NAME

MUHAMMAD NAZRIN BIN CHE YA

UNIT

MATHEMATICS

LECTURER :

N.BARATITHASAN

DECLARATION
We certified that the attached assignment is our original work and
there are no part of this assignment had been copied or
reproduced from any person`s work without acknowledgement.
We agree for the department to keep the
copy of our assignment for database.

Student`s signature:
Date submitted:08/04/11

CONTENTS
NO

TITLE

PAGE

Declaration

Contents

Introduction

Task 1 Pre writing activities

1. Compile 5 reading materials related to pre-writing activities.

2. Attach the framework that you have used to write your essay.

5
24

Task 2 Writing

25

Reflection

28

Reference

29

Appendix

30

INTRODUCTION
2

On 25nd Mac, Mr N. Baratithasan had given us a coursework about pre-writing

activities and writing. This coursework is individual coursework.
The period to complete this coursework is 2 weeks and we must send it on 8 nd April.
Many thing that learn when I did coursework such as how to write essay well and make
a less grammatical error. Other than that , I Iearn to become patient when did this
coursework because there are other coursework that I need to pass up at the same
date.
Lastly, I feel very happy when I can finish this coursework.

TASK 1 PREWRITING
3

ACTIVITIES

3. Compile 5 reading materials from various sources (magazines, journal, websites,

etc ) related to pre-writing activities.
4. Attach the framework (e.g. draft, mind map) that you have used to write your
essay.

READING
MATERIALS FROM
INTERNET

1. Pre-writing for your essay

Begin by brainstorming. Brainstorming doesn't involve writing complete sentences or
paragraphs. Brainstorming involves coming up with ideas in words or short phrases.

Main idea for your essay

Write down the main idea of your essay. To express your main idea, write only a
few words.

Brainstorming for your main idea

Write a word or a phrase that relates to your main idea. This should be
something about your main idea that you agree with.
5

Next, write another word or phrase relating to your main idea. This should also
be something about your main idea that you agree with.
Now, write a third word or phrase relating to your main idea that you agree with.

Brainstorming against your main idea

Write a word or a phrase that relates to your main idea. This should be
something about your main idea that you disagree
Try writing a second or phrase relating to your main idea. This too should
something about your main idea that you disagree with.
Now, write down a third word or phrase relating to your main idea that you
disagree with.

Building an outline for your essay

Building an outline is like drawing a map of your essay. The job of an outline is to sum
up each paragraph in your essay. Outlining doesnt involve writing complete
paragraphs. But outlining is a good time to write a few sentences. Think of these as
your topic sentences.

Introductory paragraph of your essay

Reread your main idea. Now, write a complete sentence about your main idea.

First part of essay body

Reread your words or phrases that you agree with. Write a complete sentence
using each.

Second part of essay body

Reread your words or phrases that you disagree with. Write a complete sentence
using each.

Finally, reread your whole outline. Finish organizing your thoughts. Decide if you
like the order of your topic sentences, or need to change the order a little.

Writing a draft of your essay

A lot of people get nervous when its time to write. Dont worry. This is going to be your
first draft. The important thing is to add more to your topic sentences.

Introductory paragraph of your essay

Reread your introductory sentence. Add a one or two more sentences explaining
your main idea. Remember that the job of your introductory paragraph is to get
your readers attention.

Essay body
Reread your topic sentences. Each topic sentence now becomes the first
sentence of a new paragraph.
Add to the first sentence of each paragraph. Write two or three more sentences
to each. Use these new sentences is to support and explain your ideas. You can
do this by offering facts, details, or examples.
Remember that the job of your essay body is to share ideas with your reader.
See if you can convince your reader to share your opinions.

Conclusion
Its time to write a final paragraphyour conclusion. A conclusion restates the
main idea of your essay, and sums up what your essay is about. Do this in one or
two sentences. Remember that the job of your conclusion is to leave your reader
with something to think about.

