Physics 237

5/4/2015
PHSX 237 Electricity and Magnetism

Physics for Scientists and Engineers Serway, Jewett
Ch23 Electric Fields Coulombs Law
Ch24 Gausss Law
Ch25 Electric Potential
Ch26 Capacitance and Dielectrics
Ch27&28 Current, Resistance and DC Circuits
Ch29 Magnetic Fields
Ch30 Sources of the Magnetic Field
Ch31 Faradays Law
Ch32 Inductance
Ch33 AC Circuits
Ch34 Electromagnetic Waves
PHSX 237
Electricity and Magnetism
Topics Chapter 23
Introduction, objectives and philosophy
Review of Vector Math

Electric Fields
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PHSX 237 E&M - Intro, Vector Math and Chapter 23, Electric
3 Fields
Equation Dump Ch 23, Electric Fields

SOH
CAH
TOA
Coulomb Constant
Coulombs Law
0 8.85 1012 C2 /Nm2
Permittivity of Free Space
Def:
Electric
Field
Superposition
of several E
field sources
ke
4 0
PHSX 237 E&M - Intro, Vector Math and

Chapter 23, Electric Fields
Equation Sheet PHSX237 E&M Page 2
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PHSX 237
Topics Chapter 24
Electric Flux
Gausss Law
Applications
Conductors
Summary of Gausss Law
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Gausss Law
Gausss law is an expression
of the general relationship
between the net electric flux
through a closed surface and
the charge enclosed by the
surface. The closed surface is
often called a gaussian
surface.
PHSX 237 E&M - Chapter 24,

Gauss's Law
Gaussian Surface can

be any closed shape
In Ch 23 we discovered that
the E field is related to the
number of field lines. In this
case all of the field lines
penetrate all of the surfaces
regardless of shape. All three
surfaces have the same flux,
E

Gauss's Law
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Summary Ch 24 Gausss Law

E
E d A EA cos
E ke
q
qin
2
(4
r
)
r2
0
For a spherical surface

containing a charge qin
Q
E ke 2
r
E 2ke , is q
m
r
E Field inside a conductor is zero

Charges on a conductor are on its surface
Sharp radii on a conductor have create higher E Field
Gauss's Law
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PHSX 237
Topics Chapter 25
Electric Potential and Potential Difference
Electric Potential and Potential Energy
Shape effects and Equipotential Surfaces
Oil-Drop and Other Apps
Summary
Potential Difference, V
High V
VB VA V E ds
B
A
B
Eds cos 0 E ds Ed
Eqn 25.6
Low V
W Fd U
Electric Potential
12
Equipotential Lines
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Equation Dump Ch 25, Electric Potential

B
U
Potential difference
V
E ds
between two points in an
A
electric field, Eqn 25.3
q
Change in potential energy of
the system when particle is
moved between A and B, Eqn
25.1
U q E d s
A
Potential difference between

two points, (Uniform Field)
If = 0 at = ,
Potential energy of apair of
point charges separated by a
distance r, Eqn 25.13
Electric Potential
V ke
q
r
U ke
q1q2
r12
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PHSX 237
Topics Chapter 26
Capacitors and Capacitance
Capacitor Circuits
Energy Storage in Capacitors
Dielectrics and Electric Dipoles
Summary
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Capacitance
The capacitance, C, of a capacitor is defined
as the ratio of the magnitude of the charge on
either conductor to the potential difference
between the conductors.
Q
V
1F 1C V
By definition, C is
always positive.
The Farad is the
capacitance that
requires 1 C per Volt.
Section 26.2
2014 John Getty, Montana Tech
Capacitors in Parallel
When capacitors are
first connected in the
circuit, electrons are
transferred from the left
plates through the
battery to the right plate,
leaving the left plate
positively charged and
the right plate
negatively charged.
PHSX 237 E&M - Chapter
Section
26, Capacitors
26.3
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Caps Add Inversely

