Controlador Temperatura

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TCNICO
Departamento de Engenharia Electrotcnica e de Computadores (DEEC)

rea Cientfica de Electrnica
ELECTRNICA GERAL
3Trabalho de Laboratrio
CONTROLADOR AUTOMTICO DE TEMPERATURA
2 Semestre 2012/13
Joo Costa Freire
Maio de 2013
Laboratrio de Electrnica Geral

CONTROLADOR AUTOMTICO DE TEMPERATURA
I. Objectivos
O objectivo do trabalho estudar alguns dos componentes e sub-circuitos de um Controlador
Automtico de Temperatura, assim como o seu desempenho em vrias condies.
Controladores de Temperatura so utilizados por exemplo em sistemas que exijam o
funcionamento a temperatura constante, como acontece com alguns equipamentos
electrnicos, e processos de produo industrial.
Como s se dispe de sistema de aquecimento, o controlador s funciona para temperaturas
superiores ambiente. O controlador aplicado na caracterizao de uma termistncia
(resistncia de valor dependente da temperatura do seu corpo) e no estudo das propriedades
trmicas de uma resistncia. O controlador testado com diversos tipos de realimentao:
negativa em operao analgica e tudo ou nada (ON/OFF); e realimentao positiva (ON/OFF
com histerese).
II. Esquema de blocos
Na Figura II.1 apresenta-se um esquema de blocos do controlador.
VDC
T
sensor
RTer
RDET
Isotrmico
Acoplamento
trmico
vT
Amplificador de erro
Indicador de
operao
ON/OFF ON/OFF
histerese
vout
vout
vF
vin
vout
vin V
DC
-VDC
Selector do sinal
de erro I1/I2
Termmetro
LCD
ANALOG
vin
Termmetro
de dcadas
2 bits
Sinal de
referncia VR
Figura II.1 Esquema de blocos do controlador de temperatura.
Este constitudo por dois blocos principais e trs auxiliares (medidores e indicador de
operao). Os dois blocos principais so o bloco Isotrmico (a tracejado) e o bloco
Amplificador de Erro (a cheio grosso) que comanda o aquecimento da resistncia RDET (DET
dispositivo em estudo) do bloco Isotrmico. Os outros dois elementos do bloco isotrmico
-1-
so: uma Termistncia, resistncia dependente da temperatura; e um Sensor de Temperatura

que um conversor de temperatura em tenso elctrica. Os blocos auxiliares (a cheio fino)
so dois termmetros e um indicador de operao. Um dos termmetros, o com um mostrador
de cristais lquidos (LCD), na realidade um voltmetro digital com um ADC de dupla rampa
e circuitos excitadores do mostrador. O outro um ADC paralelo que excita 4 dodos
emissores de luz (LEDs Light Emitting Diodes) consoante a palavra digital de 2 bits (22 = 4
possveis valores) de sada. O indicador de operao composto por dois LEDs, um vermelho
que acende quando se est a aquecer a resistncia RDET e um verde que acende quando a
resistncia est a arrefecer.
III. Descrio e introduo ao clculo analtico
De seguida vai-se efectuar uma descrio detalhada e um estudo analtico dos diferentes
blocos.
a) Bloco Isotrmico composto por uma resistncia RDET, uma Termistncia RTer e um
sensor de temperatura, independentes do ponto de vista elctrico mas ligados termicamente
por um dissipador (chapa metlica de lato) a que esto ligados com uma cola boa condutora
do calor.
A resistncia RDET uma resistncia de potncia (47 / 5W) que ao permitir dissipar at 5W
servir de elemento aquecedor dos restantes componentes do bloco a ela ligados
mecanicamente por umas pequenas chapas metlicas e cola boa condutora do calor. A
capacidade de dissipar de um componente elctrico ou electrnico caracterizada pela sua
resistncia trmica (na literatura ou Rth) que definida como a relao entre a potncia
mdia dissipada Pd e a elevao de temperatura:
Rth = (TR Ta) / Pd
(1)
onde TR e Ta so as temperaturas da resistncia e do meio ambiente que a rodeia,

respectivamente.
Termistncia uma resistncia varivel com a temperatura que pode ser usada, por exemplo,
para compensar as variaes trmicas de circuitos ou em sensores de temperatura.
A termistncia que vai ser ensaiada neste trabalho realizada com material cermico
semicondutor, cuja resistncia elctrica fortemente dependente da temperatura R(T).
Cermicas obtidas a partir de xidos metlicos com elevada resistividade (por exemplo de Fe,
Ni, Cr, Mn e Co), quando so misturadas com metais de valncia diferente, podem tornar-se
semiconductoras (cermicas semiconductoras). A sua condutividade elctrica segue muito
aproximadamente uma lei exponencial = 0 eB/T. Para alguns materiais, a constante B
-2-
positiva numa grande faixa de temperaturas abaixo da temperatura de Curie (PTC positive
temperature coefficient). Acima desta temperatura as propriedades podem mudar. Para outros
materiais a constante B pode ter um valor negativo (NTC negative temperature coefficient),
pelo menos numa certa faixa de temperaturas (Anexo 1).
temperatura nominal, T0, o valor da resistncia R(T0) = R0. Para pequenas variaes de
T = T - T0, em torno de T0, pode escrever-se o desenvolvimento em srie de Taylor de R(T):
= +
| +
+ = 1 + + +
(2)
As grandezas i so os coeficientes de temperatura da termistncia de ordem i.

