Praha, hotel Clarion

10. 11. dubna 2013

RF Design for the Mobile

Devices explosion
T-VT1/L3
Alexey Zaytsev
TME, Cisco WNG

2013
2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Connect

the Main driver of the Wi-Fi networks evolution currently and further

Connected mobile devices

Mobile devices

2
Mobile Apps increase >>> Mobile devices increase

Cisco Connect

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Presentation_ID

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

Coverage &
Capacity for
High Density

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Connect

Normal Enterprise Planning

30 ft 9 m

900 ft 2
81 m 2

30 ft 9 m

Total occupancy of 32 users

900 ft 2 /32 (users)= 1 user every 28 ft

>>> 1 user every 3 sq.m

in some countries
6+ sq.m per employee
by laws

High Density environment

Contrast normal with these assumptions

If sitting in a theater style seat, place your hand on the

back of the seat in front of you thats about 36 inches,

3 feet
The average seat width is 24 Inches
3 ft x 2 ft, lets assume 1m x 1m or 1 m 2

In the user seating thats 1 device per 1m 2

Note: signal difference in high density scenario
between empty room and room full of people can be 10-15dBm

The New Normal is more than 1 device per User

High Density tips for Large venues

Overlapping cells should use non-overlapping channels
(shown is the use of the 3 non-overlapping channels in
the 2.4 GHz domain)
Use APs with Directional Antennas to create WLAN cells
within the seating areas
Do not bond channels in the 2.4 GHz range, use 5GHz
Use down-tilt to control the vertical RF beam width
Design and Install for both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz support
Use correct design guides for mobile devices, but overall
target for cell edge: RSSI -67dBm, SNR 25dBm, cells
overlap 10-15% for data, 15-20% for voice
5GHz preferred for private Wi-Fi applications
to isolate from regular access network
Use functionality like CleanAir, ClientLink, BandSelect
Utilize gigabit Ethernet uplinks for 802.11n APs.
FastEthernet uplink can be a bottleneck for an
Site Survey must be done
aggregation of 802.11n clients.
for Each Floor! Dont use copy-past!

Examples:
Single Tier & Two Tiered
Two Tiered design
1020 Seats

Single Tier design

Seating sections in the

lower bowl are served by
different AP

Dividing up the coverage

area depends on where AP/
Antennas may be mounted

322 Seats (red)

480 Seats (blue)
One AP per section
Principles for High Density are Important.
Call Cisco AS for Stadium projects.

Antenna Radiation Patterns

Dipole

Omni

Antenna choice plays

a critical part in
design for proper
coverage

Patch

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Yagi

Cisco Connect

AP vs Smartphone vs Laptop
transmit power for coverage considerations

iPhone 4S (2.4GHz)
802.11n transmit power
from open sources

approximation
Cisco 2602

or 22-50 mW

AP coverage
with max output power
2.4 GHz
22 dBm (160 mW)
19 dBm (80 mW)
16 dBm (40 mW)
13 dBm (20 mW)
10 dBm (10 mW)
7 dBm (5 mW)
4 dBm (2.5 mW)
5 GHz
23 dBm (200 mW)
20 dBm (100 mW)
17 dBm (50 mW)
14 dBm (25 mW)
11 dBm (12.5 mW)
8 dBm (6.25 mW)
5 dBm (3.13 mW)

iPhone 5 (2.4+5GHz)
Wi-Fi Frequency bands supported &
power output:

iPhone coverage
with max output power

2.4 GHz ISM (Channels 1 11),

Power Output ~16dBm
5 GHz UNII-1 (Channels 36 48),
Power Output ~14dBm
5 GHz UNII-2 (Channels 52 64),
Power Output ~13.5dBm
5 GHz UNII-2Ext. (Channels 100 140),
Power Output ~12dBm
5 GHz UNII-3 (Channels 149 161),
Power Output ~13dBm
5 GHz ISM (Channel 165),
Power Output ~13dBm

or 16-40 mW

Note: 6dBm difference eq 2x Coverage

from open sources

AP vs Smartphone vs Laptop
transmit power for coverage considerations

iPhone 4S (2.4GHz)
802.11n transmit power
from open sources

approximation
Cisco 2602

or 22-50 mW

Solution:
AP coverage

iPhone 5 (2.4+5GHz)
Wi-Fi Frequency bands supported &
power output:

