MID-TERM REPORT

Of
Six Months Industrial Training
Held at

ADACEI PROJECT LTD. 4G RELIANCE

PATNA
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement
for the 8th semester curriculum degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
of
PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR
Under the Guidance of :Mr. Kulbhushan Kumar Rai

Submitted By :Sanjeet Kumar

Inst. Roll No. 8036/11
Uni. Regd. No. 1145130

Submitted To :Mr. Parminderjeet Singh Bhullar

H.O.D. (E.C.E.)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

GURU TEG BAHADUR KHALSA INSTITUTE OF

ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
CHHAPIANWALI (MALOUT)

Acknowledgement
With deep sense of gratitude, I Would like to take this opportunity to thank my Training
Co-ordinator Mr. Kulbhushan Kumar Rai (Training Guide), ADACEI

Project Ltd., 4G Reliance, Patna who gave his best support & co-ordination
during my summer training. His involvement & unstinted support always gives his the
confidence to do my work. Without His guidance this project report would not have seen
the light of the day.
I am also very thankful to Mr. Parminderjeet Singh Bhullar (H.O.D.)

Electronics

&

Communication

Engineering,

G.T.B.K.I.E.T.,

Chhapianwali (Malout) for their kind co-opration to complete this report. I would
like to thank the people who took their time to help me to complete this project. I would
like thanking my friends who were of immense help to me.
Last but not the least, I would like to thank my parents who were a source of support
throughout the making of the report.
Thanks
Sanjeet Kumar

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr. No.

Description

Page No.

1.

Company Profile

2.

Abstract

3.

4G as a Next Generation Wireless Network

3-4

4.

History

5-6

5.

Symbols

6.

Vision of 4G

8-10

7.

Key 4G Technologies

11-12

8.

Quality of Service

13

9.

Security

14

10.

Benefits

15-16

11.

Re-Configurable Technology

17-18

12.

Applications

19

13.

Challenges of 4G

20-22

14.

Beyond 4G

23

15.

Comparison of 3G / 4G

24-25

16.

Technical Data

26-41

17.

References

42

1. COMPANY PROFILE
Adacel is a leading developer of advanced simulation and control systems for aviation
and defense. The company operates in the Global Aerospace Systems market including
operational Air Traffic Management, Airport and Air Traffic Control Training, and
Airborne Vehicle Systems.
Within this market space, Adacel focuses on three converging knowledge domains, real
time software, simulation and voice activated control technology. Adacels leadership
position is derived from our focus on these three complementary domains and our ability
to create innovative products and solutions for the markets we serve.
The company is the premier supplier of air traffic control simulation solutions, providing
simulators for the training of air traffic controllers in both civil and defense environments
and for research, planning and modeling of air traffic procedures.
Adacel is also a world leader in real-time, mission critical, satellite-based air traffic
management automation software. Adacel's Aurora platform supports all air traffic
domains including oceanic, enroute, approach and tower.
Adacel's third leadership position is in the emerging markets of intelligent speech-driven
systems for cockpit and simulator automation. Applications include the full spectrum of
aircraft from the Joint Strike Fighter speech-driven cockpit to General Aviation aircraft
and un-manned Aerial Vehicles. We also install ATC in a Box (ATCiB) in customers
flight training simulators. This simulator enhancement allows pilots to train in a fully
realistic ATC environment.
Through technological leadership and customer commitment, Adacel has built an
international reputation for its products and services and has been awarded some of the
most prestigious programs in its fields.

2. ABSTRACT
4G (also known as Beyond 3G), an abbreviation for Fourth-Generation, is a term used to
describe the next complete evolution in wirelesscommunications. A 4G system will be
able to provide a comprehensive IP solution where voice, data and streamed multimedia
can be given to users on an "Anytime, Anywhere" basis, and at higher data rates than
previous generations.
As the second generation was a total replacement of the first generation networks and
handsets; and the third generation was a total replacement of second generation networks
and handsets; so too the fourth generation cannot be an incremental evolution of current
3G technologies, but rather the total replacement of the current 3G networks and
handsets. The international telecommunications regulatory and standardization bodies are
working for commercial deployment of 4G networks roughly in the 2012-2015 time
scale. There is no formal definition for what 4G is; however, there are certain objectives
that are projected for 4G. These objectives include, that 4G will be a fully IP-based
integrated system. 4G will be capable of providing between 100 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s
speeds both indoors and outdoors, with premium quality and high security.