H Termistncias cuja resistncia aumenta com a temperatura (PTC positive temperature
coefficient) ou diminui com a temperatura (NTC negative temperature coefficient).
Normalmente o 1 termo de (2) predomina e nestas condies uma PTC tem 1 > 0 e uma
NTC tem 1 < 0. De acordo com (2) o coeficiente 1 dada por:

(3)
A lei de variao da resistncia com a temperatura T, (expressa em Kelvin) pode ser escrita na
forma
R(T) = R(T0) exp [B(1/T 1/T0)]
(4)
em que R(T0) depende das dimenses e da condutividade do material de que feita a

termistncia, e B , normalmente, tambm uma constante que depende das propriedades da
cermica. Em geral a temperatura T0 = 298,15 K = 25 C. O valor nominal, R(T0), pode ser
dado com as tolerncias de fabrico que so normalmente usadas nas resistncia vulgares, por
exemplo 1% a 20%. A expresso anterior relativamente rigorosa, como se pode comprovar
experimentalmente, sendo usual ter-se um desvio de 0,3 C, na temperatura que conduz ao
valor da resistncia previsto pela equao (4) numa ampla faixa de variao da temperatura da
termistncia (0 a 50 C, por exemplo).
Como j se referiu uma termistncia pode ser usada como sensor de temperatura, no
entanto, no presente trabalho usa-se um sensor integrado monoltico, que uma alternativa.
Usa-se o circuito integrado LM335 (Anexo 2) que fornece directamente uma tenso
proporcional temperatura, vT = 0,01 T, onde T a temperatura em Kelvin.
O sensor LM335 utiliza junes semiconductoras como sensores de temperatura. A relao
entre a tenso vD e a corrente iD, duma juno semicondutora dada por
iD = IS [exp (vD / VT) 1] com VT = K T / q
(5)
onde IS a corrente inversa de saturao da juno e VT a chamada tenso trmica, que

depende da temperatura absoluta T, da constante de Boltzmann K e da carga do electro q
-3-
(K / q = 8,6169.10-5 VK-1, ou VT = 25,85 mV temperatura de 300K). A corrente IS tambm

depende da temperatura pelo que o LM335 utiliza como sensor duas junes para anular esta
dependncia (Figura III.1).
Figura III.1. Esquema simplificado do sensor de temperatura LM355
Da malha que engloba a tenso de sada vT e o divisor potenciomtrico constitudo pelas

resistncias R1 e 2nR1, obtm-se
vT = vBE1 vBE10 + vT [2nR1 / (R1 + 2nR1)]
(6)
O curto-circuito virtual imposto pela entrada do AO impe, como se ilustra na figura 2, que
IC1 = IC10 = I / 2. Ento, aplicando a equao (5) s duas junes base-emissor tem-se
vBE1 vBE10 VT ln (IS10 / IS1)
(7)
onde se considerou IC1 = IC10 >> IS1, IS10. Considerando Q10 = m Q1, isto , que a rea da
juno base-emissor de Q10 m vezes maior do que a do transstor Q1, tendo em ateno (6) e
(7), pode-se escrever
vT = VT (1 + 2n) ln(m)
(8)
No LM355 tem-se n = 24,7 e m = 10 pelo que (8) toma a forma

vT = 0,01 T = 2,7351+0,01 Tc [Volt]
(9)
sendo Tc a temperatura em graus centgrados.

O sensor LM335 tem um invlucro de plstico, semelhante ao de um transstor vulgar, como
o que representado na Figura III.2a). Os 3 terminais so dois de alimentao e um de ajuste
da sensibilidade do sensor. Na Figura III.2b), apresenta-se o circuito tpico de aplicao do
-4-
sensor LM335 que se representa, simbolicamente, como um dodo regulador de tenso, mas
cuja tenso de regulao proporcional temperatura do seu circuito (9). O dimensionamento
do circuito simples, sendo apenas necessrio garantir valores para Vsupply e Rbias tais que a
corrente IZ, que alimenta o circuito integrado, seja superior a 0,5 mA (Anexo 2).
Figura III.2. Sensor de temperatura LM355: (a) encapsulamento; (b) circuito simblico de aplicao
b) Bloco Amplificador de Erro um amplificador diferena que tambm pode funcionar

como um comparador de janela, introduzindo uma realimentao positiva ou como um
comparador em malha aberta retirando ambas as realimentaes.
A Figura III.3 apresenta o esquema elctrico do amplificador de erro e a sua ligao aos
Blocos Isotrmico e o Indicador de Operao.
RTer
RDET
vT
Figura III.3. Amplificador de erro
No ncleo do amplificador est inserido um AO, o A1 que um circuito integrado monoltico

A741 (Anexo 3), e um transstor bipolar BD137, o T1 (Anexo 4), em montagem de emissor
-5-
comum, portanto inversor. Chama-se a ateno que o BD137 um transstor de potncia