Vtot V1 V2
Q1 Q2
C1 C2
We want to select one capacitor that

exhibits the same effect in the circuit.
Q Q1 Q2

Ceq C1 C2
Qs cancel because they are all equal.
1
1
1

Ceq C1 C2
Same Charge, Lower Voltage

Our little experiment demonstrated that
placing this mysterious material, a
dielectric, in between the plates caused a
reduction in the voltage. But the charge is
unchanged.
V0
is the dielectric constant of

the material and is greater
than 1.
Therefore
C C0
PHSX 237 E&M - Chapter 26, Capacitors
0 A
d
20
10
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Equation Dump Ch26, Capacitance

C
Definition of capacitance
Q
V
Caps in parallel add

Caps in series add inversely
1
1
1
1

Ceq C1 C2 C3
Dielectric Constant,
C C0
Energy stored in a capacitor
1
U E CV 2
2
Capacitance of
Parallel Plates
0 A
d
Section 26.2
PHSX 237 E&M - Chapter 26, Capacitors
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PHSX 237
Topics Chapters 26 and 27, Part 1
Symbols, units and Circuit Variables
Element Constraints
Connection Constraints and Kirchhoffs Laws
Summary
PHSX237 - Electricity and Magnetism - Montana Tech
23
2014, John Getty, MTech
Assigning References
i2(t)
i3(t)
Device2
+ v2(t) -
Device3
- v3(t) +
i1(t)
v5(t)
-
+
i5(t)
v4(t)
-
Device4
v1(t)
Device5
Device1
i4(t)
Passive Sign Convention

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Linear Resistor
Element constraints define the relationship
between the two primary signal variables;
voltage, v, and current, i.
i
Ohms Law
v ir
Element constraints are also

referred to as IV characteristics.
25
Summary of Element Constraints

Element
Symbol
Resistor
Voltage
Source
vo
Current
Source
Is
Voltage Current
v=iR i=vG
vo
?
?
IS
Short
Open
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Equation Dump - I, R and DC Circuits
Passive
Sign
Element
Constraints
Connection
Constraints
27
28
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PHSX 237
Topics Chapters 26 and 27, Part 2
Series and Parallel Connections
Voltage and Current Division
Proportionality and Superposition
Capacitor Circuits
Summary
29
2003 , 2004 John Getty, MSU
Parallel Connections
A
Loop1
Device2
v1(t)
+
Device1
Some
Nebulous
Circuit
v2(t)
Write a KVL at Loop 1: -v1 + v2 = 0

Therefore v1 = v2 and:
KVL requires that parallel devices or parallel
series of devices have equal voltage across
them.
30
2003 John Getty, MSU
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Series Connections
I1(t)
Device1
Some
Nebulous
Circuit
I2(t)
Device2
Write a KCL equation at node A: i1 - i2 = 0

Therefore i1 = i2 and:
KCL requires that series devices have equal
current through them.
31
IV Characteristics
of the Capacitor
Recall that current is the flow of charge per unit time.
dq
i
dt
And, from
previous slide
q(t ) Cvc (t )
Rearranging
Take derivative with

respect to time
q( t )
vc (t )
ic (t ) C
dvc (t )
dt
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Consequences
of the Capacitor
ic (t ) C
dvc (t )
dt
At DC, the capacitor looks like an

open circuit.
if dvc (t ) dt 0 then ic (t ) 0
Capacitor voltage cannot change

instantaneously
if dvc (t ) dt then ic (t )
33
Equation Dump Circuits #2

Resistors in series add
Rtot R1 R2 ...
Resistors in parallel
add conductivity
Gtot G1 G2 ...
Kirchhoffs Voltage
Law
Kirchhoffs Current
Law
Capacitor Current
Time Constant
1
1
1

...
Rtot R1 R2
v0
node
i0
junction
iC (t )
vs t RC
e
R
RC ReqC
(in RC circuit)
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PHSX 237
Topics Chapter 29 Magnetic Fields
Analysis: Particle in a B field
Electrically charged particles in B Field
Magnetic force on current-carrying wires
Torque on a Current Loop
Hall Effect
Summary
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Field Like Poles