with max output power

consider AP transmit power equal or less

transmit power of theiPhone
least
powerful device in the WLAN
coverage

2.4 GHz
22 dBm (160 mW)
19 dBm (80 mW)
16 dBm (40 mW)
13 dBm (20 mW)
10 dBm (10 mW)
7 dBm (5 mW)
4 dBm (2.5 mW)

with max output power

2.4 GHz ISM (Channels 1 11),

Power Output ~16dBm
5 GHz UNII-1 (Channels 36 48),
Power Output ~14dBm
5 GHz UNII-2 (Channels 52 64),
Power Output ~13.5dBm
5 GHz UNII-2Ext. (Channels 100 140),
Power Output ~12dBm
5 GHz UNII-3 (Channels 149 161),
Power Output ~13dBm
5 GHz ISM (Channel 165),
Power Output ~13dBm

range manipulation can be done via antenna gain change

5 GHz
23 dBm (200 mW)
20 dBm (100 mW)
17 dBm (50 mW)
14 dBm (25 mW)
11 dBm (12.5 mW)
8 dBm (6.25 mW)
5 dBm (3.13 mW)

or 16-40 mW

Note: 6dBm eq 2x Coverage

from open sources

Channel Efficiency
Range versus rate is something that we are generally

working to maximize in a coverage design

In High Density Design, the reverse is actually true

we want to minimize the propagation of a cell

Minimizing the cell size is a function of limiting the

propagation, there are 3 ways to do this

1. Limiting supported rates
2. Managing the power of the radios (AP and Client)
3. Using the right antennas to shape both Tx and Rx cell size
and isolate

Properly applied, this will maximize channel re-use in a

small space

Channel Utilization
is the aggregate of every radio
on the channel that can be heard
above -85 dBm
this means clients too.

SSID Design / high density impact to WLAN performance

plus VLANs

Internal
802.1Q Trunks

RF Design for 2.4GHz

CAPWAP Tunnel

CAPWAP
AP
SSIDs:
1. Stadium Admin
2. Public/Guest
3. POS
4. Ticketing
5. Voice

Example:
If client can hear i.e. 4 APs
on the same RF channel

Core
Network

Si
Si

WLC

Stadium Admin
Public/ Guest
POS
Ticketing
Voice

Traffic can be directed from a SSID to a VLAN, it is useful.

BUT, be Very accurate with number SSID increase!
SSID:
- AP sends Beacons from each SSID each 100 ms by default,
- Beacons are being sent on basic data rates
(airtime for 1, 2Mbps data rates is huge)

4x5=20 Beacons each 100ms

As a result WLAN capacity
can be consumed by Beacons only
up to 30-40%!

So,
- decrease AP transmit power,
- decrease number of SSIDs,
- remove basic data rates,
- sometimes makes sense
to increase Beacon pooling time
(test with terminals! Not all will support this)

Channel Throughput by Protocol

Application
by use case

Throughput
Nominal

Web - Casual

500 Kbps

Protocol

Throughput (Mbps)

Web - Instructional

1 Mbps

802.11b

7.2

Audio - Casual

100 Kbps

Audio - instructional

1 Mbps

Video - Casual

1 Mbps

802.11b/g mix

13

802.11g

25

Video - Instructional

2-4 Mbps

802.11a

25

Printing

1 Mbps

File Sharing - Casual

1 Mbps

802.11n (HT20 1ss MCS7)

35

File Sharing - Instructional

2-8 Mbps

802.11n (HT20 2ss MCS15)

70*

Online Testing

2-4 Mbps

Device Backups

10-50 Mbps

If your application requires 3 Mbps then you can get 2 seats on

802.11b or 4 seats on b/g mix

6 -7 seats on a pure 802.11g channel or 802.11a
This assumes that the channel is performing at peak efficiency
* Two spatial streams note most PDAs are SISO (MCS 7) 35 Mbps max

Special
Technologies for
High Density

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Connect

14

Cisco BandSelect Technology

What is BandSelect Technology?

Access Point assisted 5 GHz band selection

for dual-band clients

BandSelect Increase WLAN Capacity,

get clients on 5GHz
Dual-Band Client Radio
2.4/5GHz

Challenge
Dual-Band clients persistently connect to 2.4 GHz

Solution
BandSelect directs clients to 5 GHz, optimizing RF usage
Better usage of the higher capacity 5 GHz band
Frees up 2.4 GHz for single-band clients

Discovery Probes
Looking for AP

2.4

802.11n

Optimized RF utilization by moving 5 GHz capable client

out of the congested 2.4 GHz channels

Cisco BandSelect Technology

BandSelect Increase WLAN Capacity,

get clients on 5GHz

What is BandSelect Technology?