(12,5W) e apresenta um F = hFE baixo.
Quando nenhum dos interruptores I1 e I2 accionado (esto em aberto: OFF), a nica
realimentao existente no circuito da Figura 4 atravs da ligao trmica entre a resistncia
RDET e o sensor de temperatura S1 que gera a tenso vT aplicada na entrada negativa () do A1
atravs da resistncia R21. Se vT < VR o amplificador A1 satura positivamente (vC VDC) pelo
que o T1 satura (iB1 (VDC vBE1on) / R4 iC1 RDET > VCC VCE1sat), levando a resistncia
RDET a dissipar uma potncia PDET iC1 (VCC VCE1sat). Deste modo RDET vai aquecer at uma
temperatura TR acima da temperatura ambiente dada pela equao (1). Se vT > VR o
amplificador A1 satura negativamente (vC VDC) e o T1 corta. O dodo D1 entra na conduo
com iD1 (VDC vD1ON) / R4) limitando vBE1 a VD1on , evitando a disrupo da juno BE de
T1, que no suportaria uma tenso igual a VDC. Nestas condies, RDET deixa de ser
percorrida por corrente e arrefece tendencialmente at temperatura ambiente. Em
conformidade, com a tenso VR possvel controlar a temperatura de RDET que estabilizar
em torno do ponto em que VR = vT. A este modo de operao do amplificador de erro chamarse- ON/OFF.
Se o interruptor I1 for accionado (ON), introduz-se uma realimentao positiva no conjunto
A1 + T1 (Figura III.3). Note-se que o ramo de I1 est ligado ao terminal () do A1 mas T1
inversor e est englobado dentro da malha de realimentao I1-RP. Deste modo, o conjunto A1
+ T1 funciona como um comparador com histerese (Schmidt Trigger). O circuito tender a
estabilizara temperatura de RDET em torno de valores equidistantes do correspondente a vT =
VR de acordo com a abertura da janela de histerese. A este modo de operao do amplificador
de erro chamar-se- ON/OFF histerese.
Se o interruptor I2 for accionado (ON), colocando-se I1 em aberto (OFF) introduz-se uma
realimentao negativa no amplificador A1 (Figura III.3). Note-se que o ramo de I2 e RN est
ligado entre o terminal () e a sada do A1 ficando T1 fora da malha de realimentao. Deste
modo reduz-se drasticamente o ganho do amplificador de erro passando a existir claramente
uma zona em que opera linearmente, variando notoriamente vF nesta zona entre VCC e VCE1sat.
A este modo de operao do amplificador de erro chamar-se- ANALOG j que h uma zona
de variao linear entre ON e OFF.
c) Blocos auxiliares Os trs blocos auxiliares do indicao de se o controlador est a
aquecer ou arrefecer a RDET (Indicador de Operao) e da temperatura a que ela est
(Termmetros). O esquema do Indicador de Operao est representado no circuito da Figura
-6-
III.3 j que tem como entrada a tenso da sada do amplificador de erro vF. Nas Figuras III.4 e
III.5 apresenta-se os componentes dos dois Termmetros.
O Indicador de Operao composto por dois LEDs e duas resistncias (DV, DE, R6 e R7).
Note-se que quando T1 est ON se tem vF = VCEsat e o LED encarnado DE est aceso e o verde
DV est apagado; quando T1 est OFF a tenso vF = VCC e o LED encarnado DE est apagado
e o verde DV est aceso. O conjunto DE e DV, e respectivas resistncias srie de limitao da
corrente (R6 e R7) constituem o indicador de operao (aquecimento DE ON e arrefecimento
DV ON).
vO
vF
VCC
R9
(a)
(b)
Figura III.4 Conversor de graus Kelvin em Centgrados e Termmetro de Dcadas
Pretende-se que os termmetros dem indicao da temperatura em graus centgrados, no

entanto o sensor de temperatura fornece uma tenso proporcional temperatura em graus
Kelvin. Deste modo preciso introduzir na placa do controlador um conversor K-C. Esta
funo realizada por um amplificador somador baseado numa montagem inversora com um
amplificador operacional (A2) que o CI A741, idntico ao A1.
O Termmetro de dcadas tem como entrada a tenso de sada do conversor K-C (vO) e
compara-a com tenses obtidas a partir da tenso de alimentao negativa e do divisor
resistivo composto pelas resistncias R12 a R15 e R20. As sadas dos 4 comparadores vo
fazendo acender os 4 LEDs D3 a D6 de 10C em 10C (Termmetro de dcadas) cuja corrente
limitada pelas resistncias em srie R16 a R19. Os comparadores so realizados com quatro
AOs, A3 a A6, includos no CI LM324 que um AO qudruplo alimentado por +VCC e 0
(Anexo 5). A configurao deste termmetro corresponde a um conversor AD paralelo ou
flash de 2 bits (2N = 4 estados possveis de sada).
O Termmetro LCD, como o seu nome indica, contm um mostrador LCD que baseado no
circuito integrado ICL7106, tem 4 algarismo sendo o mais significativo apenas binrio (0 ou
1). Este circuito contm um conversor AD do tipo dupla rampa, e os circuitos de excitao do
mostrador LCD. A aplicao directa do ICL7106 (Anexo 6) como voltmetro digital,
convertendo tenses at 200 mV numa palavra digital. Assim o circuito conversor K-C que o
-7-
vai excitar directamente (vO da Figura III.3 aplicado na entrada +IN- no topo da Figura
III.4) tem que ser dimensionado de modo a ter no mximo 200 mV, equivalentes a 200 C.
Deste modo a leitura do mostrador LCD dar directamente o valor da temperatura.
Figura III.4 Termmetro com mostrador LCD com indicao at s dcimas de grau centgrado
(LSB least significant bit): Circuito Integrado ICL7106
Para se ter uma tenso de alimentao do sensor trmico (LM335) estvel utilizado um
regulador de tenso de +9V integrado 78L09. Os dois ltimos algarismos do nome do CI
indicam a tenso de sada (Anexo 7).
Para a execuo do trabalho experimental dispor-se- ainda de uma pequena ventoinha, do
tipo das existentes em muito equipamento electrnico, para arrefecer os componentes que
funcionam dissipando maior potncia (normalmente os dos andares de sada de excitadores de
perifricos), no caso do controlador para arrefecer a resistncia RDET.
IV. Anlise Terica
Na Figura IV.1 apresenta-se o esquema global do controlador de Temperatura e na Tabela
IV.1 o valor ou tipo dos seus componentes. Note-se que R5 = RDET. As respostas s alneas
apresentadas nesta seco devem ser includas no relatrio final mantendo-se os seus ttulos.
a) Amplificador de Erro A placa do controlador alimentada com +VCC e VCC, sendo
VCC = 12 V, embora alguns circuitos sejam s alimentados por +VCC e 0. O sensor de
temperatura obedece relao (9) (Anexo 2), A1 alimentado com VCC e tem um ganho de
200.000 (Anexo 3). Em todos os clculos que efectuar admita que temperatura ambiente de
20C (valor inicial em repouso).
a1) Tenso de Referncia - Calcule o valor que deve ter RA (potencimetro montado como
restato) para que se tenha o controlador a impor uma temperatura de 45C na resistncia R5
(RDET). O potencimetro linear, isto , a resistncia proporcional ao ngulo de rotao.
-8-
Sendo assim e admitindo que o potencimetro permite uma rotao mxima de 270, qual a
rotao a partir de 0 que deve efectuar? Considere que VCC2 = VCC = 12V.
Refere-se, a ttulo de informao adicional, que h potencimetros logartmicos, em que
portanto log(R) que proporcional ao ngulo de rotao, e no R como no caso dos
potencimetros usados na placa do controlador.
a2) ON/OFF - Para a situao descrita na alnea anterior, e os interruptores I1 e I2 abertos,
calcule a corrente que inicialmente vai comear a aquecer a resistncia R5 e a respectiva
potncia de dissipada. Explique o funcionamento do amplificador de erro nesta situao.
Caracterize o T1 apenas pela sua tenso VBEon e F (ou hFE) que pode obter do catlogo
(Anexo 4). Utilize como valor de referncia a corrente mxima iCmax, que prev T1 faz
percorrer R5.
a3) ON/OFF com histerese - Repita a alnea anterior mas agora com o interruptor I1 fechado
e mantendo I2 aberto.
a4) Analog - Repita a alnea a2) mas agora com o interruptor I2 fechado e I1 aberto.
a5) Comparao - Comente as diferenas encontradas na operao do amplificador de erro
nas 3 alneas anteriores.
RTer
Figura IV.1 Esquema global do Controlador de Temperatura
-9-
b) Termmetros Continue a considerar as condies enunciadas na alnea a).