3. 4G as a Next Generation Wireless Network

INTRODUCTION
The approaching 4G (fourth generation) mobile communication systems are projected to
solve still-remaining problems of 3G (third generation) systems and to provide a wide
variety of new services, from high-quality voice to high-definition video to high-data-rate
wireless channels.
The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of broadband wireless access
communication systems, not only cellular telephone systems. One of the terms used to
describe 4G is MAGICMobile multimedia, anytime anywhere, Global mobility
support, integrated wireless solution, and customized personal service. As a promise for
the future, 4G systems, that is, cellular broadband wireless access systems, have been
attracting much interest in the mobile communication arena. The 4G systems not only
will support the next generation of mobile service, but also will support the fixed wireless

networks. This paper presents an overall vision of the 4G features, framework, and
integration of mobile communication.
The features of 4G systems might be summarized with one word- Integration.The 4G
systems are about seamlessly integrating terminals, networks, and applications to satisfy
increasing user demands. The continuous expansion of mobile communication and
wireless networks shows evidence of exceptional growth in the areas of mobile
subscriber, wireless network access, mobile services, and applications. An estimate of 1
billion users by the end of 2003 justifies the study and research for 4G systems.

4. HISTORY
The history and evolution of mobile service from the 1G (first generation) to fourth
generation are discussed in this section. Table 1 presents a short history of mobile
telephone technologies. This process began with the designs in the 1970s that have
become known as
1G. The earliest systems were implemented based on analog technology and the basic
cellular structure of mobile communication. Many fundamental problems were solved by
these early systems. Numerous incompatible analog systems were placed in service
around the world during the 1980s.The 2G (second generation) systems designed in the
1980s were still used mainly for voice applications but were based on digital technology,
including digital signal processing techniques. These 2G systems provided circuitswitched data communication services at a low speed. The competitive rush to design and
implement digital systems led again to a variety of different and incompatible standards
such as GSM (global system mobile), mainly in Europe; TDMA (time division multiple
access) (IS-54/IS- 136) in the U.S.; PDC (personal digital cellular) in Japan; and CDMA
(code division multiple access) (IS-95), another U.S. system. These systems operate
nationwide or internationally and are today's mainstream systems, although the data rate
for users in these system is very limited. During the 1990s, two organizations worked to
define the next, or 3G, mobile system, which would eliminate previous incompatibilities
and become a truly global system.
The 3G system would have higher quality voice channels, as well as broadband data
capabilities, up to 2 Mbps. Unfortunately, the two groups could not reconcile their
differences, and this decade will see the introduction of two mobile standards for 3G. In
addition, China is on the verge of implementing a third 3G system. An interim step is
being taken between 2G and 3G, the 2.5G. It is basically an enhancement of the two
major 2G technologies to provide increased capacity on the 2G RF (radio frequency)
channels and to introduce higher throughput for data service, up to 384 kbps. A very
important aspect of 2.5G is that the data channels are optimized for packet data, which
introduces access to the Internet from mobile devices, whether telephone, PDA (personal

digital assistant), or laptop. However, the demand for higher access speed multimedia
communication in today's society, which greatly depends on computer communication in
digital format, seems unlimited. According to the historical indication of a generation
revolution occurring once a decade, the present appears to be the right time to begin the
research on a 4G mobile communication system.
Table : Short History of Mobile Telephone Technologies

5. Symbols
1xRTT = 2.5G CDMA data service up to 384 kbps
AMPS = advanced mobile phone service
CDMA = code division multiple access
EDGE = enhanced data for global evolution
FDMA = frequency division multiple access
GPRS = general packet radio system
GSM = global system for mobile
NMT = Nordic mobile telephone
PDC = personal digital cellular
PSTN = pubic switched telephone network
TACS = total access communications system
TDMA = time division multiple access
WCDMA = wideband CDMA