Iron filings show the
magnetic field lines.
The direction of the
field is the direction a
north pole would
point.
Compare to the
electric field produced
by like charges
37
Magnetic Force on a Particle

These properties can be summarized in a
vector equation:
=
is the magnetic force

q is the charge
is the velocity of the moving charge
is the magnetic field
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Direction Via RHR
Direction is determined by use

of the right-hand rule for the
cross product.
For a positive q, the thumb is in
the direction of the force
The force is in the opposite
direction of your thumb if q is
negative.
In the order they appear
For particle velocity not

perpendicular, = sin
39
Equation Dump - Ch 29, Magnetic Fields

Moving charged
particle in a B field
Rearranging
mv 2
F ma qvB
r
v qB 2
mv
&
r
m
T
qB
Force on a wire
F ILB
Force on a particle
F qv B
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41
Concepts Magnetic Fields

Right Hand Rule (RHR)
Direction of Fields
(e.g. B and E)
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43
PHSX 237
Topics Chapter 30, Sources of B Fields
Biot-Savart Law
Ampres Law
B field of a Solenoid
Gausss Law in Magnetism
Magnetism in Matter
Summary
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Concentric Magnetic Field Lines

(around a long straight wire)
o i
B
2 a
As the test point moves further away

from the wire, the magnetic field drops
off with the inverse of the distance.
Compare this to the E field around a
charged rod.
E 2 ke
45
Ampres Law
B d s B ds
B ds
0i
2 r 0i
2 r
Any closed path around a
current-carrying wire is just
the permeability of free space
times the total steady current.
0 4 107 T m/A
46
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Amprian Loops
Rank the magnitudes of B d s 0i
for the four closed paths, a through d, from
greatest to least.
47
Equation Dump Chapter 30

Sources of Magnetism
o 4 107 T m/A
Permeability of free space
i
B Field on a long currentB o
carrying wire (at distance =r)
2 r
B Field inside a toroid with N turns
B Field inside a solenoid

with N turns per length l.
Ampres Law, specifies the
total B field around a wire
Gausss Law, describes the net magnetic
flux through any closed surface.
o Ni
2 r
B o
N
i
l
B ds i
o
BdA 0
48
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49
Equation Dump Chapter 30 2

Ampres Law, specifies the
total B field around a wire
Gausss Law, describes the net

magnetic flux through any
closed surface.
B ds i
o
BdA 0
50
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51
Concepts Chapter 30
Ferromagnetic exhibit strong
magnitization
Paramagnetic substances
have small but positive
magnetism
A diamagnetic creates a
weak magnetic moment in
the direction opposite an
applied B field.
Some types of superconductors exhibit the Meissner effect, in

which magnetic fields are excluded from penetrating the
material.
The origin of the magnetic field is moving charges.
52
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PHSX 237
Topics Chapter 31, Faradays Law
Induced Current, Moving Magnet
Induced Current, Moving Coil
Lenzs Law
Generators and Motors
Eddy Currents
Summary
53
Faradays Setup
A primary coil is
connected to a switch
and a battery. The wire
is wrapped around an
iron transformer core.
A secondary coil is also
wrapped around the iron
core.
There is no battery
present in the secondary
coil.
Nothing up my sleeve.
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Lenzs Law
The induced current in a loop is in the
direction that creates a magnetic field that
opposes the change in the magnetic flux
through the area enclosed by the loop.
55
2014 John Getty, MTech

Faradays Law, Lenz Law
Eqn 30.18 B B d A
Gausss Law in B
Special case of plane area.

