the doctor tells you will you get
well soon.
with so, neither, nor, as to express agreement.
I love chocolate yoghurt So do I. (We use so" to
agree with an affirmative statement)
She was a talented artist, as was her brotherland so
was her brother.

/ dont like this book,"said Jimmy.

(OR: ...Jimmy said.)
Ill call you tomorrow, said her mother.
(OR:... her mother said.)
BUT How can I help you?" she asked.
(NOT: asked--she,> because the subject of the introductory
verb is a pronoun.

)
Rewrite the sentences.
1

The authorities seldom pay any attention

environmental activists.
Seldom.......................................................................

Our country has never seen such extreme weather

conditions before.
Never before...............................................................

The police didnt know that the man was a thief.

to

_Dear Jenny,
A
How are you? Ive just got back from spending two weeks OI^I 1) .'?T. west coast of 2) 77.. Ireland. I must tell you all about
it! 3) rr.. Galway, where I stayed, is situated on the mouth of 4)V>.. River Shannon and faces
Atlantic Ocean. 6) Aran
Islands nearby can be reached by 7) &r. ferry. These are, in fact, the last stop in 8) Europe before you reach 9) Ik. United
States of America! Galway is also close to some beautiful lakes, including 10) ,<r .. Lake Ross, where you can go fishing.
The city has not lost its sense of tradition, and 11) |k- Irish language is still spoken there.
It has both 12) .P-.. university and 13) . Pt. cathedral and is quite multi-cultural. Galway hosts an important arts festival,
which I was lucky enough to go to. This takes place in venues all over the city. When I wasnt dashing around watching
performances, I was only too glad to stop at 14) tr.. Eyre Square, jn the centre. You can sit outside there and have 15) r ? . .
lunch or a cup of coffee. A little further out, at nearby BallyJ>rit, 16) Vk. most important sporting event of the year takes
place. It is the famous Galway Races, which are held during 17) .Jk-i month of August, and should not be missed by horse
lovers.
Ill never forget my visit there, even though 18) af\5<. weather was chilly and rainy and I had to wear 19) AYS . anorak all
the ime! Dont forget to get in touch soon.
Lots of love,
Louise

Grammar Module 4

Grammar

Little............................................................................

Practice Section

If we had known how easy it is to recycle, we would have

started a long time ago.
Had............................................................................

As soon as I converted to solar energy, my electricity bill

went down.

No sooner

Grammar Module 4

You wont be able to reduce ajiog unless you

reduce city-centre traffic. r Not until
6

Deforestation not only reduces the number of

trees, but it also affects biodiversity.
Not
only
.................................................................................

Grammar

He was so angry that he banged his fist on the table. Such

8
9

The exam was so difficult that the students needed a

month to prepare.
So ..............................................................................

You shouldnt put a metal utensil in the microwave

on any account.
On
no
account
.................................................................................
We will reduce the risk of global warming only if
we act now.
Only
if
.................................................................................

Practice Section

Antarctica is so cold that no humans can live there. So

Complete the sentences using the words in bold.

Use two to five words.
1

I didnt realise that my shoes were untied until I got

home.
until Not ....................................................................
I realise that my shoes were untied.

_ 10 It hasnt been this hot since the beginning of the last

century.
Not
since
.................................................................................

only Not ....................................................................

..............., but there was flying debris too.
3

Rewrite the sentences using the word

given at the beginning of the sentence.
I He is so ignorant that he has never heard of
Einstein.
Such
.................................................................................
2

Stormchasing is so dangerous that very few

people take it up as a career.
So
.................................................................................

' 3 The weather was so bad yesterday that I just stayed

at home all day.
So
.................................................................................

The wind was howling and there was flying debris,

It isnt often that we see such stormy conditions,

do Seldom ................................................................
...................................stormy conditions.
4

He didnt expect that they would throw him a surprise

party.
did Little ....................................................................
.................. throw him a surprise party.

The eco-friendly car is so popular that they are

increasing production.
is

So..............................................................
that they are increasing production.

The drought had only just finished when heavy rain

brought floods.
had Barely ................................................................
................................... when heavy rain

4 Climate change is such an important issue that we

cannot afford to ignore it.
Such
.................................................................................
5

Carlos speaks English so fluently that I thought he

was British.
So
.................................................................................
The .visibility was so poor that we could hardly see
a thing.
So
.................................................................................

brought floods.
7
you
8

She was so anxious that she kept biting her nails.

Such

Were..........................................................
.........................convert to solar energy.

We wont come out until the tornado has passed over.

will Not until the tornado ...........................................
................................................come out.

We only realise that a species is in danger when it is

near extinction.
do Only when a species is ........................................
.................................. that it is in danger.

10
7

If I were you, Id convert to solar energy.