6. VISION OF 4G
This new generation of wireless is intended to complement and replace the 3G systems,
perhaps in 5 to 10 years. Accessing information anywhere, anytime, with a seamless
connection to a wide range of information and services, and receiving a large volume of
information, data, pictures, video, and so on, are the keys of the 4G infrastructures.
The future 4G infrastructures will consist of a set of various networks using IP (Internet
protocol) as a common protocol so that users are in control because they will be able to
choose every application and environment. Based on the developing trends of mobile
communication, 4G will have broader bandwidth, higher data rate, and smoother and
quicker handoff and will focus on ensuring seamless service across a multitude of
wireless systems and networks. The key concept is integrating the 4G capabilities with all
of the existing mobile technologies through advanced technologies. Application
adaptability and being highly dynamic are the main features of 4G services of interest to
users.
These features mean services can be delivered and be available to the personal preference
of different users and support the users' traffic, air interfaces, radio environment, and
quality of service. Connection with the network applications can be transferred into
various forms and levels correctly and efficiently. The dominant methods of access to this
pool of information will be the mobile telephone, PDA, and laptop to seamlessly access
the voice communication, high-speed information services ,and entertainment broadcast
services.
The fourth generation will encompass all systems from various networks, public to
private; operator-driven broadband networks to personal areas; and ad hoc networks. The
4G systems will interoperate with 2G and 3G systems, as well as with digital (broadband)
broadcasting systems. In addition, 4G systems will be fully IP-based wireless Internet.
This allencompassing integrated perspective shows the broad range of systems that the
fourth generation intends to integrate, from satellite broadband to high altitude platform
to cellular 3G and 3G systems to WLL (wireless local loop) and FWA (fixed wireless

access) to WLAN (wireless local area network) and PAN (personal area network),all with
IP as the integrating mechanism. With 4G, a range of new services and models will be
available. These services and models need to be further examined for their interface with
the design of 4G systems. Figures 2 and 3 demonstrate the key elements and the seamless
connectivity of the networks.

Key Elements

7. KEY 4G TECHNOLOGIES
Some of the key technologies required for 4G are briefly described below:
OFDMA
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) not only provides clear
advantages for physical layer performance, but also a framework for improving layer 2
performance by proposing an additional degree of free- dom. Using ODFM, it is possible
to exploit the time domain, the space domain, the frequency domain and even the code
domain to optimize radio channel usage. It ensures very robust transmission in multi-path
environments with reduced receiver complexity. OFDM also provides a frequency
diversity gain, improving the physical layer performance .It is also compatible with other
enhancement
Technologies, such as smart antennas and MIMO.OFDM modulation can also be
employed as a multiple access technology (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple
Access; OFDMA).
In this case, each OFDM symbol can transmit information to/from several users using a
different set of sub carriers (sub channels). This not only provides additional flexibility
for resource allocation (increasing the capacity), but also enables cross-layer optimization
of radio link usage.
SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO
Software Defined Radio (SDR) benefits from todays high processing power to develop
multi-band, multi-standard base stations and terminals. Although in future the terminals
will adapt the air interface to the available radio access technology, at present this is done
by the infrastructure.
Several infrastructure gains are expected from SDR. For example, to increase network
capacity at a specific time (e.g. during a sports event),an operator will reconfigure its
network adding several modems at a given Base Transceiver Station (BTS). SDR makes
this reconfiguration easy. In the context of 4G systems, SDR will become an enabler for

the aggregation of multi-standard pico/micro cells. For a manufacturer, this can be a