Eqn 31.1
d
dt
Eqn 31.2
B BA cos
Faradays Law of Induction
Coil has N turns
N d
dt
Lenz Law: The induced current in a loop is in the direction

that creates a magnetic field that opposes the change in
the magnetic flux through the area enclosed by the loop.
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57
PHSX 237
Topics Chapter 32, Inductance
Brief Review of R & C, Introducing Inductance
RL Circuits
Mutual Inductance (Transformers)
Oscillations in an LC circuit
RLC Circuits
Summary
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IV Characteristics
of the Inductor
Faradays Law
Magnetic Flux
B B
B Field is a function of i
IV characteristics of Inductor
dt
B 0 ni
di
dt
59
Energy is a Constant
For a system of mass m
and spring constant k,
the angular frequency is
given by:
For an LC circuit, similar

oscillatory behavior will
occur:
k
m
1
LC
With no internal losses, both will oscillate indefinitely.

60
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Inductance, Part 1
IV characteristics of inductor,
where L is in Henrys (H)
Henry (H)
NB
i
di
dt
1H 1Vs A
Inductance of any coil
Inductance in a solenoid
Energy in an inductor
N2
L 0
A
l
U B 12 Li 2
61
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Inductance, Part 2, RLC Circuits
N1 v1 i2

N 2 v2 i1
Transformer Equation
1 e
R
t
RL circuit step response
Where time constant,

TC is given by:
L
R
LC Circuit resonance
1
LC
63
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PHSX 237
Topics Chapter 33, AC Circuits
AC Sources, Resistors, RMS and Power
Inductors in AC
Capacitors in AC
Impedance and Resonance
Filters and Rectifiers
Summary
65
Inductors in AC
Sinusoidal Signal v(t ) VA sin(2 ft )
Loop Equation
Solve for current
diL
0
dt
V
iL (t ) A sin(t )
L
2
v(t ) L
66
2006, 2014, John Getty, MTech
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67
Inductive Reactance - XL
v(t ) VA sin(2 ft )
iL (t )
VA sin t 2
L
i (t )
Remember Ohms Law?
Define X L L
Reactance form for iL (t )
v(t )
R
VA sin t 2
XL
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Capacitive Reactance - XC
v(t ) VA sin(2 ft )
I max CVA
VA
1
C
Remember Ohms Law?

Define X C
i (t )
1
C
I max
Reactance form for
v(t )
R
VA
XC
69
Resonance in Series RLC

Resonance is characterized by the driving
frequency being set such that current is
maximized.
I rms
Substituting for Z
Resonance occurs at
Vrms
Z
I rms
Vrms
R2 X L X C
1
LC
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Filter Prototypes
High Pass
Gain
Low Pass
Frequency
Band Stop
Band Pass
MSU Laboratory Electronics II (PHYS 361) Spring 2007 Lect 2
71
2004 - 2007 John Getty, MSU
Low Pass Filter

Z R
1
R XC
C
vout iX C
vin X C
R XC
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DC Power Supply
73
Equation Dump
Chapter 33 AC Circuits
Inductive Reactance X L L
Where is the
Capacitive Reactance X C
Impedance of
RLC circuit
1
C
angular frequency
Z R2 X L X C
X XC
Phase angle
tan 1 L
between i and v
Resonance
occurs at
1
LC
74
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75
Equation Dump #2
Chapter 33 AC Circuits
RMS i and v
I rms 0.707 I A , Vrms 0.707VA
RMS in
Series RLC
I rms
High Pass
Filter
vout iR
Low Pass
Filter
vout
Vrms
R2 X L X C
vin R
v R
in
1
R XC
R
C
v X
iX C in C
R XC
76
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77
PHSX 237
Topics Chapter 34, EM Waves
Displacement Current and Ampres Law
Maxwells Equations
Plane EM Waves
Energy in EM Waves
Momentum and Radiation Pressure

Production of EM Waves
Summary
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Conduction Current
Ampres Law
B ds = I
0
works for S1
But there are
no charge
carriers in the
gap, so this is
contradictory.
79
Maxwells Equations
Maxwells most notable achievement was to
formulate the classical theory of electromagnetic
radiation, bringing together for the first time
electricity, magnetism, and light as manifestations
of the same phenomenon. Wikipedia
q
E dA
E ds
dB
dt
B dA 0
B ds
I o o
dE
dt
80
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Plane Waves
81
Poynting Vector and Wave Intensity