b1) Conversor K-C - Explique o funcionamento do conversor K-C calculando a funo de
transferncia vO(VT,VCC). Admita, mais uma vez tal como em a), que o potencimetro RB
est na posio correspondente a uma temperatura de 45C em R5.
Tabela IV.1 Valor dos componentes do Controlador de Temperatura
b2) Termmetro LCD ou de Dcadas - Explique o funcionamento do Termmetro LCD (se

o seu grupo mpar) ou do Termmetro de Dcadas (se o seu grupo par) dando especial
ateno ao funcionamento dos conversores AD e calculando o seu erro mximo de
quantificao e resoluo. No caso do Termmetro de Dcadas calcule a corrente mxima nos
LEDs.
c) Regulador de Tenso Para alimentar o sensor de temperatura S1, usa-se o regulador de
tenso 78L09. Copie para o seu relatrio o esquema global do regulador disponvel no
catlogo (Anexo 7) e comparando-o com os reguladores que estudou (captulo sobre circuitos
de potncia). Identifique o seu tipo e assinale no esquema, colocando dentro de molduras
(formato sua escolhe), o componente ou componentes que considera serem os equivalentes
aos do esquema simplificado que estudou.
V. Realizao Experimental
Na realizao experimental, sempre que medir temperaturas (ex: Tmax e Tmin), mea e registe
tambm os correspondentes valores da tenso de sada do amplificador de erro VF (ex: VFmax e
VFmin, Figura IV.1). Registe tambm o estado dos LEDs DE e DV.
a) Identificao dos Componentes do Controlador de Temperatura
Na Figura V.1 apresenta-se uma fotografia da placa do controlador a utilizar nesta parte
experimental.
Tente identificar os componentes e os terminais de contacto que so acessveis do exterior.
Caso ajude, preencha uma tabela no relatrio. Em toda a parte experimental deve ter em
ateno no s a Figura V.1 mas tambm o esquema global da Figura IV.1.
- 10 -
b) Ensaio Preliminar do Controlador

b1) Rode completamente o potencimetro RA, que est montado como restato, para a
esquerda, no sentido directo (sentido contrrio ao dos ponteiros do relgio). Verifique se
corresponde a RA mximo (22k) ou mnimo (0). Em que condio colocou o amplificador
de erro a operar?
+Vcc
nc I2 I1
-Vcc
RA
R5
Dv
A741
M3
ICL7106
De
D1
RTER
LM335
T
G
H
4 Dv
M
C
RB
BD139
D
A741
F
M
LM324
E
Figura V.1 Placa experimental do Controlador de Temperatura
Preto - alvolos para ligar bananas; Encarnado - Resistncias, LEDs e dodo; Azul CIs e Transstor Bipolar
Ligue um voltmetro digital de tenso contnua (M1 Figura IV.1) aos terminais E e M
(massa) do mdulo para medir vO.
Ligue as duas fontes de alimentao de tenso contnua por forma a ter duas tenses
contnuas +VCC e VCC com massa M comum (VCC = 12 V). Para o efeito use uma fonte de
alimentao DC dupla, coloque as duas fontes independentes e ligue o terminal () de uma
delas ao terminal (+) da outra e estes dois massa de uma delas. Ligue as fontes aos
terminais respectivos da placa do controlador.
b2) Ajuste com uma chave de parafusos o potencimetro RB, que est montado como
restato, de modo a ler no voltmetro (vO) o valor +2,7315 V. Em que condio colocou o
conversor K - C a operar?
b3) Ligue o sensor S1 ao conversor K - C (ligar os terminais C e D atravs de um fio
condutor com bananas de 3 mm) e a partir da medio da tenso vO, registe o valor da
temperatura ambiente de R5. Lembre-se da anlise que efectuou em IV.b1). Neste momento
o voltmetro M1 e o mostrador LCD devem indicar o mesmo valor (a temperatura de R5).
Comente esta afirmao.
- 11 -
Ligue o voltmetro digital e o osciloscpio aos terminais F e M do controlador, para