Access Point assisted 5 GHz band selection

for dual-band clients

Dual-Band Client Radio

2.4/5GHz

Challenge
Dual-Band clients persistently connect to 2.4 GHz

Solution

Discovery
Response

BandSelect directs clients to 5 GHz, optimizing RF usage

Better usage of the higher capacity 5 GHz band
Frees up 2.4 GHz for single-band clients

2.4

802.11n

Optimized RF utilization by moving 5 GHz capable client

out of the congested 2.4 GHz channels

Cisco ClientLink Technology

Client Link Increase of Client SNR and Bandwidth

Silicon-level intelligence that focuses DL RF energy

(Beamforming) directly to 802.11a/g/n clients
Higher Signal Strength Higher Throughput (up to 85%)
Higher Signal Strength More Range (~20%)

w/o Clientlink

w/ Clientlink

What is Clientlink Technology?

DL: Downlink

ClientLink 2.0 supports

802.11n clients

Cisco ClientLink Technology, deeper view

Client Link Increase of Client SNR and Bandwidth

MRC operations on AP

AP

Receiver-1

Phase drift

Receiver-2

2
Phase drift

Receiver-3

AP
multipath

Transmitter-1
Transmitter -2
Transmitter -3

DSP

MIMO 1x1:1

boost of mobile device signal

DSP

multipath

Sum Signal

Cisco CleanAir: Self-Healing & Optimizing

11

PERFORMANCE AIR QUALITY

CleanAir Manage Interference

for more Capacity and
Reliability

6
1
RRM

Wireless LAN
Controller
2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Channels 11, 6 and 1 are optimized for

maximum performance and minimum
interference
Cisco Public

19

Cisco CleanAir: Self-Healing & Optimizing

11

CleanAir Manage Interference

for more Capacity and Reliability
Throughput
Interferers in 2.4GHz
Reduction
Near

Far

(9 m)

(25 m)

TDD Phone

100%

100%

Video Camera

100%

57%

(busy neighbor)

90%

75%

Microwave Oven

63%

53%

BT Headset

20%

17%

DECT Phone

18%

10%

Interference Type
PERFORMANCE

AIR QUALITY

6
1

Wi-Fi

Wireless LAN
Controller
2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Channels 11, 6 and 1 are optimized for

maximum performance and minimum
interference

Cisco Public

20

Cisco CleanAir: Self-Healing & Optimizing

11

PERFORMANCE

AIR QUALITY

CleanAir Manage Interference

for more Capacity and
Reliability

6
1
RRM
11

Wireless LAN
Controller
2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Interference
on6Channel
Air Quality
Channels 11,
and 1 are6.optimized
for
Scanning
channels
is
affected.available
RRM is browsing
the list of
maximum
performance
and minimum
preferred
channels to resolve conflict
interference

6
1
Cisco Public

21

Cisco CleanAir: Self-Healing & Optimizing

11

PERFORMANCE

AIR QUALITY

CleanAir Manage Interference

for more Capacity and
Reliability

6
11
1
RRM
11

Wireless LAN
Controller
2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Conflict resolved. Information is being

Changing
Channel
11 channel is
relayed
to to
RRM.
Conflicting
blocked from future use.

X
6
1
Cisco Public

22

WLAN architecture
and integration
into E2E Solution

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Connect

23

Connected Venue
Wireless Services Block

HDTV
HDTV
HDTV

HDTV

Voice

Video

Data

Wireless

Voice

Video

Access (IDF)
Low-Density

HDTV
HDTV
HDTV
HDTV

Wireless

Data

Voice

Access (IDF)
Mid-Density

Data

Video

Si

Wireless

Access (IDF)
High-Density

Core/
Distribution

Data Center
Si

Si

Si

5508

Si

5508

Internet Services Block

WAN/Internet

UC/Server Block

Wireless Services Block

Video Headend

Connected Venue

Wireless LAN Characteristics

We can use a Multi-tier network architecture
Support for Multi-chassis Link Aggregation for
scalable WLC failover in case of link or switch
failure
APs, Controllers, support for Cisco Discovery
Protocol to ease troubleshooting
Comprehensive end-to-end wired and wireless
network management using Cisco Prime
Infrastructure
Support for Real Time Location Services when
coupled with Ciscos Mobility Services Engine

Operations Point of Sale

Guest

Ticketing

APs

NCS

Si

5508

Si

Link
Aggregation

5508

Wireless Services Block

Connected Venue

Centralized Wireless LAN Model

Operations

Point of Sale

Fans

- Centralized WLAN deployment Model using Light-weight

APs and Wireless Controllers
- All APs are centrally managed at the controllers

Ticketing

Lightweight AP

CAPWAP Tunnel

- SSIDs are assigned to a service or application

Connected
Stadium
Network

- Wireless client traffic is tunneled from the AP to the WLC

and mapped to wired VLANs
- Traffic is securely routed from their VLAN to the
appropriate destination