2. Developing Ideas for Writing (Prewriting)

How do writers develop ideas for writing? Writers use many techniques, and it's a bet
that most of the techniques involve writing itself. Think of a composer creating ideas for
a song by playing notes on a piano keyboard. Think of a sculptor creating ideas for a
statue by shaping and reshaping pieces of clay. Think of a quilter creating ideas for a
quilt pattern by arranging and rearranging different snippets of fabric. All creative
endeavors go through preliminary stages in which creators generate ideas, discard
some, and play with others that capture their imaginations or that seem to "fit the bill."
8

Each creator develops ideas by getting immersed and "doodling" in the particular
medium. And writing is no different. In writer's terms, that preliminary stage of idea
development is called "prewriting."
Prewriting usually is messy in terms of having ideas scattered all over the place--think of
the quilter with pieces of fabric all over the living room floor. For a lot of people, it's
liberating to be messy and not worry about logic, pattern, or final form. That's the
purpose of prewriting, to be as free-ranging as possible in generating ideas. If you're
aggravated by mess, then prewriting can be thought of as pre-planning, as a means of
generating the ideas and data that will help you create the essay draft. Either way,
prewriting is a stage of idea incubation, a way to generate ideas and capture your
thoughts through writing.

Ideas for writing develop in many ways, and prewriting techniques try to reflect the
different ways in which ideas can develop.
Some forms of prewriting are intended to help you bring subconscious ideas and
interests into consciousness (a help if you tend to draw a blank when you're asked to
"write about what interests you"):

Freewriting

Brainstorming

Clustering/mapping
9

Maintaining a personal journal

Other forms of prewriting are intended to help you both generate and focus ideas about
a subject that you've already chosen:

Asking questions about a subject

Making a list

Still other forms of prewriting are intended to help you generate your own ideas in
response to others' ideas:

Responding to a text

Maintaining a response journal

Responding to a specific assignment

Freewriting
Freewriting helps you identify subjects in which you are interested. It assumes that
you know your interests subconsciously but may not be able to identify them
consciously, and it assumes that you can bring your interests into consciousness by
writing about them (as writing equals thinking). Freewriting is like stream-ofconsciousness writing in which you write down whatever happens to be in your thoughts
at the moment. After you do a number of freewritings, you may find that you have come
back to certain subjects again and again. Repeated subjects are good for further
development through writing, as they obviously are important in your thoughts.
To freewrite, use your computer or get paper and pencil, whatever is more
10

comfortable for you. Get a kitchen timer. Set the timer for five minutes. Write down
whatever comes into your head during the five minutes without concerning yourself with
complete thoughts, whole sentences, or correct spelling or punctuation. Don't even be
concerned about making sense in the writing. Just concentrate on recording your
thoughts and filling as much space as possible before the five minutes elapse. If you
can't think of anything to write, just write "don't know don't know" until you have other
thoughts. If you think that this exercise is stupid, then write "this is stupid this is stupid"
until you have other thoughts. Remember, the purpose of freewriting is to fill as much
space with as many words as possible in the five minutes of writing time. After the first
five minutes, rest a minute and read over what you have written, then follow the
procedure at least two more times. Stop at this point and do something else. Do another
series of five-minute freewritings later in the day. You may be able to discern common
threads (repeated ideas) after you do a number of freewritings. The ideas you repeat
are good ones for essays as they obviously are ideas that interest you.

Brainstorming
Brainstorming, like freewriting, is a prewriting technique designed to bring
subconscious ideas into consciousness. It's a good technique to use when you know a
general subject you're interested in writing about but don't exactly know what aspect of
the subject you want to pursue. Brainstorming is like a stream-of-consciousness
technique in which you rapidly record all ideas related to a general subject. All ideas are
equally acceptable; the purpose of brainstorming is to identify as many ideas related to
the subject as possible.
Most likely you have either experienced brainstorming in a business setting or have
seen it portrayed on television or film: the ad exec holds up a product and says to the
advertising team, "All right, people, let's pitch ideas to sell this soap!," and a person
standing by a flip chart jots down ideas frantically as employees shout them out.
11

Brainstorming also involves a second step. Once you've exhausted your ideas about
the subject, you need to go back to those ideas and review them, crossing some off,
linking others that are related, and marking some that seem more important than others.
You can group and re-group ideas that you've generated, and perhaps decide to pursue
some ideas further through more brainstorming or other types of prewriting.