The hailstorm was so violent that it broke several

windows.
was So.......................................................................
that it broke several windows

Grammar Module 4

.
I

Grammar

Patricia

12 She had just finished her speech when he walked in the

door.
sooner No .................................................................

wont

Practice Section

circumstances,
will Under

main verb. Only

transitive verbs (verbs With
which+ take
an object) can be
instrument/material/ingredient
Passive
used in the passive, (e.g. live does not have a passive
is used to say what the agent used. The design was made by
form.)
Roselyn. It was made with fresh cream.
The agent can be omitted when the subject is they, he,
someonelsomebody, people, one, etc. Somebody has
The
agent
is
not
omitted
when
it
is
a
specific
or
important person, or when it is essential to the meaning
when the person or people who do the action are
of
the sentence. Jurassic Park was directed by Steven
unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context.
Spielberg.
jane's handbag was stole; (We dont know who stole
bring,istell,
send,
show,(Its
teach,
promise,who
buy,issell, read, offer, give, lend, etc, we can form two different passive
it.) The house
being
painted
unimportant
sentences.
doing it.) The criminal has been arrested. (Its obvious
Bob
gave
Jean
flowers, (active)
that the police arrested him.)
Jean was given flowers by Bob. (passive, more usual) Flowers
when the action itself is more important than the
were given to Jean by Bob. (passive, less usual)
person/people
who
do passive
it, as in
preposition follows
a verb, then
in the
it isnews
placedheadlines,
immediately after the verb. A snake bit Ann on the leg. Ann was bitten on
newspaper articles, formal notices, advertisements,
the leg by a snake.
instructions, processes, etc. The wedding will be held
are followed by the bare infinitive in the active, but by the to-infinitive in the passive. She made me do my homework. I
on May 4th.
was
9
when we want to avoid taking responsibility for an
to do my homework.
action, or when we refer to an unpleasant event and
we do not want to say who or what is to blame. The
mother let the children watch TV. -> The children were
man was beaten to death.
allowed to watch TV.
assive, we follow the same rules as for statements, keeping in mind that the verb is in the interrogative form. Have they received the
email yet? Has the email been received yet?
the object of the active sentence becomes the subject
Who/What ... by? Who was the book written by?
in the passive sentence
etc are used in the following passive patterns in personal and impersonal constructions.
the active verb remains in the same tense but changes
They expect he will pass his driving test. subject (person) +
into a passive form
passive verb + to inf
the subject of the active sentence becomes the agent,
He is expected to pass his driving test, (personal construction)
and is either introduced with the preposition by or is It + passive verb + that-clause
omitted.
It is expected that he will pass his driving test (impersonal

Subject
PASSIVE An email

construction)

Verb Object

Subject

Verb

1
Agent

Monkeys live in trees, (intransitive verb) No passive form: Trees

cre

anged into the passive.

Roy has a new bike. (NOT: A new bikf- is-had by Ray.) we can use
the verb to get instead of the verb to be in everyday
speech when we talk about things that happen by
accident or unexpectedly. He got injured when he was
trying to climb the tree, (instead of He was injured ...)

Grammar Module 4

Sj&
r

3
5

Grammar

C is located

Complete the exchanges using the correct

passive form.

D are located
Practice
Section

B: We .................................................... (advise)

10

to adopt an animal.

2
(use)
on publicity posters.

37
i

(release) into their natural habitat.

(found) by a
visionary, Amory Lovins.
A: Have we made any progress in helping the planet?
(reduce) considerably because
measures to limit pollution.

36
i

of

specific

Choose the correct answer.

by the WWF for three years now.
D is being employed

2 extinct by
D have made
3

in the next issue of

C will be published
by

on TV

C had shown

6
the
C to be awarded
D having been awarded
in

10

Grammar Module 4

Grammar

was

Practice Section

for cheating on a test.

on nature walks

a lot of people.
Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two
to five words.
is
after the storm.

allowed
because she had

been
by

believed
that eating

have
........................................their report cards.

secretary.

His bicycle

last night

Grammar Module 4

Grammar
Practice Section

.Rewrite the sentences using the personal or

impersonal form.
1
It is said that she donated a lot of money to
charity.
2

Look at the notes, then write a report using

the passive.
The rural southern states of America/hit by a severe tornado
yesterday. Many properties/damage and the rescue services/say to
be stretched to the limit. The tornado was so strong that at one
point a car/lift/ and throw against a school building. Luckily, none of
the teachers or pupils/hurt.Trees/rip up from the sides of roads and
lampposts/bring down, slowing down the fire engines and
ambulances considerably. Many residents/ leave homeless
because of the damage and they/house at local schools for the
time being. Meteorologists have admitted they/take by surprise by
the phenomenon, and ways in which forecasts can/improve in the
near future/hopefully find

She is said to have donated a lot of money to charity.