To Internet
To Operations
Servers
Wireless
LAN
Controller

Point of Sale

Ticketing
Wireless Services Block
Data Center

High Density
example: MWC12

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Connect

27

MWC2012 The Highlights

THE annual event for the mobile industry,

over 1sq km of exhibition space

2012 was another record breaking event
67,200 attendees
12,500 developers
2,400 press & analysts
1,500 exhibitor companies

- Build the WiFi infrastructure for public and press access during the MWC event
- The area is approximately 1x1 km, but only selected areas, approx 20% covered
- Cisco to cover public spaces and support the venue partner on the indoor pavilions
where exhibitor booths are located

The WiFi Network, clients and traffic details

276 Access Points deployed (+ 30%)*
30,000 unique users, approx 11,000 per day (+ 15%)
3,990 peak associations (+ 11%)
51% iOS devices (42% last year) 10% Samsung, 5% HTC, 4% RIM
84% WiFi devices were 802.11n capable
60% operating on 2.4Ghz (was 71%) for general users
55% operating on 5Ghz (was 45%) for press and media
Peak Internet throughput approached 350Mbps
Offload / traffic over the 4 days totaled 2.7Tb
Press & exhibitors rate limited to 5Mbps, visitors to 2Mbps
* Delta on MWC2011

2.4Ghz utilization across the venue was over 80%

In line with expectations,

2.4Ghz was oversubscribed

BandSelect feature on access

points was tuned to

aggressively move clients to
5Ghz where possible
Attendees were provided with

information to set correct

expectation on 2.4Ghz usability

Equipment List

MSE

Prime I

WLC ISE

CUWN

120 x LAP1142

General areas where directional antennas not required

60 x LAP1262

General areas where directional antennas required

50 x CAP3502

General areas where CleanAir monitoring and directional antennas required

40 x CAP3602

High density / high visibility areas where directional antennas not required

6 x CAP1552

Outdoor area along the main Avenue

Total:

276 AP

6 x CT5508

Redundant Wireless Controllers (active/active)

8 x 3750G

PoE switches for high density / high visibility areas

3 x ASR1k

ISGs + NAT

4 x UCS

Management and Monitoring, NCS, MSE, PRTG, SYSLOG

AP

AP

AP

Visibility for clients, rogues, tags, WiFi devices, RF interferers

Device location information was

captured and used for network
fault finding and device location

client:
tag:

Rogue AP:
Rogue clients:

Cisco UWN elements

Prime Infrastructure
WLAN
LAN
WAN
+
Identity
WLAN/LAN
Live cycle management

Virtual
Controller
Virtualization

5 to 200 APs
3000 clients
500 Mbps

SRE
ISR G2
To ISRs

5 to 50 APs
500 clients
500 Mbps

Cisco 1600

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

ISE

MSE

Prime I

WLC ISE

CUWN

,
NAC,
Guest Access,
Profiling,
Posture,
integration to MDM

2500

5508

WiSM2

For small-mid projects

Mid size projects

Large projects

12 to 500 APs
7000 clients
8 Gbps

100 to 1000 APs

15,000 clients
20 Gbps

5 to 75 APs
1000 clients
1 Gbps

Flex 7500
Cloud controller

300 to 6000 APs

64,000 clients
1 Gbps

All new generation APs support CleanAir

module
Cisco 2600
Cisco 3600
802.11

- Indoor APs -

MSE

Location,
Wireless Security(wIPS),
Business Analytics,
Mobile Concierge

8500
for SPs

300 to 6000 APs

64,000 clients
10 Gbps

Cisco 1550

- Outdoor APs -

Cisco Connect

33

Key Takeaways
1. Proper and Full Site Survey is the Main Key for success

in a High Density project.

2. High level of end-user Isolation is very important > use proper antennas
3. Smaller cells > more capacity,

but remember issues, which we discussed!

4. Avoid too high transmit power of your APs > highest level is eq or less the

least power wifi device in the network

5. Use 5GHz as much as possible,

but 2,4GHz currently must have for mobile devices

6. Appropriate technologies will highly support wlan reliability, availability and

will increase user experience: BandSelect, ClientLink, CleanAir,

Documentation
1. Cisco Design zone for Mobility
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns820/networking_solutions_program_home.html

2. Wireless LAN Design Guide for High Density Client Environments in Higher
Education
http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/docs/education/cisco_wlan_design_guide.pdf

3. Cisco Location services Design Guide

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/ns340/ns414/ns742/ns820/landing_loc_svcs.html

Dkujeme za pozornost.

Alexey Zaytsev
alzaytse@cisco.com

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Connect

36