Development of Schemes

Source: MECON
VOLTAGE REGULATION
OBJECTIVE
The basic objective of strengthening and improvement of sub Transmission-system is to
ensure quality and reliability of supply to the consumers, along with bringing down the
technical losses to an optimal minimum value and phase the system expansion to
match the growing power demand in the area under study.
Today consumers have become more aware of electricity supply quality. Appliances
used today by consumers are more sensitive than earlier. Quality power supply is
necessity of today. By quality power supply we mean voltage regulation with in a limit
laid by Bureau of Indian Standard, Power Supply should be free from harmonics which
affects the equipment life adversely and increase the energy loss.
In order to improve the sub-transmission and distribution system to provide reliable and
quality power supply to consumers. It is necessary to take up strengthening and
improvement of the system in a scientific and methodical manner.
Why Voltage Regulation?
Performance of electrical equipment is affected by variation in voltage, current and
frequency of supply power. There are many appliances available today which are in
common use of consumer which are very sensitive to voltage, current and frequency.
For example a microwave oven is frequency sensitive equipment where as tube light is
voltage sensitive and a filament bulb is current sensitive. In industry annealing is very
precise process which is current sensitive process where as the performance of drive
motors depends on the availability of voltage at their terminals and AC drives are
frequency sensitive. Among these examples variation in frequency & current is least
recognized parameter by common consumers but it is the voltage which is much talked
by people. A tube-light stop glowing as soon as the voltage dips a certain level and it is
quickly notices by people.
Among voltage, current and frequency it is the voltage which is quantifiable, measurable
and easily controllable by utilities. Controlling frequency variation is not in the hand of
utility. This is why an electrical power supply network is design and developed taking the
voltage variation at different level/ section.

What is Voltage Regulation?

By Voltage regulation we mean the voltage drop between sending end to receiving and
due to resistance, reactance, skin effect etc. BIS has specified the range of permissible/
acceptable voltage at consumer end. Today consumers/ industries are using electronic
equipment in large numbers which are voltage sensitive. So quality power is the
necessity of today.
Sending End Voltage Receiving End Voltage
Voltage Regulation =
Sending End Voltage
E1 E2
=E1
Where

E1 = Sending End Voltage

E2 = Receiving End Voltage

For example
Sending End Voltage
Receiving End Voltage

= 440 Voltage
= 420 Voltage
440 - 420

Than % voltage regulation

x 100 = 4.5%
440

The voltage drop in 33 kV and 11 kV feeders should not exceed 5% at the farthest end
under peak load conditions and normal system operation regime. However, under
system exigencies e.g. outage of transformer / line, voltage variation at various voltage
levels with on load tap changing at power transformer if necessary shall be maintained
with in the following limits:
Above 33 kV (-) 12.5%
Up to 33 kV (-) 9.0%
Low voltage (-) 6%

to (+) 10%
to (+) 6%
to (+) 6%

To develop new network or to renovate existing system to achieve above voltage

variation limit following tools are used.
1. KVA KM
2. Software available for network analysis like POWERNET, ETAP, DINIS,
POWERGEN NETWORK, MI-POWER etc.
The selection of conductor size should be based on studies using software and the
economic analysis by considering capital cost and capitalization of losses. Till computer
software facilities are established in the circle, kVA- KM concept as explained may be
used to decide the size of conductor and distribution planning.

Tools for calculating regulation of power distribution lines. KVA-KM methodology is very
commonly used tools for calculating voltage regulations of lines.
250 kVA
0.2 KM
100 kVA
0.1 KM
160 kVA
0.05 KM
0.5 KM

1.0 KM

0.3 KM
1.5
2.0 KM 315 kVA

0.1 KM

100 kVA
25 kVA

0.2 KM

100kVA
0.1 KM

0.05 KM
0.05 KM

63 kVA

0.05 KM

100kVA

100kVA
0.05 KM

200kVA

Sending End
0.5 KM

1.5 KM

1.0 KM 325 kVA

610 kVA
513 kVA
kVA-KM
= 2 X 315 + 1.5 X 828 + 0.5 X 1438 + 1 X 1763
= 630 + 1242 + 719 + 1763
= 4354
% Regulation =

KVA-KM X P.F
--------------------- =
D.F X RC

Where

P.F
D.F
R.C

4354 X 0.85
------------------ = 3.464 %
1.2 X 838

= Power Factor
= Diversity Factor
= Line Regulation Constant

Receiving End
2.0 KM
315 kVA

KM

Regulation constant for commonly used ACSR conductors are given in following table:
Sl. No.
1.
2.
3.
Sl. No.
1.
2.
3.
Sl. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Size & Name of conductor