The ice caps are believed to be melting at a rapid rate.
It ................................................................................

She is known to be one of the most active animal

rights advocates.
It ................................................................................
4

Dolphins are believed to be very intelligent

creatures.

It ................................................................................
5

It is thought that the planet has been affected by

global warming.
The planet .................................................................

Linfen, in China, is said to be the worlds most polluted

city.
It ................................................................................
7

The giant panda is said to face an uncertain

future.

It ................................................................................
8

The tanker is reported to have caused the oil

spill.

It ................................................................................
9

It is expected that they will win an award for their

conservation work.
They...........................................................................
10 It is believed that he was hunting illegally.
He..............................................................................

i Type Q/i Conditionals

Type 0 conditionals are used to express a general truth or
a scientific fact. In this type of conditionals we can use
when instead of if.

to facts in the present, and therefore are unlikely to

happen in the present or the future. We can use
either was or were for I, he, she, it, in the if-clause. We
can also use the structure If I were you ... to give advice.
Main Claus

If/When + present simple - present simple

Type 2 and 3 Conditionals

If-clause
Type 2 conditionals (unreal in the present) are
used to express imaginary situations which are contrary
e

IflWhen you drop something, it fails to the ground.

Type I conditionals are used to express a real or very probable situation in the present or future.
If + present -* future simple, imperative, can/ simple
! If I go to the party, I willlmayfetc have a good time.

must/may etc + bare infinitive

come unless it stops

(= if it does not stop raining,...)

When the main clause comes before the if-clause, then we do not use a comma
to separate them.
If-clause

12

Grammar Module 4

If + past perfect/past perfect

continuous

Grammar
Practice Section

If + past simple/past would/could/might + present continuous

bare infinitive

facts in the past. They are also used to express regrets or

criticism.
Main Clause

If I knew how to do it, I would do it myself If Sue was working today,

would/could/might + perfect bare infinitive
we would see her.
If I were you, I would tell them not to interfere.
If they had asked me, l would have told them not to do it If I hadnt
been working today, we would have done
the shopping
Type 3 conditionals (unreal in the past) are
used to express imaginary situations which are contrary to

13

Grammar Module 4

.Mixed

Grammar

Conditionals

We can form mixed conditionals, if the context permits it,

by combining an if-clause from one type with a main
clause from another.
Type 2
If he went to bed late last
night

wish/lf only .r-. i wish he were more patient with

children.

studied nv
Practice
Section
Suppose/Supposing e.g. Suppose you were ask to stay
Id rather/sooner sb ...

back, what would you do?

as if/as though e.g. He behaves as if he were

Its (about/high) time ...

Past Perfect to refer to the past:

Type 3 conditionals ;.g. If I had be; n more rm efi.il,
I wouldn't have had the accident.
wish/lf only e.g. If only I hadnt told lies to my mum.
Id rather/sooner sb ... e.g. Id rtf r la hc-ini spent so
much money yesterday.
Suppose/Supposing e.g. Suppose he had seen you,
what would you have done?
as if/as though e.g. They looked at each other as if : they
had met before.

Type 2
If you were more careful,
Type 3
If he hadnt missed the bus,

Wishes

We can use wish Verb

/if only
Tense
to express a wish.
had better = should

I had better + present bare infinitive (for present/

It would have been better if + Past Perfect (for

future reference) e.g.Youd better take an aspirin.

past reference) e.g. It would have been better if you
had told them the truth.

; to express regret about \

situation or persons i ! behaviour to change j

Note: If only is used in exactly the same way as wish but

it is more emphatic or more dramatic.
We can use were instead of was after wish and
if only.
os at the beach.
Note:

to si-

prefer + gerund/noun + to + gerund/noun

prefer + full infinitive + rather than + bare infinitive

(general preference)

would prefer + full infinitive + rather than + bare

infinitive (specific preference) Id prefer to f go hiking
rather than go horse riding.

would rather + bare infinitive + than + bare infinitive

(general preference), e.g. I prefer swimming to skiing.

The Past Simple can be used to talk about imaginary, _

unreal or improbable situations in the present, and the Past
Perfect can be used to talk about imaginary, unreal or
improbable situations in the past. This is called unreal past.
Unreal Past is used as follows:

casually rather than dress formally.

e.g. Id rather read than watch TV

Past Simple to refer to the present:

Type 2 conditionals

(for past reference) e.g. Id rather leave now. Id 1 rather

have admitted taking the money. 1
When the subject of would rather is different from the
subject of the following verb, we use: Id rather sb +
Past Simple (for present/future reference) or Id rather
sb + Past Perfect (for past reference) e.g. Id rather
you put on the green dress tonight. Id rather you had
called me earlier.
Note:

(I want to ...)

r Unreal Past - had hetter/would rather

would rather = Id prefer

When the subject of would rather is also the subject of
the following verb, we use Id rather + present bare
infinitive (for present/future reference) or Id rather +
perfect bare infinitive

lelp.