powerful aid to providing multi-standard, multi-band equipment with reduced
development effort and costs through simultaneous multi-channel processing.
MULTIPLE-INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT
MIMO uses signal multiplexing between multiple transmitting antennas (space
multiplex) and time or frequency. It is well suited to OFDM, as it is possible to process
independent time symbols as soon as the OFDM waveform is correctly designed for the
channel. This aspect of OFDM greatly simplifies processing. The signal transmitted by m
antennas is received by n antennas. Processing of the received signals may deliver several
performance improvements:range, quality of received signal and spectrum efficiency. In
principle, MIMO is more efficient when many multiple path signals are received. The
performance in cellular deployments is still subject to research and simulations .
However, it is generally admitted that the gain in spectrum efficiency is directly related to
the minimum number of antennas in the link.
HANDOVER AND MOBILITY
Handover technologies based on mobileIP technology have been considered for data and
voice. Mobile IP techniques are slow but can be accelerated with classical methods
(hierarchical, fast mobile IP).
These methods are applicable to data and probably also voice. In single-frequency
networks, it is necessary to reconsider the handover methods. Several techniques can be
used when the carrier to interference ratio is negative (e.g. VSFOFDM,bit repetition), but
the drawback of these techniques is capacity. In OFDM, the same alternative exists as in
CDMA, which is to use macro-diversity. In the case of OFDM, MIMO allows macrodiversity processing with performance gains. However, the implementation of macrodiversity implies that MIMO processing is centralized and transmissions are
synchronous. This is not as complex as in CDMA, but such a technique should only be
used in situations where spectrum is very scarce.

8. QUALITY OF SERVICE
Traffic generated by the different services will not only increase traffic loads on the
networks, but will also require different quality of service (QoS) requirements (e.g., cell
loss rate, delay, and jitter) for different streams (e.g., video, voice, data). Providing QoS
guarantees in 4G networks is a non-trivial issue where both QoS signaling across
different networks and service differentiation between mobile flows will have to be
addressed.
One of the most difficult problems that are to be solved, when it comes to IP mobility, is
how to insure the constant QoS level during the handover. Depending on whether the new
access router is in the same or some other subnetwork, we recognize the horizontal and
vertical handover. However, the mobile terminal can not receive IP packets while the
process of handover is finished. This time is called the handover latency.
Handover latency has a great influence on the flow of multimedia applications in
realtime.
Mobile IPv6 have been proposed to reduce the handover latency and the number of lost
packets.
The field Traffic Class and Flow Label in IPv6 eader enables the routers to secure the
special QoS for specific packet series with marked priority.

9. SECURITY
The heterogeneity of wireless networks complicates the security issue. Dynamic
reconfigurable, adaptive, and lightweight security mechanisms should be developed.
Security in wireless networks mainly involves authentication, confidentiality, integrity,
and authorization for the access of network connectivity and QoS resources for the
mobile nodes flow.
AAA (Authentication Authorization Auditing) protocols provide a framework for such
suffered especially for control plane functions and installing security policies in the
mobile node such as encryption, decryption and filtering.

10. BENEFITS
CONVERGENCE OF CELLULAR MOBILE NETWORKS AND
WLANS

Benefits for Operators:

Higher bandwidths.

Lower cost of networks and equipment.

The use of licence-exempt spectrum.

Higher capacity and QoS enhancement.

Higher revenue.

Benefits for Users:

Access to broadband multimedia services with lower cost and where mostly
needed.

Inter-network roaming.

CONVERGENCE OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS AND BROADCASTING

From broadcaster point of view:
Introducing interactivity to their unidirectional point-to multipoint Broadcasting systems.
That is, a broadband downlink based on DAB/DVB-T and a narrowband uplink based on
3G cellular systems.
From the cellular mobile operator point of view:
Providing a complementary broadband downlink in vehicular environments to support
IPbased multi-media traffic which is inherently asymmetrical.
CONVERGENCE BENEFITS
Broadcasters will benefit from the use of cellular mobile systems to adapt the content of
their multi-media services more rapidly in response to the feedback from customers.

Cellular operators will benefit from offering their customers a range of new broadband
multimedia services in vehicular environments.
Users will benefit from faster access to a range ofbroadband multi-media services with
reasonable QoS and lower cost.
WIRELESS SYSTEM DISCOVERY
A multimode terminal attaches to the WLAN and scans the available systems.
It can download suitable software manually or automatically.

11. RE-CONFIGURABLE TECHNOLOGY

In order to use the large variety of services and wireless networks, multimode user
terminals are essential as they can adapt to different wireless networks by
reconfiguring themselves.
This eliminates the need to use multiple terminals (or multiple hardware
components in a terminal).

The most promising way of implementing multimode user terminals is to adopt

the software radio approach.