observar a tenso vF.
Desligue os interruptores I1 e I2. Os interruptores so formados por 4 agulhas e um jumper
(cavaleiro) para enfiar em 2 agulhas adjacentes. Para o efeito coloque o jumper na posio
NC (no conectado 2 agulhas da esquerda). Tenha tambm a ventoinha V (Figura IV.1)
desligada.
b4) Rode o potencimetro RA para o seu valor mximo (no sentido retrgrado). R5 comear
a ser aquecida (LED VE aceso). O controlador vai estabilizar a temperatura entre um valor
mximo e um mnimo, Tmax e Tmin. Registe estes valores (lidos no Termmetro LCD) e os
correspondentes valores vFmax e vFmin. Poder acontecer que com RA no mximo a tenso VR
seja de tal modo elevada que o sensor no consiga gerar uma tenso igual; rode ento RA
ligeiramente no sentido contrrio dos ponteiros de relgio, at o controlador conseguir
reproduzir VT = VR. Coloque no relatrio um comentrio sobre o que observou relativamente
a esta questo. Tenha em ateno a anlise efectuada em IV.a).
c) Medida das Caractersticas Trmicas de R5 e RTer
c1) A partir da potncia elctrica fornecida e da temperatura mxima atingida por R5, calcule
o valor da resistncia trmica de R5, Rth5.
Ligue um ohmmetro aos 2 terminais T da termistncia NTC existente no mdulo. Preparese para registar simultaneamente valores da temperatura em R5 (e portanto em RTer) lidos em
M3 (Termmetro LCD), valores de intervalo de tempo, em segundos lidos num relgio, e
valores da resistncia RTer medidos no Ohmmetro.
c2) Rode rpida e completamente o potencimetro RA no sentido directo. O controlador entra
no modo de arrefecimento natural de R5. Crie uma tabela com os valores das 3 grandezas
referidas anteriormente (tempo, temperatura, resistncia), obtidos para diferentes
temperaturas afastadas de cerca de 5 C, medida que R5 arrefece. Se for mais cmodo registe
os valores de temperatura tirados a intervalos de tempo regulares.
c3) Trace o grfico log RTer(1/T) a partir da tabela criada em c2).
c4) Determine a lei de variao de RTer, calculando os coeficientes da expresso (4), BTer e
RTer(25C).
d) Ensaio do Controlador no Modo Linear (Analog)
Desligue a ventoinha. Ligue o interruptor I2, colocando o jumper na posio I2 (2 agulhas
do meio) reduzindo assim o ganho do amplificador de erro.
Rode o potencimetro RA para meio da escala e tente que o controlador estabilize a uma
temperatura perto de 45 C. Tenha em ateno os clculos que efectuou em IV.a1).
- 12 -
d1) Registe os valores mximos e mnimos da temperatura estabilizada, obtidos no regime

de controlo linear.
d2) Sem mexer no potencimetro RA, ligue a ventoinha, para arrefecer R5, e determine os
novos valores mximo e mnimo da temperatura estabilizada. Observe, atravs dos LEDs
DE e DV (modo de operao), do Termmetro LCD (temperatura de R5) e do osciloscpio
(tenso vF), o comportamento do controlador de temperatura. Comente as alteraes
verificadas, relativamente ao modo de funcionamento do controlador em V.b).
A partir de agora mantenha sempre o voltmetro digital e o osciloscpio ligados aos
terminais F e M do controlador.
e) Ensaio do Controlador com histerese
e1) Desligue a ventoinha. Mantenha I2 ligado. Registe o valor mximo e o mnimo da
temperatura estabilizada em torno de 45 C.
Ligue o interruptor I1 e desligue I2, colocando o jumper na posio I1 (2 agulhas da
direita), introduzindo realimentao positiva no controlador.
e2) Registe o valor mximo e o mnimo da temperatura estabilizada.
e3) Comente os resultados obtidos nas alneas e1) e e2).
VI. Concluses e crticas
O que aprendeu com este trabalho? Tea comentrios execuo do trabalho e proponha
alteraes que no seu entender o tornaro mais til e aliciante.
Lista de Anexos
Anexo 1: Termstor, Extracto do Catlogo da Semitec
Anexo 2: Sensor de Temperatura: LM335
Anexo 3: Amplificador Operacional: A741
Anexo 4: Transstor Bipolar de potncia: BD137
Anexo 5: Amplificador Operacional Qudruplo: LM324
Anexo 6: Voltmetro Digital LCD: ICL7106
Anexo 7: Regulador de Tenso: 78L09
- 13 -
PRODUCT CATALOG
CAT. No.129E
Where: Ra is the resistance at absolute temperature T1

Rb is the resistance at absolute temperature T2
B is a constant which depends on the
material of the thermistor
Unless otherwise specified,all values of B are
determined from measurements made at 258C and
858C.
The temperature coefficient of resistance
a is expressed in the follow ing equation:
a52 B2 3100 (%/ 8C)
T
1 21
T1 T2
Ra5Rb exp B
100k
10k
B:
Resistance(V)
"Thermistor" is the generic name given to

thermally sensitive resistors.
Negative temperature coefficient thermistor
is generally called as thermistor. Thermistor
is a semiconducting ceramic resistor
produced by sintering the materials at high
temperature and made mainly from metal
oxide.
Depending on the manufacturing method
and the structure, there are many shapes
and characteristics for various purposes
such as temperature measurement,
temperature compensation and etc.
The thermistor resistance values, unless
otherwise specified, are classified at a
standard temperature of 258C.
B constant is calculated from the resistance
values at 258C and 858C.
The resistance of a temperature is solely a function

of its absolute temperature. Since electrical power
being dissipated within a temperature might heat
above its ambient temperature and thereby reduce
its resistance, it is necessary to test for resistance
with temperature. The resistance so measured is
called RT, which means the resistance at essentially
zero-power.
The mathematical expression which relates the
resistance and the absolute temperature of
a thermistor is as follows:
36
50
THERMISTOR
Resistance -Temperature Characteristics
B:
50
33
B:
1k
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
00
34
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
Temperature(1/ Tx10 )
P
d 5D t (mW/ 8C)
P :Power(mW)
D t:Raise temperature(8C)
Thermal time constant

Thermal time constant (ta) is the time required by a
thermistor to change 63% of the difference between
its initial and final temperature. Measured with
thermistor suspended by its leads in specified
environment.
(%)
Dissipation factor
Dissipation factor (d) is power in milliwatts
required to raise thermistor temperature 18C.
Measured with thermistor suspended by its leads in
a specified environment.
95
87
63
ta
2ta
3ta
5ta
Time (s)
HIGH PRECISION THERMISTOR
AT THERMISTOR
AT-11,AT-2
AT-4
The AT thermistor is a high-precision thermal

sensing device featuring extremely small
B-value tolerance and resistance.
When used as a temperature gauge, the AT
thermistor requires no adjustment between
the control circuit and the sensor.
This insures temperature precision of 60.38C.
Temperature indicators and control instruments
are now available for use with the thermistor.
Part number
102 AT-2
Shape
High-precision AT thermistor
Rated zero-power
Resistance at 258C 102 : 1 k
Resistance tolerance
Dimensions
660.2
Soldered
2.5460.25
0.3sq
TPE lead wire
Marking
3.0;4.0
2.9;3.3
Color code
0.25t Tin plated 42 Alloy leads