Grammar Module 4

Grammar

.Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. Circle

40

Practice
Section
B: I know but what can I do? I wish there..................

! A: Look at all that packaging youre throwing away!

.......................... (be) more recycling bins near

4
2

here.
2

A: Sorry, I didnt come to the Greenpeace meeting

last night. I couldnt make it.

B: Thats a shame. I wish I ........................................

......................................(you/pick up) some

A: Shall I put this rubbish in the bin?

5

................................ (take) it to the recycling

A: If I.............................. (know) about the park
clean up,.......................................... (sign/up)
to help.
B: Dont worry. Theres going to be another one next
week.
41
I

I really regret not going to the conference, wish

I

..........................................to the conference.

He was driving fast so he got a speeding ticket, been

If he .............................................fast, he wouldnt
have got a speeding ticket.

find

Water levels will rise if the temperature......................

C

would increase

A had done

do

B were doing

were

If the international community had done more,

Unless we reduce traffic, pollution levels will..............

A not continue

continue

B be continuing

have continued

If only I.............to university when I was younger!

A would go
B had gone

could go

was going

7......
in the government, I would do more for
Complete the sentences using the words in bold.
8
Use two to five words.
I
be
C Were I
She didnt get the part because she was late for the
have
been
D
Will I be
audition, would
I. . .wish I
to the beach, but I have to stay at
If she hadnt been late for the audition, .....................
part.
Youd better cut down on salt, were
C could have gone
If...................................................cut down on salt.

to rise.

centre.
6

B have found

A might have faced B might have

been faced C might not have been
faced D might not have faced

B: Of course!
B: No, if I ............................................... (be) you, I

found

many species...........extinction.

brochures, please?
5

criticise you.

A: if you................................................. (go) to the

environmental conference,..................................

A be finding

B will increase
D increases
3 As long as you .............. your best, no one will

(visit) it more often when it was open.

4

myself anywhere near a

dont know what I would do.

A had increased

..........................(change) the date.

A: Stockport Zoo has closed down.

1................Should I
tornado, I

even by a tiny amount.

B: If I ............................................ (know) that, I

3

the correct answer.

If you dont correct him, he will make the same mistakes.

unless

D can be going
Rewrite the following as mixed conditionals.
1 We didnt recycle and now we are running out of natural
resources.
If we had recycled, we wouldnt be running out of natural
resources now.
2 The authorities didnt prevent the flooding on time, and
now we are facing an environmental disaster.

He will make the same mistakes ..............................

.........................................................................him.
6

He cant start his own business because he doesnt have

enough money.
would
If he .....................................start his own business.

15

Grammar Module 4

3 She isnt a reliable worker, so she didnt get a promotion.

4 The bus drivers went on strike, so Im not using public

transport at the moment.

She walked 20 kilometres, so her feet are sore now.

Grammar

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

Practice
Section
1 A: I wish I ................................ (know) you were
free last weekend.
somewhere together.

We

could

have

gone

If people used public transport more, there................

less pollution in cities.
A will have

out

B was
about the

B: Oh, that.............. ................(be) nice!

2

be an amazing experience.

will be having

the weather is fine.

C if
D unless

..........................(swim) with them right now!

A: Sorry, what did you say?
B: Oh, I wish you................................... (pay) more

so much litter in the streets.

C hadnt been
D wasnt

attention when Im speaking to you!

4

would be

C Had I known

A: I would love to swim with dolphins. It is said to

B: Yeah.That would be fantastic. If only we ...............

A: Over 3/4 of the rubbish people throw out

to you in his office

could be recycled.
C he had spoken
D to be speaking

B: I know. If only more people.....................................

(realise) that!
5

A: Its pouring down. Were going to get soaked.

C to
D from

B: I wish I .............................................. (bring) my

umbrella with me.
6

the new boss.

A: Im going to buy Tim the Happy Feet DVD for

C would have seen

D will be seeing

his birthday.
B: Thats a great idea. I wish I.....................................
(think) of it.

C should have done

D would do

Circle the correct answer.

1

cook.

If we take care of our planet, our planet......................

C than

care of us.

D to

A take

will

take

B has taken

will be taking

Module
t....~

There - It

There + be is used to mention sth for the first time or to say that sb or sth exists. There are a lot of people at my party.

It + be ... to-inf / that clause is used to begin a sentence. Its so nice to see you again. It is also used for distance,
temperature, weather and in the following expressions: It appears/seems that, It looks like, It is said that, It

doesnt matter, etc. It looks like it is going to be a warm day.