RE-CONFIGURABLE TECHNOLOGY
CHALLENGES:

Regulatory and Standardisation issues

Business models

User preference profiles

Inter-system handover mechanisms and criteria

Software download mechanisms

Flexible spectrum allocation and sharing between operators

RE-CONFIGURABLE TECHNOLOGY

CHALLENGES:

Regulatory and Standardisation issues

Business models

User preference profiles

Inter-system handover mechanisms and criteria

Software download mechanisms

Flexible spectrum allocation and sharing between operators

BENEFITS FOR:
USERS:

Select network depending on service requirements and cost.

Connect to any network Worldwide roaming.

Access to new services.

OPERATORS:

Respond to variations in traffic demand (load balancing).

Incorporate service enhancements and improvements.

Correction of software bugs and upgrade of terminals.

Rapid development of new personalised and customised services.

MANUFACTURERS:

Single platform for all markets.

Increased flexible and efficient production.

PERSONAL MOBILITY:
In addition to terminal mobility, personal mobility is a concern in mobility management.
Personal mobility concentrates on the movement of users instead of users terminals, and
involves the provision of personal communications and personalized operatin
environments. Once the callers agent identifies users location, the callers agent can
directly communicate with his agent.

12. APPLICATIONS
VIRTUAL PRESENCE: This means that 4G provides user services at all times, even if
the user is off-site.
VIRTUAL NAVIGATION: 4G provides users with virtual navigation through which a
user can access a database of the streets, buildings etc.
TELE-GEOPROCESSING APPLICATIONS: This is a combination of GIS(Geographical
Information System) and GPS (Global Positioning System) in which a
user can get the location by querying.
TELE-MEDICINE AND EDUCATION:
4G will support remote health monitoring of patients. For people who are interested in
life long education, 4G provides a good opportunity.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT: Natural disasters can cause break down in communication
systems. In todays world it might take days or 7 weeks to restore the system. But in 4G it
is expected to restore such crisis issues in a few hours.
MULTIMEDIA VIDEO SERVICES
4G wireless systems are expected to deliver efficient multimedia services at very high
data rates. Basically there are two types of video services: bursting and streaming video
services.
Streaming is performed when a user requires real-time video services, in which the server
delivers data continuously at a playback rate. Bursting is basically file downloading using
a buffer and this is done at the highest data rate taking advantage of the whole available
bandwidth.

13. Challenges of 4G
A. Security: The first step in analyzing cellular wireless security is to identify the
security objectives. The goals that the security policy and corresponding technology
should achieve are to ensure that information generated by or relating to a user is
adequately protected against misuse or misappropriation. It is to be ensured that the level
of protection afforded to users and providers of services is considered to be better than
that provided in contemporary fixed and mobile networks. Further, it is to be seen that the
implementation of security features and mechanisms can be extended and enhanced as
required by new threats and services.
B. Hand off Delay: Handoff delay poses another important QoS-related issue in 4G
wireless networks. During the handoff process, the user may experience a significant
drop in QoS that will affect the performance of both upper-layer protocols and
applications. Deploying a priority-based algorithm and using location-aware adaptive
applications can reduce both handoff delay and QoS variability. When there is a potential
for considerable variation between senders and receivers device capabilities, deploying
a receiver-specific filter in part of the network close to the source can effectively reduce
the amount of traffic and processing, perhaps satisfying other users QoS needs.
C. 4G supportive devices showing less Battery Backup: In 4G supportive Devices due
to presence of large number of Transmitters & Receivers, the battery of the device runs
off quite quickly. With technological developments the devices are getting smaller in size
due to Large Scale Integration and micro architecture. Hence in 4G devices if we want to
enhance the battery life by designing a much powerful Li-on Battery ,then the backup
would increase no doubt but also the size o the device would increase i.e. not highly
recommended. Thus, we have discussed about solving this problem in the following
section.
4. Implemeting 4G in a Cost Effective Manner
Embedding broadband in all types of consumer devices is a goal of 4G. To achieve the
vision, of cost effective application of 4G ITU defines access layers of network such as