(0.35)
Epoxy
(0.7)
5 max.
AT-2S
561
15 max.
Resistance
tolerance 6
AT-11
600 1200
3
2
1
240 230220210
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Ambient temperature 8C
8.561
1761.5
Interchange precision
2.4 max.
AT-2SS
2.5
4.0;4.5
Epoxy
2.5460.25
8.561
Temperature
precision 68C
0.5 Tin-Plated
42 Alloy
2.5460.25
Color code
Epoxy
0.7
0.25t Tin plated 42 Alloy leads

(0.35)
(0.6)
(0.7)
Tiebar cut
2.9;3.3
8.561
4.0 max.
1761.5
Color code
2.0
618C
1.5
60.78C
1.0
60.58C
0.5
(0.9)
3.8 max.
AT-2
240 230220210
1761.5
AT-3
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Ambient temperature 8C
2.4 max.
3.8 max.
4.0 max.
8.561
1761.5
Color code
Epoxy
Tiebar cut
1.0
Specifications
0.5 Tin-Plated
42 Alloy
2.5max.
Epoxy
UL1685 AWG30
3
8max.
40;100
Shape2
Epoxy resin
4max.
HVFF 0.14sq
13max.
5
30
R25*1
B value*2
1.0kV61% 3100K61%
102AT-2
2.0kV61% 3182K61%
202AT-2
5.0kV61% 3324K61%
502AT-2
10.0kV61% 3435K61%
103AT-2
20.0kV61% 4013K61%
203AT-2
50.0kV63% 4060K61%
503AT-2
104AT-2 100.0kV61% 4665K61%
10.0kV61% 3435K61%
103AT-3
1.0kV61% 3100K61%
102AT-11
2.0kV61% 3182K61%
202AT-11
5.0kV61% 3324K61%
502AT-11
103AT-11 10.0kV61% 3435K61%
103AT-4
10.0kV61% 3435K61%
Shape1
103AT-4
10.0kV61% 3435K61%
Shape2
10.0kV61% 3435K61%
103AT-2S
103AT-2SS 10.0kV61% 3435K61%
2.5460.25
AT-4
Shape1
Part No
100;225
Unit mm
Dissipation factor Thermal time Rated power

constant (s)*3 at 258C (mW)
(mW/ 8C)
10
2
15
10
2
15
2
10
15
10
2
15
10
2
15
10
2
15
10
2
15
2
10
15
15
3
75
15
3
75
15
3
75
15
3
75
Color code
None
20
230;90
None
5
5
250;110
250;110
white
white
10
35
1
1
15
15
Other resistance is also available, please ask.

*1 R25 : Rated zero-power resistance value at 258C.
*2 B value : determined by rated zero-power resistance at 258C and 858C.
*3 Time when thermistor temperature reaches 63.2% of the temperature difference. The value is measured in the air.
Black
Red
Yellow
White
None
None
None
White
None
None
None
None
230;90
10
Operating temp.
range(8C)
250;90
250;90
250;110
250;110
250;110
250;110
250;110
250;110
250;90
250;90
250;105
250;105
AT-5 THERMISTOR
AT-5
AT-5 thermistor is available in taping.

Part number
103 AT- 5-TP

Taping
Shape
High-precision AT thermistor
Rated zero-power
resistance at 258C
Dimensions
AT-5
Epoxy
f0.5 Tin plated CP leads
361
Specifications
661
Part No
R25
103AT-5
10.0kV61%
3061
2.461
3.561
2.560.5
103AT
B value
Rated power
constant (s) 3 at 258C (mW)
2 Dissipation factor Thermal time
(mW/ 8C)
3435K61%
2.5
15
10
Operating temp.
range(8C)
250;110
Other resistance is also available, please ask.

*1 R25 : Rated zero-power resistance value at 258C.
*2 B value : determined by rated zero-power resistance at 258C and 858C.
*3 Time when thermistor temperature reaches 63.2% of the temperature difference. The value is measured in the air.
Taping
6.3561.3
12.761.0
2.461
3.561
2.0 max.
18.0 60.5
0.660.3
1.5 max.
9.010.75
20.5
12.5 min
11.0 max.
16.060.5
3 max.
9.012.0
21.0
361
2.0 max.
f0.560.05
12.760.3
f4.060.3
1 max.
5 10.8
20.2
Resistance -Temperature
Temperature
(8C)
250
245
240
235
230
225
220
215
210
25
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Type
102AT
24.46
18.68
14.43
11.23
8.834
6.998
5.594
4.501
3.651
2.979
2.449
2.024
1.684
1.408
1.184
1.000
0.8486
202AT
55.66
42.17
32.34
24.96
19.48
15.29
12.11
9.655
7.763
6.277
5.114
4.188
3.454
2.862
2.387
2.000
1.684
502AT
154.6
116.5
88.91
68.19
52.87
41.21
32.44
25.66
20.48
16.43
13.29
10.80
8.840
7.267
6.013
5.000
4.179
103AT
329.5
247.7
188.5
144.1
111.3
86.43
67.77
53.41
42.47
33.90
27.28
22.05
17.96
14.69
12.09
10.00
8.313
203AT
1253
890.5
642.0
465.8
342.5
253.6
190.0
143.2
109.1
83.75
64.88
50.53
39.71
31.36
24.96
20.00
16.12
503AT
3168
2257
1632
1186
872.8
646.3
484.3
364.6
277.5
212.3
164.0
127.5
99.99
78.77
62.56
50.00
40.20
104AT
11473
7781
5366
3728
2629
1864
1340
969.0
709.5
523.3
390.3
292.5
221.5
168.6
129.5
100.0
77.81
Temperature
(8C)
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
Type
102AT
0.7229
0.6189
0.5316
0.4587
0.3967
0.3446
0.3000
0.2622
0.2285
0.1999
0.1751
0.1536
202AT
1.424
1.211
1.033
0.8854
0.7620
0.6587
0.5713
0.4975
0.4343
0.3807
0.3346
0.2949
502AT
3.508
2.961
2.509
2.137
1.826
1.567
1.350
1.168
1.014
0.8835
0.7722
0.6771
0.5961
0.5265
0.4654
0.4128
103AT
6.940
5.827
4.911
4.160
3.536
3.020
2.588
2.228
1.924
1.668
1.451
1.266
1.108
0.9731
0.8572
0.7576
203AT
13.06
10.65
8.716
7.181
5.941
4.943
4.127
3.464
2.916
2.468
2.096
1.788
1.530
1.315
1.134
0.9807
503AT
32.48
26.43
21.59
17.75
14.64
12.15
10.13
8.482
7.129
6.022
5.105
4.345
3.712
3.185
2.741
2.369
104AT
60.94
48.10
38.13
30.44
24.42
19.72
15.99
13.05
10.68
8.796
7.271
6.041
5.037
4.220
3.546
2.994
Unit(kV)
LM135/LM235/LM335, LM135A/LM235A/LM335A
Precision Temperature Sensors
General Description
The LM135 series are precision, easily-calibrated, integrated circuit temperature sensors. Operating as a 2-terminal
zener, the LM135 has a breakdown voltage directly proportional to absolute temperature at a 10 mV/ K. With less
than 1X dynamic impedance the device operates over a
current range of 400 mA to 5 mA with virtually no change in
performance. When calibrated at 25 C the LM135 has typically less than 1 C error over a 100 C temperature range.
Unlike other sensors the LM135 has a linear output.
Applications for the LM135 include almost any type of temperature sensing over a b55 C to a 150 C temperature
range. The low impedance and linear output make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy.
The LM135 operates over a b55 C to a 150 C temperature
range while the LM235 operates over a b40 C to a 125 C
temperature range. The LM335 operates from b40 C to