Note: Theres no point in/lts pointless + -ing form. Theres no point inllts pointless trying to change his mind
.
Fill in: there or it.
1 ....s a great school and.................. are lots of
after-school clubs.
2 ....s a good documentary on in a while; do

17

Grammar Module 4

you want to watch it?

3 .... are ways in which we can all help to
reduce crime.
4
Are ...... any good films on at the cinema?
s a good night to go out

5
6
7
8
9
I

............ are many advantages to nanotechnology

but...............still needs a lot of research.
seems that someone has broken into Anns
flat.
s pointless trying to talk to Tim; hes in a
really bad mood.
looks easy to operate but................................... are
always hidden problems.
Is _____ a good thing to rely on technology so
much?
0 Thats a great thriller;................will have you on the
edge of your seat!

from Peter.
B: Really? I hope...............s nothing wrong.
4

A: Im afraid........ isnt any paper left for the

printer.

Fill in the blanks with it or there.

1

A: ..........s been months since I had an email

B: .............doesnt matter. Ill buy some more.

A: ...............s a pity youre working this weekend.

B: I know, but.................s nothing I can do about it.
A: Is.............cloudy outside?
B: No,...............looks like its going to be a nice day.

A: .....were so many people at the Internet

cafe!

B: Im not surprised.................seems to be busy all

the time.
6

All/Both/Neither/None/Whole/Either/Every

A:......s easy for criminals to steal your

identity.

All refers to more than two people, things or groups.

It is followed by a plural verb. All of them are
interesting books. It can go after the verb to be, They
are all very happy about the family reunion, or after
an auxiliary verb, but before the

B: Yes, but ................ are things you can do to

protect yourself.
7
A: The Internet is slow again;.....s so annoying!
B; .............s time we got a faster connection!
8
A: ..... was very good of you to fix my

main verb. They have all gone away. They all

computer for me.
enjoyed the party.
All can be followed by daylmorning/weeklyear. He
B: Oh................was a pleasure!
has been lying in bed all day.
Both/AII can go: a) after the verb to be, They are
alllboth excited.They were both all tired, or b) after an auxiliary verb but before the main verb. They both left early.
They have bothlall failed their exams.

Both (... and) refers to two people, things or groups. It has a positive meaning and is followed by a plural verb. Both
Jim and Ben speak Chinese fluently.

Neither (... or) refers to two people, things or groups. It has a negative meaning and is followed by a singular verb in
the affirmative. Neither composition is descriptive enough. Neither John nor Peter is coming. Neither of + plural noun
phrase can be followed by either a singular or plural verb in the affirmative. Neither of the films are box-office hits./is
a box-office hit

None of refers to more than two people, groups or things and has a negative meaning. It is used with nouns or object
pronouns and is followed by either a singular or a plural verb. None of the guests is/are here yet.

Whole is used with countable nouns. It took me an hour to read the whole essay.
Either (... or) refers to two people or things and means any one of two. Either Tom or Paul is coming with us.

Every is used with singular countable nouns. Every applicant has to attend an interview.

Either of + plural noun phrase can be followed by either a singular or plural verb. Either of these two dresses
suitslsuit you BUT Either dress suits you.

Underline the correct item.

1 Both/Either Johnny and Brad applied for the job but
neither/none of them got it.
2

I buy all/every my clothes from designer outlets; my

whole/all wardrobe is full of brand names.

Neither/Either of the hackers admitted to identity theft

but both/either looked very guilty.

Sammy watched the whole/all trilogy on DVD last

night and he loved every/all of it.
5
Both/Either shirts suit you and neither/either
of them is expensive.

Renovating historic buildings is both/either timeconsuming and expensive.

I didnt buy either/neither of the vases even though

they were either/both nice.

Whole/Every areas of science will be transformed by

nanotechnology and none/all of us will remain
unaffected.

Instructions are included with every/all computer and

all/every items can be delivered to your door.

10 We can neither/either watch TV or go to the cinema;

what do you think

Ip WT~

Grammar

Rewrite the sentences using

. nor, either ... or, not only ... but also.

, the;

Practice Section

1 Steven bought a computer game and so did his friend. 6

Both Steven and his friend bought a computer game.
2 Nicole Kidman is an actress and so is Meryl Streep.

Terry doesnt like football and his brother doesnt

either.

?Nanotechnology hasnt been fully developed and

memory storage systems havent either.

If you would like something to drink, I have coffee and

I have tea.

The film wasnt just a success at the box office, it was

a success with the critics, too.

The children use computers a lot and so do their parents

I have enough money to buy the MP3 player, but not

the digital camera too.

Leaving a TV on standby isnt just a waste of energy, its a

waste of money too

.
5
.