The Poynting vector describes the rate of
transfer of energy by EM waves.
EB
This vector varies in

time, reaching a
maximum when E and B
are at a maximum
Average power, or wave intensity is given by:
I Savg
2
2
Emax Bmax Emax
cBmax
2 0
2 0 c 2 0
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Equation Dump #1
Chapter 34 EM Waves
All electromagnetic phenomena can be described by the Lorentz
force equation and Maxwells Equations.
F qE qv B
Lorentz force
E dA
E ds
dB
dt
Displacement Current
dE
Id o
dt
B dA 0
B ds
Maxwells
Equations
I o o
dE
dt
Wavelength and frequency
f c
0 0
83
84
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Equation Dump #2
Chapter 34 EM Waves
1
Poynting Vector
(energy in EM Wave)
Pressure produced by
an EM Wave
(complete absorption)
S
P
c
Intensity of EM plane
wave is equal to the
time average of the
Poynting vector
I Savg
EB
Ratio between
E and B
E
c
B
2
2
Emax Bmax Emax
cBmax
2 0
2 0 c 2 0
85
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PHSX 237
Final Exam, Fall 2014
Friday, 11:30AM 1:30PM, ELC327
One or two questions per chapter
One is conceptual
One will be from the homework or quizzes
Total of 20 or fewer questions

Most will require calculation
Closed book, closed notes. Equation
sheet will be provided
87
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5/4/2015

PHSX 237 Electricity and Magnetism

Review of Vector Math

Equation Dump Ch 23, Electric Fields

0 8.85 1012 C2 /Nm2

Permittivity of Free Space

PHSX 237 E&M - Intro, Vector Math and

Equation Sheet PHSX237 E&M Page 2

PHSX 237 E&M - Chapter 24,

Gaussian Surface can

PHSX 237 E&M - Chapter 24,

Summary Ch 24 Gausss Law

For a spherical surface

E Field inside a conductor is zero

Equation Dump Ch 25, Electric Potential

Potential difference between

Caps Add Inversely

We want to select one capacitor that

Qs cancel because they are all equal.

Same Charge, Lower Voltage

is the dielectric constant of

PHSX 237 E&M - Chapter 26, Capacitors

Equation Dump Ch26, Capacitance

Caps in parallel add

Energy stored in a capacitor

PHSX 237 E&M - Chapter 26, Capacitors

PHSX237 - Electricity and Magnetism - Montana Tech

Passive Sign Convention

Element constraints are also

Summary of Element Constraints

PHSX237 - Electricity and Magnetism - Montana Tech

Equation Dump - I, R and DC Circuits

PHSX237 - Electricity and Magnetism - Montana Tech

PHSX237 - Electricity and Magnetism - Montana Tech

Write a KVL at Loop 1: -v1 + v2 = 0

Write a KCL equation at node A: i1 - i2 = 0

Take derivative with

PHSX237 - Electricity and Magnetism - Montana Tech

At DC, the capacitor looks like an

Capacitor voltage cannot change

Equation Dump Circuits #2

PHSX237 - Electricity and Magnetism - Montana Tech

Field Like Poles

Magnetic Force on a Particle

is the magnetic force

is the magnetic field

PHSX237 - Electricity and Magnetism - Montana Tech

Direction Via RHR

Direction is determined by use

In the order they appear

For particle velocity not

PHSX237 - Electricity and Magnetism - Montana Tech

Equation Dump - Ch 29, Magnetic Fields

PHSX237 - Electricity and Magnetism - Montana Tech

PHSX237 - Electricity and Magnetism - Montana Tech

Concepts Magnetic Fields

PHSX237 - Electricity and Magnetism - Montana Tech

Concentric Magnetic Field Lines

As the test point moves further away

PHSX237 - Electricity and Magnetism - Montana Tech

PHSX237 - Electricity and Magnetism - Montana Tech

Equation Dump Chapter 30

B Field inside a solenoid