a 100 C. The LM135/LM235/LM335 are available packaged in hermetic TO-46 transistor packages while the
LM335 is also available in plastic TO-92 packages.
Features
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Directly calibrated in Kelvin

1 C initial accuracy available
Operates from 400 mA to 5 mA
Less than 1X dynamic impedance
Easily calibrated
Wide operating temperature range
200 C overrange
Low cost
Schematic Diagram
TL/H/5698 1
Connection Diagrams
SO-8
Surface Mount Package
TO-92
Plastic Package
TO-46
Metal Can Package*
TL/H/56988
Bottom View
TL/H/5698 26
Order Number LM335Z or LM335AZ

See NS Package Number Z03A
C1995 National Semiconductor Corporation
TL/H/5698
TL/H/5698 25
Order Number LM335M or

LM335AM
See NS Package Number M08A
Bottom View
*Case is connected to negative pin
Order Number LM135H,

LM135H-MIL, LM235H, LM335H,
LM135AH, LM235AH or LM335AH
See NS Package Number H03H
RRD-B30M115/Printed in U. S. A.
LM135/LM235/LM335, LM135A/LM235A/LM335A Precision Temperature Sensors
February 1995
Absolute Maximum Ratings

Specified Operating Temp. Range
If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,

please contact the National Semiconductor Sales
Office/Distributors for availability and specifications.
(Note 4)
Reverse Current
15 mA
Forward Current
10 mA
Storage Temperature
b 60 C to a 180 C
TO-46 Package
b 60 C to a 150 C
TO-92 Package
b 65 C to a 150 C
SO-8 Package
Continuous
b 55 C to a 150 C
LM135, LM135A
b 40 C to a 125 C
LM235, LM235A
b 40 C to a 100 C
LM335, LM335A
Lead Temp. (Soldering, 10 seconds)
TO-92 Package:
TO-46 Package:
SO-8 Package:
Vapor Phase (60 seconds)
Infrared (15 seconds)
Intermittent
(Note 2)
150 C to 200 C
125 C to 150 C
100 C to 125 C
260 C
300 C
300 C
215 C
220 C
Temperature Accuracy LM135/LM235, LM135A/LM235A (Note 1)

Parameter
LM135A/LM235A
Conditions
LM135/LM235
Units
Min
Typ
Max
Min
Typ
Max
2.97
2.95
2.98
3.01
C
C
C
Operating Output Voltage
TC e 25 C, IR e 1 mA
2.98
2.99
Uncalibrated Temperature Error
0.5
TMIN s TC s TMAX, IR e 1 mA
1.3
2.7
Temperature Error with 25 C

Calibration
0.3
0.5
1.5
Calibrated Error at Extended

Temperatures
TC e TMAX (Intermittent)
Non-Linearity
IR e 1 mA
0.3
0.5
0.3
Temperature Accuracy LM335, LM335A (Note 1)

Parameter
LM335A
Conditions
LM335
Units
Min
Typ
Max
Min
Typ
Max
2.95
2.98
3.01
2.92
2.98
3.04
C
C
C
Temperature Error with 25 C

Calibration
0.5
Calibrated Error at Extended

Temperatures
TC e TMAX (Intermittent)
Non-Linearity
IR e 1 mA
0.3
1.5
0.3
C
1.5
Electrical Characteristics (Note 1)

Parameter
LM135/LM235
LM135A/LM235A
Conditions
Min
Change with Current
400 mAsIRs5 mA
At Constant Temperature
Dynamic Impedance
IR e 1 mA
Output Voltage Temperature

Coefficient
Typ
Max
2.5
10
LM335
LM335A
Min
Units
Typ
Max
14
mV
0.5
0.6
a 10
a 10
mV/ C
Time Constant
Still Air
100 ft/Min Air
Stirred Oil
80
10
1
80
10
1
sec
sec
sec
Time Stability
TC e 125 C
0.2
0.2
C/khr
Note 1: Accuracy measurements are made in a well-stirred oil bath. For other conditions, self heating must be considered.
Note 2: Continuous operation at these temperatures for 10,000 hours for H package and 5,000 hours for Z package may decrease life expectancy of the device.
Note 3: Thermal Resistance
iJA (junction to ambient)
iJC (junction to case)
TO-92
202 C/W
170 C/W
TO-46
400 C/W
N/A
SO-8
165 C/W
N/A
Note 4: Refer to RETS135H for military specifications.
Typical Performance Characteristics