Causative Form
We use have + object/(thing) + past participle to say that we arrange for someone to do something for us. He
asked the gardener to mow the lawn. He had the lawn mown. (He didnt do it himself. The gardener did it)
Present Simple He has his car serviced twice a year
Present Continuous He is having his car serviced at the moment.
Past Simple He had his car serviced last month.
Past Continuous He was having his car serviced when his brother called.
Future Simple He will have his car serviced next Monday.
Future Continuous At 11 oclock tomorrow, he will be having his car serviced.
Present Perfect He has just had his car serviced
Present Perfect Continuous He has been having his car serviced since this morning.
Past Perfect He had had his car serviced before he left for holiday.
Past Perfect Continuous He had been he ing his car serviced.
Infinitive He may have his car serviced tomorrow.
-ing form His car is so old that theres no point in having it serviced.

The verb to have, used in the causative, forms its negations and questions with do/does (Present Simple) or did
(Past Simple). She didnt have the dress shortened. Did he have the parcels delivered?

The causative form can be used instead of the passive to refer to accidents and misfortunes. He had his leg
broken in

the accident. (= His leg was broken in the accident.)

Make/Have + object/(person) + bare infinitive are used to express that someone causes someone else to do

something, but their meaning is slightly different. He made Ann sign the contract. (He insisted that Ann should sign
the contract). He had Ann sign the contract. (He asked Ann to sign the contract.)
Get + object/(person) + to -inf shows that someone persuades someone else to do something, e.g. He got Steve

to move the furniture. (He persuaded Steve to move the furniture

)

a) Rewrite the sentences using the causativeas in the example.

1 The decorator is painting Julies house.
Julie is having her house painted.
2 The hairdresser is cutting Jimmys hair.
3

Simones mother washes all her clothes for her.

Someone fixed his computer for him.

The mechanic is going to repair Davids car

tomorrow.
Someone has delivered pizza to Norman
.

Grammar Module 5

Grammar
Practice Section
6

b) Rewrite the sentences in the causative form, as in the

example.
1 Does someone mow your lawn?
Do you have your lawn mown?
2 Will the secretary type your letters?
3

Is someone going to install an alarm system for you?

Is the optician going to test his eyes today?

Did someone replace your broken window?

How many times has someone fixed your washing machine this year?

1 Her husband persuaded her to wear the red dress.

Her husband got her to wear the red dress.
She asked the shop assistant to deliver her purchases to her house.

Douglas insisted that his brother help him do the washing up.

Rephrase the following using have, make or get, as in the example.

Ill try to persuade them to go on holiday with us.

Why dont you ask your brother to pick you up from the airport?

She is going to insist that the travel agent give her a full refund.

The protesters persuaded the scientists to change their minds.

Choose the correct answer.
1

This spring we......the roof retiled.

A have

C will have

B will have had

D had had

The heels on these shoes have worn down so I will

...........them repaired.
A have had

C have been having

B have to have

C had been

Peter. . .his money stolen while he was taking

money out of the cash machine.

A had beenhaving

had

B was having

having

...a removal firm help you move house?

A Are you having

C Were you having

B Have you been having D Do you get

5

How many times ....... that tyre repaired on

Grammar Module 5

B have

D were having

all our Christmas presents professionally

Grammar

your car?
A are you having

Practice Section

C have you had

B have you been having D were you having

6

Tracy...the children clean up the mess.

A is made

make

B made

has been made

Alan..... his hair cut at that hairdressers for

five years before he moved out of the area.

A has been having C had been having B has had D having had
8

There was a sudden downpour while..........the

window replaced.
A we had had

C we had been having

B we had to have

D we were having

Our neighbours....new cupboards fitted and

the workmen are so noisy, its unbelievable.

A are having

C will be having wrapped.

A have already

C always have

B already were having D always were having

8 Ann asked a babysitter to look after her baby while she
was at work.

9 My father always insists that we do our homework

before we watch TV.

11

She..... her house cleaned every week because

she has no time to do the housework.

A had

C is having

B has
D having
12
I.....the
report
tomorrow.
will have my secretary type

Grammar Module 5

Concession
Clauses of concession are used to express a contrast.They are introduced with the following words/phrases: but, although/even
though/though, in spite of/despite, however, while/whereas, yet, still, nevertheless, on the other hand
more.

but
He had a good voice but he never sang in public.

although/even though/though + clause

Even though is more emphatic than although. Though

is informal and is often used in everyday speech. It can
also be put at the end of a sentence. AlthoughlEven
though/Though it was hot, he wore boots.
He wore boots although/even though/though it was hot It
was hot. He wore boots, though.

in spite of/despite + noun/-ing form

In spite of/Despite his talent, he couldnt find a job. He

couldnt find a job in spite of/despite his talent.

in spite of/despite + the fact that + clause

In spite of/Despite the fact that he had talent, he couldnt

get a job.