Clustering/Mapping
Clustering or mapping can help you become aware of different ways to think about a
subject. To do a cluster or "mind map," write your general subject down in the middle of
a piece of paper. Then, using the whole sheet of paper, rapidly jot down ideas related to
that subject. If an idea spawns other ideas, link them together using lines and circles to
form a cluster of ideas. The whole purpose here is to use lines and circles to show
visually how your ideas relate to one another and to the main subject.
A cluster or map combines the two stages of brainstorming (recording ideas and then
grouping them) into one. It also allows you to see, at a glance, the aspects of the
subject about which you have the most to say, so it can help you choose how to focus a
broad subject for writing. For example, the writer of the map above his or her writing
12

on time devices, leisure time, warps in which time passes, child vs. adult time or time in
sports, any of which would provide a logical focus for an essay.

Maintaining a Personal Journal

A personal journal is a good, ongoing way to record your observations and
thoughts--your personal responses to your world--and thus develop ideas for writing. A
personal journal is more than just a record of what happens in your life (it's more than
just "on Monday I went to the library; on Tuesday I stayed late at work"). A personal
journal is a record of your observations, feelings, and reflections on your experience.
You may want to write about an incident you observed, a person, a place, an important
childhood experience, different reactions to a situation, a current issue, a goal, an
ethical problem, or any other subject that has attracted your attention and occupied your
thoughts. Consider yourself an investigator and ask why something is the way it is, why
people respond in certain ways to a particular situation, what a person's or place's or
item's special characteristics are, or how something happened. In other words, think
13

about what you observe and write those thoughts in your journal entries. Think of Andy
Rooney's commentaries as a prototype for journal entries; he often starts an essay or a
television segment by asking, "Did you ever wonder why...?"

Sample Journal Entry

The people on my street had an impromptu meeting outside today as a result of an
upsetting article in the local newspaper. The township intends to take over some land,
not on our street, but on the street perpendicular to ours, in order to widen the two-lane
highway there. That means that the two people on the end of the street would lose the
buffer of land between their houses and the road and have the road almost up to their
doorsteps--and their property values would go down. There's not that much traffic, not
enough to necessitate another lane in the road, and the speed limit has to remain the
same, as it's a residential area. So there's a lot of resentment at this unexpected
situation. It's all occuring now because the town got a grant and has to use the money
by a certain date or lose it. Even though we were all upset, we all handled the situation
differently. A number of people were just plain angry and so upset that they couldn't do
much more than yell about it. A few others tried to talk about tactics that we could take
14

as a group, ways in which we could stop or at least delay the town's action. One
person, who seems to be emerging as the group's leader, talked about specific
channels that we could tap into and knew names of persons to contact. She started to
get the group organized into smaller sub-groups to do different tasks. It amazes me that
people who haven't done much more than say hello in passing this past year were able
to get together this quickly to start to fight for a cause.
Through this journal entry, the writer has identified a number of ideas that may be
fruitful for broader development in an essay, ideas related to how people function in
groups, community organization, different responses to adverse situations, and the
workings of local governments.

Asking Questions about a Subject

Asking questions is a versatile form of prewriting. You can ask questions to develop a
perspective on a subject that you think you want to write about, to narrow a subject that
you have already chosen, and to determine whether it's feasible to pursue your chosen
subject (especially if you're doing a research paper).
Ask Questions to Develop a Perspective on a Subject Ask the journalist's "who,"
"what," "when," "where," "why," and "how" in order to get a sense of the subject's scope
and of the way in which you may want to approach the subject--the angle that makes
sense for you to take when thinking about the subject.

Ask Questions to Narrow a Subject Ask questions about your subject and use the
answer to activate another question until you come to a question that is a good stopping
15

place (a focused question that you know you can research, or a focused question that
you can answer on your own with examples and details). For example:
Subject:Education
Education in what country?

the U.S.

What level of U.S. education?

education for
children

What level of childhood education? Head Start

What do I want to know about it?

special programs

Any particular programs?

reading readiness

How effective are Head Start

reading readiness programs?