7/3.35 mm ACSR Rabbit
7/4.09 mm ACSR Raccoon
6/4.72 mm + 4/1.57 mm ACSR Dog
Size & Name of conductor
7/2.11 mm ACSR Squirrel
7/2.59 mm ACSR Weasel
7/3.35 mm ACSR Rabbit
Size & Name of conductor
7/2.21 mm AAC GNAT
7/3.10 mm AAC ANT
7/2.11 mm ACSR Squirrel
7/2.59 mm ACSR Weasel
7/3.15 mm ACSR Rabbit

KW-Km for 1% voltage drop

at p.f. 0.8 at 33 kV
10708
13750
16267
KW-Km for 1% voltage drop
at p.f. 0.8 at 11 kV
617
838
1219
KW-Km for 1% voltage drop
at p.f. 0.8 at 450 Volt
1.14
1.98
0.90
1.22
1.80

Some Important Factors

Load Factor
The load factor can be defined as the ratio of the energy consumed during a given
period to the energy which would have been used it the maximum load has been
maintained through out that period.
Energy consumed during 24 hours
Load Factor = ------------------------------------------------Maximum load recorded x 24 hours
Also Load Factor

Average Load
= -------------------------Maximum Load

Power Factor
kW Active
Power
FactorPower
is defined as the ratio of active power to apparent power.
kVAR Reactive Power
kVA Apparent Power

KW (True Power)
Power Factor = Cos

= --------------------------------------------KVA (Apparent Power)

What are the effects of low power factor?

Low power factor results in:
Poor Voltage Regulation
Increase in Maximum Demand
Increased loading in customers cable/ transformer
Why does Power Factor become low?

Presence of large number of Induction Motors

Highly loaded induction motors

How to Improve Power Factor?

Installation of Static Capacitors

Installation of Static VAR Compensator

Variation of Maximum Demand with Change in Power Factor (pf)

MD at Unity pf

100
= ----------------1

= 100 kVA

MD at 0.95 pf

100
= ----------------0.95

= 105.26 kVA i.e. 5.25% Increase

MD at 0.90 pf

100
= ----------------0.90

= 111.11 kVA i.e. 11.11% Increase

Advantage of improvement in power factor is the reduction in monthly Maximum

Demand Charges.
Diversity Factor

Diversity Factor is the ratio of the maximum non coincident demand over a period to
maximum diversified demand over the same period.
Maximum non-coincident demand = sum of individual maximum demand of various load
over a particular period.
Maximum diversified demand = Maximum demand of the group of loads over a
particular period.

Diversity Factor

P1, max + P2, max

= ----------------------------PC, max

Diversity Factor

Sum of maximum demand of individual

= ------------------------------------------------------Maximum load connected to system

Voltage Regulation Improvement Tools

Bifurcation of lines
Reconductoring
Use of higher Size conductor
Use of AAAC conductor in place of ACSR Conductor
Improving power factor
Diversifying the load
Setting of new substation near load centre

Bifurcation of Lines
Long length transmission line have more voltage drop due to I 2R loss because with the
increase of length resistance increases so it is preferable to have short transmission line
by furcating the existing long transmission line or creating a new feeder from primary
sub-station.
Reconductoring
The another method of improving voltage regulation is by replacing old conductor with
one size higher new conductor. The main constraint in this method is taking shut down.
So a good planning is very essential before taking up reconductoring.
Replacing ACSR & AAAC
All aluminum alloy conductor have better conductivity than aluminum conductor steel
reinforced though it is costlier.
Improving Power Factor

Voltage at receiving end bear less power due to use of induction motors is large number
in industries as well as for pumps for irrigation purpose. This can be improved by use of
capacitors of proper rating near the load to compensate the reactive power requirement.

Diversity the Load

Voltage regulation can be improved by incoming consumers to use electrical power in
different time. For example the industrial consumers can be asked to use power during
night. PHED can use pumps in warning house. For this utility can fixed different tariff for
different hours.
Setting New PSS
By setting new PSS instead of stretching 11 kV lines too long can improve voltage
regulation with increase of consumers the length of 11 kV lines have also increase to
cater the consumers located at for distance. So by carrying out proper survey of load a
new PSS can be installed near load centre which in turn will provide better voltage to
consumer.
Network Development
The Distribution System planning involves setting of sub-station routing of feeders and
many other decisions relating to both location and amounts of capacity additions.
Therefore the distribution forecast refers to fore cast of geographical locations as well
as quantum of future load growth. The three steps procedures involved in distribution
load forecast are:

Analysis of past trends of growth in electricity demand.

System load forecast via forecast for the entire area.
Spatial / small area load forecast. Divide the utility service area into sufficient large
number of small areas and the forecast for each small area.

To renovate the existing network we must know the following data :

Length of present network

Single line diagram of network
The voltage regulation of the system
Type and size of conductor used
Consumer profile
Emergency supply requirement if any
The existing capacities of PSS

To develop new power supply network or to renovate the existing power supply network,
one should know the following information/ data.