Clauses of Result

ses:

however/nevertheless
A comma is always used after however/nevertheless.
He left early. However!Nevertheless, he missed the bus.

while/whereas
She is blonde, while/whereas her brother has dark brown
hair.

yet (formal)/still
It was June, yet it was quite cold.
My house is old. Still, it is in very good condition.

on the other hand

My new house is in a safer area. On the other hand, it is
much smaller than my old one.

however/no matter how + adj/adv + subject + verb

We couldnt convince him however/no matter how hard
we tried.

Clauses of Purpose

as a result, therefore, consequently las a consequence, so,

so/such
... that, etc does something. They are introduced with the following words/expressions:
to explain
why somebody

as a result/therefore/consequently/as a consequence
The hole in the ozone layer is becoming bigger and
bigger. As a result/Thereforel Consequently/As a
consequence the Earths temperature is rising at an
alarming rate.

so I was feeling lonely, so I went to visit my friend.

such a/an + adjective + singular countable noun Jack

is such a good singer that everybody loves him.

such + adjective + plural/uncountable noun They were

such nice people that I will never forget their kindness.
It was such heavy luggage that we had to pay excess
baggage charge at the airport.

in case + past tense (past reference) She had taken

her cell phone in case she needed it.
Note: in case is never used with will or would.

such a lot of + plural/uncountable noun

He has got such a lot of books that he has to buy a new
bookcase.
There was such a lot of work to do that I couldnt finish
on time.

so + adjective/adverb

She felt so embarrassed that she blushed.

The thief ran so fast that nobody was able to catch him.

so much/little + uncountable noun so

many/few + plural noun
There was so much smog that I couldnt see the view.
Ive got so little money that I cant pay the rent.
There were so many mistakes in the book that it had to
be reprinted.
He had so few plastic cups that he had to go and buy

to-infinitive Many phoned the doctor to make an

appointment.
in order to/so as to + infinitive (formal) The editor
requested that everyone work overtime in order to
meet the newspaper deadline.
so that + can/will (present/future reference) Take my
number so that you can call me when you get there.
so that + could/would (past reference) He finished his
homework early so that he could go out with us.
in case + present tense (present or future reference)
Take a coat in case it is cold.

for + noun (expresses the purpose of an action) They

went to their friends house for dinner.

for + -ing form (expresses the purpose of something

or its function) Knives are also used for cutting meat

with a view to + -ing form The Richardsons saved

money with a view to buying a house.

in order not to/so as not to + infinitive He made a

list of the things he had to buy so as not to forget
anything.

prevent + noun/pronoun (+ from) + -ing form

Violent winds prevented the plane (from) departing.

Join the sentences using the words in brackets.

1

She borrowed her dads car without asking him. He was in a bad mood all day. (as a result)

She borrowed her dads car without asking him, and as a result he was in a bad mood all day.
It was a windy night. Some tiles blew off our roof, (such ... that)

The shop is expensive. Not many people can afford to shop there, (so ... that)

Shaun has long spiky hair and wears unusual clothes. People often misjudge him.
(as a consequence)

There are many advantages to nanotechnology. More time and money should be invested into it. (so ... that)

I moved out of the city. It was too noisy and polluted, (due to the fact that)

John hasnt got married yet. He hasnt found the right girl, (as)

Pirates of the Caribbean is a fantastic film. Im going to buy it on DVD. (such ... that)

Dave never has any money left at the end of the month. He spends it all on computer games, (since)

10

He was arrested by the police. A witness had identified him. (on the grounds that)

T ] Underline the correct item.

1

The match went ahead despite/although the heavy rain.

2
3
4

Im going to solve this problem even though/ however long it takes.

Ill write it down so that/in case I forget it.
In spite of the fact that/Despite she is poorly- paid, she is always well-dressed.

Yet/Even though he bought a car to get to work, he was still late almost every day.

6
7

Nicky didnt expect to pass the exam. Despite/ Nevertheless, she was disappointed when she didnt.
Despite/Although he ran well, he only finished third.

However/Even though I have a good memory, I still write shopping lists.

While/Despite being very handsome, he didnt have a lot of confidence.

10 Philip is studying history in case/so that he can become a teacher.

Choose the correct answer.
1

It was raining............she didnt have an umbrella.

A while

but

B despite

inspite of

Attractive ................. it seemed to live in the

countryside, we found it far too quiet.

A even though

though

B however

despite

I love new gadgets, I wouldnt want all my

memories in a storage system.

A However

Despite

B Even though

In spite of

Computers undoubtedly make our lives easier.

................ they also lead to the digital divide.
A Though

However

B Despite
D In spite of the fact
being extremely rich, he still lives in a small
flat in the city.