As you develop a "chain" using each answer to generate another question, your
subject both narrows in scope and becomes more complex--more appropriate for a
college-level essay which requires some depth of thought.
Ask Questions to Determine a Subject's Feasibility Once you have a few subjects
that you think might be appropriate for further development into essays or research
papers, ask questions to determine each subject's feasibility:
What exactly do I know about the subject?
Where did I get my knowledge (first-hand experience, books, television, newspapers,
discussions with others, etc.)?
Will my knowledge yield sufficient examples and details for me to write in some depth
about this subject, or will I have to do some additional research? That is, if I want to
write about this subject, what else do I need to know?
Where can I find additional information if I need more? books? magazines? journals?
interviews with co-workers? family members? personal observations?
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Are these information sources readily available to me?

Making a List
Making a list means just what it says, recording ideas that relate directly to a certain
subject. Listing is more directed than brainstorming or freewriting; if you decide to make
a list as a form of prewriting, then you already have a sense of both your particular
focus on the subject and the various aspects related to that focus. You may end up
expanding or deleting from your list as you work with it, and that's to be expected. A list
is a means of capturing all aspects that you can think of that relate to your focus on the
subject. For example:
Focused Subject: ways in which communication can flow in an organization
1. traditional top-down, with managers providing information and issuing orders
to subordinates
2. bottom-up, which is rarer, in which management has an open-door policy for
receiving information and suggestions from employees
3. cross-departments, in which people on the same level in the organization
share information
4. working teams, which may include members from various levels of the
organization brought together by a special project
17

5. grapevine, which cuts through all levels and is the most difficult to control

Responding to a Text
Many writers develop ideas from reading. For example, what do you think about a
recent magazine article about manufacturers moving out of the U.S. to keep costs down
(to pay workers $1.00 a day instead of $18.00 per hour)? What do you think about a
newspaper editorial that is for/against quotas to ensure equal employment? What do
you think about the idea, offered in a college textbook, that the U.S. is a society
dominated by a traditional class structure? Reading can spark lots of ideas for writing,
and it's a sure bet that you will be asked to respond to certain assigned college readings
with your own ideas.
You can prewrite for an essay by writing your ideas down as you read. Record your
thoughts in the margins. Agree or disagree with others' ideas, and jot down your
reasons. Jot down questions that occur to you as you read. In essence, carry on your
own dialogue with the writer of the text, as though you were talking with him or her, and
write that dialogue down so you can retrieve it later on.

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Maintaining a Response Journal

A response journal allows you to reflect and record those reflections both as and after
you read. It's a particularly good method of responding to a text when that text is
complex, and it's a good method of generating ideas for writing. You can ask and try to
answer questions in a response journal:

What's the author's main idea or argument, and what are the important
supporting points for that idea?

Do I agree or disagree with the main idea or argument? Why?

Does the information apply to something that I already know about?

A response journal also gives you the opportunity to record your own thoughts and
reactions to the text.

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3. Prewriting Essays
What is the prewriting stage?
The prewriting stage is when you prepare your ideas for your essay before you begin
writing. You will find it easier to write your essay if you build an outline first, especially
when you are writing longer assignments.
Six Prewriting Steps:
1. Think carefully about what you are going to write. Ask yourself: What question
am I going to answer in this paragraph or essay? How can I best answer this question?
What is the most important part of my answer? How can I make an introductory
sentence (or thesis statement) from the most important part of my answer? What facts
or ideas can I use to support my introductory sentence? How can I make this paragraph
or essay interesting? Do I need more facts on this topic? Where can I find more facts on
this topic?
2. Open your notebook. Write out your answers to the above questions. You do not
need to spend a lot of time doing this; just write enough to help you remember why and
how you are going to write your paragraph or essay.

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3. Collect facts related to your paragraph or essay topic. Look for and write down
facts that will help you to answer your question. Timesaving hint: make sure the facts
you are writing are related to the exact question you are going to answer in your
paragraph or essay.

4. Write down your own ideas. Ask yourself: What else do I want to say about this
topic? Why should people be interested in this topic? Why is this topic important?
5. Find the main idea of your paragraph or essay. Choose the most important point
you are going to present. If you cannot decide which point is the most important, just
choose one point and stick to it throughout your paragraph or essay.
6. Organize your facts and ideas in a way that develops your main idea. Once you
have chosen the most important point of your paragraph or essay, you must find the
best way to tell your reader about it. Look at the facts you have written. Look at your
own ideas on the topic. Decide which facts and ideas will best support the main idea of
your essay. Once you have chosen the facts and ideas you plan to use, ask yourself
which order to put them in the essay. Write down your own note set that you can use to
guide yourself as you write your essay.