Fixed (i.e.,DSL, cable, fiber) fixed wireline networks, Personal (i.e., Bluetooth, UWB)
cars, cell phones ,Hot-spot (i.e., Wi-Fi/802.11) , Cellular (i.e.,UMTS, WiMAX)
highly-mobile users.These include higher speeds and more advanced network integration
and enablement for service offerings. In terms of 4G Network cost and affordability, there
are a number of issues to consider that reflect some degree of risk. Developing a
successful 4G Network platform is a positive step towards the creation of a wireless and
broadband environment that possesses rapid transmission speeds, data integrity modules,
and other related events that encourage users to take additional risks in promoting
successful utilization of these 4G tools. 5. Proposed Design of Efficient Battery Charger
for 4G Enabled Device.
LI-ion charging Information
A Li-Ion battery is unique, as it is charged from a fixed voltage source that is current
limited (this is usually referred to as constant voltage charging). We have designed an
efficient single cell 150 mA charger which can be implemented in large scale thereby
resulting in Li-on 4G device compatible charger that can charge a 1500-1800 mAh
battery at ease and that too very fast. This can be done by changing the circuit parameters
and also using 3cell Li-on. Figure 2 gives shows the proposed design or circuitry for the
charger.
Constant Voltage Charging
A constant voltage (C-V) charger sources current into the battery in an attempt to force
the battery voltage up to a pre-set value (usually referred to as the set-point voltage or set
voltage). If the voltage is too low, the cell will not be fully charged. The design presented
next shows a simple solution for slow charging a single Li-Ion cell. An LP2951 regulator
was selected because it has an output voltage that is very stable over temperature. The
LP2951 is set for an output voltage of 4.20V using the resistors shown. The C1 capacitor
is needed to prevent instability due to noise at the highimpedance feedback node. Large
resistor values are used in this design to keep the "OFF" current drain below 2mA. A
blocking diode is used at the output of the LP2951 to prevent battery current from
flowing back into the LP2951 output pin if the input power source is removed.

Network Coding for 4G wireless Network: Proposed Strategy

In this section, a novel proposal has been made that puts forward a variety of network
coding approaches, and provides an efficient way to resolve the issues in Network
Coding by encoding at the source, the core nodes as well as decoding at the edge.
Mechanisms like progressive downloads have been designed to compensate for routing
and decoding delays that can cause betterment to the video experience. Video streaming
on the Internet heavily rely on file transfer to provide the video end to end. The decoding
delays associated with these codes can however be very expensive for video quality. In
addition, source based solutions can burden a network along the packet route when only
the edges requires added reliability. Here a Network Coding solution can recover packets
efficiently since the lost packet is part of a linear combination of transmitted packets. In
Figure 4, the network coding principle is illustrated.

14. Beyond 4G
5G Technology- The Fifth Generation (5G)-Real Wireless World System 5G Technology
stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G mobile technology has changed the
means to use cell phones within very high bandwidth. User never experienced ever before
such a high value technology. Nowadays mobile users have much awareness of the cell
phone (mobile) technology. The 5G technologies include all type of advanced features
which makes 5G mobile technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future. A
user can also hook their 5G technology cell phone with their Laptop to get broadband
internet access.5G technology including camera, MP3 recording, video player, large
phone memory, dialing speed, audio player and much more you never imagine. 5th
wireless mobile multimedia internet networks can be completed wireless communication
without limitation, which bring us perfect real world wireless World Wide Wireless
Web (WWWW).
6G & 7G Technology
6G will integrate all wireless mobile networks with satellites to get global coverage. This
will be the under developed concept for Sixth Generation cellular network. It is
assumed that 6G will proffer the speed of 1GB data transfer.6 generation mobile
communication networks can integrate satellite communication networks and 5G to make
global coverage. Satellite communications networks consist of navigation satellite
networks, telecommunication satellite networks and Earth imaging satellites networks.
The navigation satellite networks arc used for global position, the telecommunication
satellite networks are used for global telephony, multimedia video and high speed Interact
connectivity and the Earth imaging satellite networks are used for resource monitoring
and weather information. The 7G system can be supported by the global navigation
satellite system, the telecommunication satellite system, the earth image satellite system
and the 6G cellular system. The global navigation satellites systems are essentially
determine a uses position. The earth image satellite system contains the weather
information as extra service for mobile users. Comparing with the satellites cellular base
stations are much cheaper and stable. The satellites are very expensive and needs to do
movement to cover larger area. Also, the handoff roaming must happen between each
satellite.