Consumer Profile
Consumer profile includes type of the consumer, connected loads of consumer, specific
requirement of consumer, consumer may be of the following types.

HT Consumers
Domestic Consumer
LT Industrial Consumers
PHED Loads
Street Lighting Loads
Agriculture Consumers

Peak Demand
It is the highest average kVA recorded during any one demand interval with in the
month. The demand intervals are normally 30 minutes, but may vary from utility to utility
from 15 minutes to 60 minutes. The demand is measured using a trivector meter/ digital
energy meter.
Area Profile
It includes latitude, altitude, population, wind speed, snow fall, rain fall, seismic intensity,
solar radiation, floods etc.
Existing Network details incase of renovation and modernization i.e.
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)

Capacities of existing GSS, PSS

SLD of existing network
Length of the lines
Details of conductors i.e. size & material
Land availability
Accessibility of road & rail

* Following points are taken care while developing network:

Non coincident peak demands at the individual 33/11 kV sub-station would be used
in the load flow studies for assessing the adequacy and reinforcements required to
sub-transmission lines. However for the system below 33 kV diversities shall be
taken into account.

Non coincident peak demands at the individual 33/11 kV Sub-station would be used
in the load flow studies for assessing the adequacy and reinforcements required to
sub transmission lines. However, for the system below 33 kV diversities shall be
taken into account.

The voltage drop in 33 kV and 11 kV feeders should not exceed 5% at the farthest
and under peak load condition and normal operation regime.

Adequate power supply at normal voltage shall be available from main grid substation (GSS) to meet the system demand. In case of outage of one transformer the

other transformer should be of sufficient capacity to meet the system requirement

alone.

Every 33/11 kV Sub-station may have preferably at least two incoming feeders from
two different sources from reliability consideration.

The loading of lines should preferably be kept as per economic loading level of the
particular conductor.

The 11 kV feeders shall generally not be long under normal condition. It possible it
should not be exceeded beyond 15 Km.

The power factor of the system would preferably be not less than 0.95 at 11 kV level.

The preferred transformer capacity for primary Sub-station (i.e. 66/11 kV or 33/11
kV) should be of 5 MVA, 6.3 MVA, 8 MVA, 10 MVA, 16 MVA and 20 MVA for Urban
Area and 1, 1.6, 3.15, 5 MVA for Rural Area.

As a guideline, the conductors / cables indicated below could be preferred.

Rated
System
Voltage
33 kV

11 kV

LT

Conductor Type

ACSR Panther, Wolf, Dog or equivalent AAAC. 3 Core XLPE cables

of 150, 185, 240, 300 and 400 sq.mm
ACSR Dog, Raccoon, Rabbit or equivalent AAAC. Equivalent Aerial
Bunched Cable (ABC), 3 Core XLPE cables of sized 120, 150, 185,
240 & 300 sq.mm
ACSR Dog, Raccoon, Rabbit AAC, Ant, Grasshopper, Wasp or
equivalent Aerial Bunched Cable (ABC) 3 Core or 4 Core, PVC
Cables of 95, 120, 150, 185, 240, 300 sq.mm

The separate 33/11 kV feeders shall be laid for major industrial consumers.

Maximum Demand of up to 100 kVA to be supplied at low voltage

Maximum Demand of between 100 kVA and 1500 kVA to be supplied at 11 kV
Maximum Demand between 1.5 MVA and 5 MVA to be supplied at 33 kV
Maximum Demand of more than 5 MVA to be supplied at 66 kV (or higher voltage)

Maximum fault level

33 kV System 750 MVA
11 kV System 350 MVA (Urbans)
250 MVA (Rurals)
LT System
40 MVA

ECONOMIC LOSS LEVELS

Sl.
No.

System Components

1.

Step up Transformer and EHV Transmission

System
Transformation to inter-mediate voltage level,
transmission system & step down to subtransmission voltage level
Sub-transmission system and step down to
distribution voltage level

2.
3.
4.

Distribution lines and service connections

TOTAL POWER LOSS

Levels for peak power

losses
Target Level Max. Tolerable
(%)
(%)
0.5

1.00

1.50

3.00

2.25

4.50

4.00

7.00

8.25

15.50

CONCLUSION
As discussed in preceding sides it is clear that to develop and analyze a electrical subtransmission and distribution system, it is equally important to take care of all
component of network like voltage, current, frequency, all factors affecting the
calculation to decide the rating and capacity of equipment. kVA- Km tool to calculate
voltage regulation of transmission line, the power triangle to calculate the kVAR required
to improve the power factor. The diversity factor to know the pattern of the connected
load. Voltage regulation is taken as indicator of power supply quality as it quantifiable,
measurable and controllable by utility.