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EXPERIMENT ON LOSS OF HEAD

(MINOR LOSSES) IN PIPE FITTINGS


OBJECT:
1) To determine the head loss due to friction in Pipe Fittings and hence, to
determine the Head Loss Co-efficient .
APPARATUS:
1. The Pipe lines in three different branches containing; (i) Valves in one
line, (ii) Bends & Elbows in second line, (iii) Collar, Union, Contraction &
Expansion in the third line.
2. U-Tube Manometer connected across each fittings with change-over
valves.
3. A constant steady supply of water using Centrifugal Pump with Valve
for varying the flow rate.
4. Measuring Tank with Stop Clock for measurement of flow rate.
5. The Sump Tank mounted below the Collecting Tank.
6. The Butterfly Valve for instantaneous dumping of collected water into the
Sump tank and the overflow pipe to facilitate to run the equipment on
Closed circuit basis.
THEORY:
Like the straight pipes produce the friction to the flow of fluid due to
its inside roughness, the pipe fittings such as Valves, Bends, Elbows, Reducers /
Expanders, etc also offer Resistance / Friction to the flow of fluid. While the head
loss due to friction in straight pipes is expressed by the standard formulae:

hf

f l V2
------

.... (a)

2gd
the head loss due to friction in pipe fittings is expressed by
similar equation :

KV2
------2g

.... (b)

By equating (a) and (b), we get the factor K = f l/d where K is the local head loss
co-efficient of pipe fittings (non-dimensional) expressed in terms of the friction
factor (f), length (l) and diameter (d) of the pipe to which the particular type of
fitting is fitted.
In the equations where the branches of pipes are used for flow
analysis, all the resistances offered by the fittings are expressed in equivalent
length of pipe to which they are fitted, namely; L =

Kd/f .This is to be added

to the length of the straight pipe of diameter d with the friction factor f
( 0.025 generally assumed ), and the analysis is done further. Note that the valve of
K is to be evaluated from the formulae hf ( pipe fitting ) =KV2/ 2gwhere V is
the velocity of fluid flowing in the pipe line of diameter d to which the pipe
fitting is fitted.
Further, it is also be noted that, if in a branch of pipe lines, where the
various diameter pipes are involved, the similar kind of method is used for
converting all the other pipe of different diameters to the equivalent length of one
particular diameter. This way the analysis becomes simpler. In such cases, the
equivalent length is calculated from the formulae;

L
--d5

L1
=

L2

----- + ----d15
d25

L3
+

----- + ----------d35

SPECIFICATIONS:
*

Pump Capacity

0.5 HP, 1 Ph.

Collecting (Measuring) Tank Area

0.078 m2.

Nominal Dia of Pipe

1 NB ( 27mm ID ).

Fittings Used :

1)
2)
3)

Valves
Bends & Elbows
Collar, Union, Contraction,
Expansion.

I Line.
II Line.
III Line.

OPERATING PROCEDURES:
All the necessary instrumentation along with its accessories are
readily connected. It is just enough to follow the instructions below:
1.

Fill the sump tank with clean water and Keep the delivery valve closed.

2.

Connect the power cable to 1 Ph, 220V, 10 Amps with earth connection.

3.

Switch-ON the Pump & open the delivery valve.

4.

Open the corresponding ball valve of the pipe line.

5.

Adjust the flow through the control valve of the pump.

6.

Open the corresponding ball valves.

7.

Note down the differential head reading in the Mano-meter. (Expel if any
air is there by opening the drain cocks provided with the Manometer)

8.

Operate the Butterfly Valve to note down the collecting tank reading
against the known time and keep it open when the readings are not

taken.
9.

Change the flow rate & repeat the experiment for different diameter
of pipe fittings.

PRECAUTIONS AND THINGS TO REMEMBER :

1.

Do not start the pump if the voltage is less than 180V.

2.

Do not forget to give electrical neutral & earth connections correctly.

3.

There is no danger of water being not there in the sump tank, since the
measuring tank is fitted with overflow pipe.

4.

Frequently (at least once in three months) Grease/Oil the rotating parts.

5.

Initially, put clean water free from foreign material, and change the water
once in three months.

6.

At least every week, operate the unit for five minutes to prevent clogging of
the moving parts.

TABULAR COLUMN:-

SL.
NO.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

TYPE OF
PIPE
FITTING
NON
RETURN
VALVE
GATE
VALVE
WHEEL
VALVE
SUDDEN
CONTRACTION

25 - 10mm
SUDDEN
EXPANSION

10 - 25mm
UNION
25mm
COLLAR
25mm
90 LONG
BEND
90
SHORT
BEND
45 LONG
BEND
90
SHORT
BEND

MANOMETER
READING mm of Hg
H1

h2

TIME TAKEN
FOR 10cm
RISE OF
WATER,
t s

VALVE POSITION

LIST OF FORMULAE
DATA:

Area of Measuring Tank

A = 0.078 m2

Acceleration due to Gravity

g = 9.81 m/sec2

Diameter of Bigger pipe

D = 27 mm

Diameter of Smaller pipe

d = 10 mm

1.

Actual Discharge (Q):


A R

Q = ------------- m3/Sec
1000 t

where,
1000 is the conversion factor
from mm to m.
A = Area of Measuring Tank
= 0.078 m2
R = Rise of water level in mm
(Collecting Tank)
= 100mm
t = Time for R mm of rise in
water in Secs.

2. Loss of Head due to Fitting (hf) :


12.6 H
hf = ----------- mtrs
1000
Where,
H = Difference in Mercury column in mm of Hg in double column Manometer.
12.6 & 1000 are conversion factors.
3. Velocity Head (V):

Discharge
Q
V = ----------------------------- = ------- m/sec
Area of Inlet Section
a1

Where,
a1 = Area of pipe to which the
fitting is fitted
= D2/4 m2
= 5.72 x 10-4 m2

4. Additional Friction Loss (K):


Loss of Head
K = -------------------Velocity Head
hf
= -------------(V2/2g)
Note: Additional frictional loss (K) for sudden contraction and sudden expansion is
calculated from the formula as given below:
5. Additional Frictional Loss for sudden expansion (K) :
hf
K = -------------(V1 V2)2
2g
Q
V2 = ----a2
Where,
a2 = area of the smaller diameter = d2/4 = 7.85x10-5 m2.
d = 10mm
6. Additional Frictional Loss for sudden contraction (K):
hf
K = -----------------V2
0.5 x --------

2g

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