15. Comparision of 3G Wireless Networks and 4G

Wireless Networks:
Introduction: 3G is also called third generation. It is named as such because it is the third
generation of the standards of telecommunication hardware. It is also the general
technology for mobile networking, passing the recent 2.5G. The technology is founded on
the ITU or International Telecommunication Union group of standards which belongs to
the IMT-2000.
4G is the fourth generation of mobile phone mobile communications standards. It is a
successor of the third generation (3G) standards. A 4G system provides mobile ultrabroadband Internet access.
Background difference:
In 3g technology which is founded on the ITU or International Telecommunication Union
group of a standard which belongs to the IMT-2000 use W-CDMA technology. It allows
operators to provide users a bigger range of the latest services, as it gets bigger network
capacity via heightened spectral efficiency. The included services are video calls, widearea wireless voice telephone and broadband wireless information all included within the
mobile environment. Whereas 4G technology which was started within cable television
industry in 2009 which make users to explore new downloading speeds and capabilities.
The utilization of LTE mobile broadband technology is an opportunity for the corporation
to expand its horizons into 4G territory, upstaging current 3G capabilities. The necessity
for 4G networks is associated with the increased utilization of data websites such as You
Tube and Facebook, which require tremendous bandwidth in order to be used
successfully.
3G stands for 3rd generation while 4G stands for 4th generation:
3G is currently the worlds best connection method when it comes to mobile phones, and
especially mobile Internet. 3G stands for 3rd generation as it is just that in terms of the
evolutionary path of the mobile phone industry. 4G means 4th generation. This is a set of
standard that is being developed as a future successor of 3G in the very near future.

Architectural difference: both the Figures below provide the key components of these two
architectures.

Several key differences in a LTE network enable more flexibility in its architecture than
in a 3G . A functional representation of 3G network architecture is shown in Figure 1. In
this network, the Base Terminal Station (BTS)/NodeBs aggregate the radio access
network (RAN) traffic and transport it over a mobile.

Technical Data

CONCLUSION
As the history of mobile communications shows,attempts have been made to reduce a
number of technologies to a single global standard. Projected 4G systems offer this
promise of a standard that can be embraced worldwide through its key concept of
integration. Future wireless networks will need to support diverse IP multimedia
applications to allow sharing of resources among multiple users. There must be a low
complexity of implementation and an efficient means of negotiation between the end
users and the wireless infrastructure. The fourth generation promises to fulfill the goal of
PCC (personal computing and communication)a vision that affordably provides high
data rates everywhere over a wireless network.
4G is expected to be launched by 2010 and the world is looking forward for the most
intelligent technology that would connect the entire globe.

References
[1] 4G: The What, Why and When- The worldwide adoption and growth of
wireless are the fastest technological achievements in history- Tellabs.
www.tellabs.com/solutions/ mobilebackhaul
[2] Future and Challenges of 4G Wireless Technology by Nikita Rawat,
December-2012
[3] Video-centric Network Coding Strategies for 4G Wireless Networks: An
Overview* by Marie-Jos Montpetit and Muriel Mdard , MIT Research
Laboratory for Electronics.
[4] The 4G Technology V/S other G Technologies by Shipra Gupta, Supriya
Shakya, Dept Of CSE, R.K.G.I.T.W,UP.
[5] Analysis of SIP-based mobility management in 4G wireless networks by
Nilanjan Banerjee*, Wei Wu, Kalyan Basu, Sajal K. Das, Center for Research
in Wireless Mobility and Networking (CReWMaN), Department of Computer
Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX
76019-0015, USA
[6] Generations of Mobile Wireless Technology: A Survey Mudit Ratana Bhalla,
Dept. of Computer Science & Applications, Dr.H.S.Gour Central University,
Sagar(M.P.)
[7] Survey of Latest Wireless Cellular Technologies for Enhancement of Spectral
Density at Reduced Cost, Prof. R. K. Jain1, Sumit katiyar2, Electronics
Department, Singhania University, HIET Ghaziabad Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan
333515, India.