FACULDADE DE TECNOLOGIA
Sistemas Lineares
Lista de Exerccios 1
MANAUS AM
ABRIL/2015
2.1) Consider the memoryless system with characteristics shown in Fig 2.19, in
which u denotes the input and y the output. Which of them is a linear system? Is it
possible to introduce a new output so that the system in Fig 2.19(b) is linear?
Resp.:
a ) Para o sistema ser Linear dever satisfazer as seguintes propriedades:
u0 u1 y0 y1
Aditividade:
0 y0
Homogeneidade:
Se fizermos a combinao dessas duas propriedades (superposio) teremos:
0 1 y0 y1
(para qualquer
y u f (u ) u
f (u0 u1 ) u0 u1 f (u0 ) f (u1 )
(Aditividade)
f ( u0 ) u0 f (u0 )
(Homogeneidade)
Logo, podemos afirmar que o sistema Linear.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------b) A funo dada por:
y y0 m(u u0 )
f (u ) y
Logo, fazendo
, teremos:
f (u0 ) mu0 y0
f (u1 ) mu1 y0
u y yk
quando
e considerando que
y yk
e
teremos:
where is a fixed constant. The system is called a truncation operator, which chops
off the input after time . Is the system linear? Is it time-invariant? Is it causal?
Resp.:
O sistema linear?
u (t )
Seja uma funo qualquer
definida no intervalo
Para
0 t
Para
temos:
temos:
xi (t0 )
y (t ) u (t )
yi (t ) 0, t
ui (t ) t t0
y1 (t 0 ) u1 (t 0 )
y2 (t 0 ) u2 (t 0 )
u1 (t ) y1 (t ) 0
M
y (t i ) u (t i )
xi (t0 ) entre
a entrada e a sada em qualquer tempo
A relao
yi (t ), t t0
ui (t ) t t0
t y 0
qualquer
u1 (t0 ) u2instante
(t0 ) ... unde
(t0 ) tempo
y1 (t ) y2 (t ) ... yn (t )
y u (t )
e para
u1 (t ) y1 (t )
0 t
x1 (t0 )
y (t ), t t0
u (t ), t t0
x(t0 T)
y (t T ), t t0 T
u (t T ), t t0 T
y (t ) u (t )
Percebe-se que a sada igual a entrada (
) at
y (t ) u (t )
No perodo de
tempo.
causal?
yi (t ) ui (t )
Sim, pois a sada do sistema funo somente da entrada,
depende de entradas futuras.
e no
2.5 Consider a system with input u and output y. Three experiments are performed
on the system using the inputs u1(t), u2(t) and u3(t) for t>=0. In each case, the
initial state x(0) at time t=0 is the same The corresponding outputs are denoted by
y1,y2 and y3. Which of the following statements are correct if x(0)0?
1. If u3=u1+u2, then y3=y1+y2.
2. If u3=0.5(u1+u2), then y3=0.5(y1+y2).
3. If u3=u1-u2, then y3=y1-y2.
Which are correct if x(0)=0?