21

22

READING
MATERIALS FROM
BOOKS

2. MIND MAP
Build hotel
and chalet

Habitat provide food

and shelter to the
animals

animals were unable

Destruction of

to locate their natural

wildlife habitat

food sources

23

Cut all the

trees
NEGATIVE IMPACT OF
WILDLIFE TOURISM
Disturbin
g feeding
pattern

Disruption of
parent-offspring
bonds

Artificial
feeding

Animal spend more

time watching the
tourists

Offspring
exposed to
predator attacks

TASK 2
WRITING
24

Negative Impact of Wildlife Tourism

Wildlife tourism can be an eco and animal friendly tourism, usually showing
animals in their natural habitat. Wildlife tourism is watching wild animals in their
natural habitat. Wildlife tourism is an important part of the tourism industries in many
countries. But, without we realize, wildlife tourism can cause significant disturbances to
animals in their natural habitats.

One of the negative impacts of wildlife tourism is the destruction of the wildlife
habitat. Rain forest and mangrove forest lands will lose when people cut all the tree and
build hotel and chalet for wildlife tourism. The animal will die when their habitat is lose
because their habitat provide food and shelter for them. For example, the construction
25

of chalet in Kuala Gula, Perak change the mangrove forest and decrease the population
of animal in there especially the bird and fish.

Other than that, feeding of wildlife by tourists can have severe consequences for
the animal social behavior patterns. Feeding of wildlife by tourists is called artificial
feeding and also result in a complete loss of normal feeding behaviors. For example, in
the Galapagos Islands, when the artificial feeding by the tourists is stopped, some
animals were unable to locate their natural food sources. This thing is very worrying
because some animal will starving and die when they cant find their food by itself.

Lastly, wildlife tourism can also cause disruption of parent offspring bonds. When
the tourist are surround the animals, the females remaining with their pups spent
significantly less time nursing and more time watching the tourists. There is also a risk
of the young not being recognized, and being more exposed to predator attacks. A
similar concern has been expressed over whale watching, whale calves normally
maintain constant body contact with their mothers but, when separated, can transfer
their attachment to the side of the boat.
In a nutshell, humans should shows their love and caring to the animals by not
disturb them especially in their natural habitat. Make the wildlife tourism as a journey
that can help and avoid the animals from extinction. So, our next generation will have a
chance to see the animals like us now.

26

REFLECTION
This coursework gives me a few outputs that I think, brings benefits for me. One
the benefit that I meant is, I had learn on how to make a good pre writing activities
before I write my essay and I also know the right way to make a draft before I make a
full essay.
Besides that, this coursework had given me a chance to write an essay based on
the titles that already given. My roommate help me a lot with the essay because he is
TESL students and he teach m many thing about essay and grammar.

27

Last but not least, this coursework also indirectly had taught me to be patient
when I need to work in a limited time and I also need to complete the other coursework.
But, I very grateful when I already finish done this coursework.

REFERENCE
BOOKS

Lorraine Dubois McClelland, Patricia Hale Marcotte, 2003 . ( Writing Matters ! ).

New York : McGraw Hill / Contemporary.

Marion Crowhurst, 1993 . ( Writing In The Middle Years ) . Ontario : Pippin

Publishing Limited.

INTERNET
28

http://www.howtowriteanessay.com/index2.html

http://www.esc.edu/esconline/across_esc/writerscomplex.nsf/0/ce2b510e7d9975
ae852569c3006acccc?OpenDocument

http://www2.actden.com/writ_den/tips/essay/prewrite.htm

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APPENDIX

COLLABORATION FORM

DATE

NAME

: MUHAMMAD NAZRIN BIN CHE YA

OPTION

: 2 PPISMP MT/PI/B 2

LECTURER

: N.BARATITHASAN

SUBJECT

: ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY

TITLE

SIGNATURE

30

31