A In spite of the fact that C Despite B Although D Whereas

There are ................ high street fashion shops
nowadays that people are spoilt for choice.
A so much of

C such lots of

B such a lot of

D so many of

Shes taken out a loan.............. buy a house.

A so that

to

B in case

in order

hard he tries, he just cant seem to save any

money.

A Despite

Nevertheless

B Although

However

If that film is.............good, then why did it get bad

reviews from the critics?
A such

C so

B so much

D such a lot of

SO He was given counterfeit money. ......................... he

went to the police.
A In spite of

Despite

B Therefore

Even though

Far - Every - Each - Much - Too - Even - A bit - Any

further/farther (adv) = longer in distance He runs further/farther every day. further (adj) = more
Further information is needed to complete the report

very + adj/adv of positive degree He is very patient with his children.

even/much/far/a bit + adj/adv of comparative degree It is evenlmuchlfarla bit colder than it was yesterday.

most + adj/adv of positive degree = very You are most welcome to visit us. They are most hospitable with visitors.

any + adj/adv of comparative degree (used in negations and questions) Is he feeling any better?

too + adj of positive degree + for sb + to do sth This box is too heavy for me to lift.

each + singular countable nouns = one by one (considered individually) Each member of the team was given a
silver medal.

every + singular countable nouns = all (people and things in a group) Every house on the street has a fireplace.

every + plural countable nouns: to show how often something happens There is a bus every twenty minutes.

Choose the correct answer.

1

Choose the correct answer.

1
I usually go............day.
A most
C any
B each
D every

C even
D most
2

2
C very
D too

wanted in the end?

No, unfortunately it A
far B most

3
C further
D far

C too D very
C further D most

C any D most
A much B
most

4expensive.
C far
D further

C very D even

C even D very

5employee will be given a pay increase.

Internet?
A much B
very

C Most
D Much
6hotter today than yesterday.
C much
D very

--

5
A too B
very

7
four years.

C every
D any

6
A most B
much

8
C too

D even
A much B
most

9me to wear.
C even
D for
10

student.
C each
D most

8
A any
B very

C very D further
C even D mos

Grammar
Practice Section

tQuantifiers
Several, (a) few, many, a (large/great/good) number of are followed by a countable noun. e.g. A few students
passed the exam.
Much, (a) little, a great/good deal of, a large/small amount/quantity of are followed by an uncountable
noun. e.g.There was little sugar left.
A lot of, lots of, hardly any, some, no, plenty of are followed by a countable or uncountable noun. e.g.There
is hardly any food left. There are hardly any biscuits left.

58

Choose the correct answer.

Underline the correct item.

1 There are not............... people as good-hearted as

1 There wasnt little/much/no milk left so I bought some

more.

Sophie is.
few

many

2 There is a great deal of/many/few interest in this

cutting-edge technology.

B little

several

3 Hardly any/No/A little of the students passed the exam.

was delayed.

4 Little/Few/Hardly any did he know that he was being

followed.
5 Bobby expressed his gratitude to Ann by sending
any/some/much flowers to her office.

8 My sister was up all night studying and didnt get

many/much/few sleep.
9 Much/A little/Hardly any shops open on Sundays.
10 The patient shows no/few/a few sign of memory loss.
I I Karen made little/much/plenty of biscuits this morning.
12 Ben obviously has a lot of/much/many money.
13

We get few/a little/little opportunities to go to the

countryside.

A Several

A great deal of

B Little

Much

If you have............questions, please wait until the

end of the speech.

6 He didnt see her again until several/few/a great deal

of days later.
7 Much/A lot/Many to my annoyance, the Internet
wouldnt work just when I needed it most.

.......... passengers complained when the plane

A little

few

B any

much

Sarah sees .......... point in seeing a film at the

cinema when itll soon be out on DVD.

A few

little

B hardly

a little

I spend............of my time standing in queues!

A few

several

B much

many

Take a look in the fridge. There should be..................

14

That dog has caused a great deal of/many/ several

trouble.

milk left.
A little

a few

15

There were still few/several/much problems with Sams

new invention.

B hardly any

a little

16

Scientists have little/few/several hope of finding a cure

for cancer by the year 2010.

17

There were a little/lots of/much people at the beach

yesterday.

18

The soup tastes bland. It needs a few/a little/little more

salt.

19

There is few/much/little chance of his getting the part.

He has no acting experience.

20

There was a lot of/many/several food at the birthday

party.

You must need ................. information for your

project.Youve been on the Internet for hours.

A many

C a lot of

B a great deal

D several

It was raining heavily so there was..................traffic

on the road.

A few

little

B none

a few

We are close to the project deadline, but there is

still............time left.
A several

a few

B any

a little

10

26

Grammar Module 5

There are......... reasons why she should go to

Grammar
Practice Section
college.

27

Grammar Module 5

A much
B a large amount D lots o

C a great deal