Resp.:
x1 (t0 ) x (0)
x2 (t0 ) x (0)
x3 (t0 ) x (0)
x0 0
Para o caso 1,
Equao 1:
1 2 1
considerando
1 2 0,5
considerando
Resp.:
g ( t )=
{2tt 0 1t 1t 2
u(t) 1 0 t 1
1 1 t 2
t
y ( r )= g ( r ) u ( t r ) dr
0
Se
0 t 1 0 r 1 0 t r 1
,
t2
y (t )= rdr =
2
0
Se
1 t 2
t 1
y (t )= g ( r ) u ( tr ) dr +
0
g ( r ) u (tr ) dr
t1
g ( r ) u (tr ) dr
1
y (t ) y1 (t ) y2 (t ) y3 (t )
t1
0 r 1 1 t r 2
,
( t )= g ( r ) u (tr ) dr ,
0
t1
y (t) rdr =
0
y2 (t )
( t1)2
2
g ( r ) u(tr ) dr ,
t1
y2 ( t )
rdr
t1
y3 (t )
1
2
g ( r ) u( tr)dr ,
1
0 r 1 0 t r 1
,
(t1)2
2
1 r 2 0 t r 1
,
2
( 2r ) dr = 2(t 1) t 1
t
y3 (t )
2
1
3
y (t ) y1 (t ) y2 (t ) y3 (t ) t 2 4t 2
2
s Y ( S)
2 sY ( S )3 Y ( S )=SY ( S )Y ( S)
L1 [ G ( s ) ]=L1
[ ]
1
=e3 t
S+3
Resp.:
[ ] [
x1
x2
][ ] [ ]
2 4 x 1
0 5 x2
[ ]
Y =[ 3 10 ] x 1
x2
2
4
- 2u
X 1 2 X 1 4 X 2 2u
X 2 5 X 2 4u
Y 3 X 1 10 X 2 2u
Aps realiza-se o desenho do circuito
2.19 Find a state equation to describe the network shown in Fig2.26.Find also its
transfer function.
Resp.:
Variveis de estado :
x1
- voltagem no capacitor da esquerda
x2
- voltagem no capacitor da direita
x3
- corrente no indutor
Aplicando a lei de Kirchhoff das correntes teremos:
(x L X 3)
x3 2
R
u C X 1 X 1R
u C X 2 X3
Y X2
A partir das equaes anteriores obtemos:
u
X 1 x 1
CR + C
x1 u
x3 u
u
X 2 x 3
=
C + C
RX 3 x2 x3
X3 X2
L +
L
y x2
Forma matricial
1 0 0 x 1 1
x1
x2 = 0 0 1 x 2 + 0 u
0 1 1 x 3 0
x3
[] [
][ ] [ ]
[]
x1
[ 0 1 0] x 2
Y=
x3
Usando o Matlab
A= [ 1 0 0; 0 0 1; 0 1 1 ] ;
B= [ 1 1 0 ] ;
C= [ 0 1 0 ] ;
D= [ 0 ] ;
s 2 +2 S+1
s +1
= 2
3
2
s + 2 s +2 s +1 s + S+1
2.20 Find a state equation to describe the network shown in Fig2.2. Compute also
its transfer matrix.
Resp.:
Aplicando a lei de Kirchhoff das correntes
1
X2
X3
R2 X 3
R1 C 1 X
L1 X 3
u=
C1 X 1
X3
u2
R1 (X 3 u2)
y=
L1 X 3
X 3
Y=
=
=
X3
C2
X1
X2
L1 - L1
X3
L1 X 3
R2 X 3
u2
C1
X2
X2
R2 X 3
X3
C1 -
X 1
C2 X 2
u=
X 2
C2 X 2
X 1
R
u1
R 1 u2
( 1+R1) X 3
+ L1 + L1
L1
R1 X 3
u1
R1 u 2
[]
x1
x2
x3
0
=
0
L1
Y=
[1 1
1
C1
1
C2
R
0
L1
( 1+ R2 )
L1
[]
x1
R1 ] x 2
x3
[1 R2]
[ ][
][ ]
0
1/C1
x1
u1
+
x2
0
0
x 3 1/ L1 R1 / L1 u2
[]
u1
u2
1
)
L1 s + R 2
C2 s
u (s )+
u (s)
y(s) =
1
1 1
1
1 2
L 1 s + R 1 + R 1+
+
L1 s + R 1 + R 1 +
+
C1 s C 2 s
C1 s C 2 s
( L1 s + R2)(R 1+
G(s)=
1
(L1 s + R2)(R 1+
)
L1 s+ R 2
C2 s
1
1
1
1
L 1 s + R1 + R 1 +
+
L s + R 1 + R1 +
+
C 1 s C2 s 1
C1 s C 2 s