Reverse Voltage Change
Calibrated Error
Reverse Characteristics
Response Time
Dynamic Impedance
Noise Voltage
Thermal Resistance
Junction to Air
Thermal Time Constant
Thermal Response
in Still Air
Thermal Response in
Stirred Oil Bath
Forward Characteristics
TL/H/5698 3
Application Hints
To insure good sensing accuracy several precautions must
be taken. Like any temperature sensing device, self heating
can reduce accuracy. The LM135 should be operated at the
lowest current suitable for the application. Sufficient current,
of course, must be available to drive both the sensor and
the calibration pot at the maximum operating temperature
as well as any external loads.
If the sensor is used in an ambient where the thermal resistance is constant, self heating errors can be calibrated out.
This is possible if the device is run with a temperature stable
current. Heating will then be proportional to zener voltage
and therefore temperature. This makes the self heating error proportional to absolute temperature the same as scale
factor errors.
CALIBRATING THE LM135

Included on the LM135 chip is an easy method of calibrating
the device for higher accuracies. A pot connected across
the LM135 with the arm tied to the adjustment terminal allows a 1-point calibration of the sensor that corrects for
inaccuracy over the full temperature range.
This single point calibration works because the output of the
LM135 is proportional to absolute temperature with the extrapolated output of sensor going to 0V output at 0 K
(b273. 15 C). Errors in output voltage versus temperature
are only slope (or scale factor) errors so a slope calibration
at one temperature corrects at all temperatures.
The output of the device (calibrated or uncalibrated) can be
expressed as:
WATERPROOFING SENSORS
Meltable inner core heat shrinkable tubing such as manufactured by Raychem can be used to make low-cost waterproof sensors. The LM335 is inserted into the tubing about
(/2 from the end and the tubing heated above the melting
point of the core. The unfilled (/2 end melts and provides a
seal over the device.
T
To
where T is the unknown temperature and To is a reference
temperature, both expressed in degrees Kelvin. By calibrating the output to read correctly at one temperature the output at all temperatures is correct. Nominally the output is
calibrated at 10 mV/ K.
VOUTT e VOUTT c
o
Typical Applications
Basic Temperature Sensor
Calibrated Sensor
Wide Operating Supply
TL/H/56982
TL/H/5698 9
*Calibrate for 2.982V at 25 C
Minimum Temperature Sensing
TL/H/5698 10
Average Temperature Sensing
Remote Temperature Sensing
TL/H/56984
TL/H/5698 19
Wire length for 1 C error due to wire drop
TL/H/5698 18
AWG
14
16
18
20
22
24
IR e 1 mA
FEET
4000
2500
1600
1000
625
400
IR e 0.5 mA*
FEET
8000
5000
3200
2000
1250
800
*For IR e 0.5 mA, the trim pot must be deleted.
(Continued)
Isolated Temperature Sensor
TL/H/5698 20
Simple Temperature Controller
TL/H/5698 5
Simple Temperature Control
TL/H/5698 21
(Continued)
Centigrade Thermometer
Ground Referred Fahrenheit Thermometer
TL/H/569822
*Adjust R2 for 2.554V across LM336.
TL/H/5698 23
Adjust R1 for correct output.
*Adjust for 2.7315V at output of LM308
Fahrenheit Thermometer
TL/H/5698 24
*To calibrate adjust R2 for 2.554V across LM336.

Adjust R1 for correct output.
THERMOCOUPLE COLD JUNCTION COMPENSATION

Compensation for Grounded Thermocouple
*Select R3 for proper thermocouple type
THERMOR3
COUPLE
( g 1%)
J
377X
T
308X
K
293X
S
45.8X
SEEBECK
COEFFICIENT
52.3 mV/ C
42.8 mV/ C
40.8 mV/ C
6.4 mV/ C
Adjustments: Compensates for both sensor and resistor tolerances

1. Short LM329B
2. Adjust R1 for Seebeck Coefficient times ambient temperature (in degrees
K) across R3.
3. Short LM335 and adjust R2 for voltage across R3 corresponding to thermocouple type
J
T
TL/H/56986
14.32 mV
11.79 mV
K
S
11.17 mV
1.768 mV
(Continued)
Single Power Supply Cold Junction Compensation
*Select R3 and R4 for thermocouple type

THERMOR3
R4
COUPLE
J
1.05K
385X
T
856X
315X
K
816X
300X
S
128X
46.3X
SEEBECK
COEFFICIENT
52.3 mV/ C
42.8 mV/ C
40.8 mV/ C
6.4 mV/ C
Adjustments:
1. Adjust R1 for the voltage across R3 equal to the Seebeck Coefficient
times ambient temperature in degrees Kelvin.
2. Adjust R2 for voltage across R4 corresponding to thermocouple
J
T
K
S
14.32 mV
11.79 mV
11.17 mV
1.768 mV
TL/H/5698 11
Centigrade Calibrated Thermocouple Thermometer
Terminate thermocouple reference junction in

close proximity to LM335.
Adjustments:
1. Apply signal in place of thermocouple and adjust R3 for a gain of 245.7.
2. Short non-inverting input of LM308A and output of LM329B to ground.
3. Adjust R1 so that VOUT e 2.982V @ 25 C.
4. Remove short across LM329B and adjust R2
so that VOUT e 246 mV @ 25 C.
5. Remove short across thermocouple.
TL/H/5698 12
Fast Charger for Nickel-Cadmium Batteries

Differential Temperature
Sensor
TL/H/56987
Adjust D1 to 50 mV greater VZ than D2.
Charge terminates on 5 C temperature rise. Couple D2 to battery.
TL/H/5698 13
Typical Applications (Continued)

Differential Temperature Sensor
TL/H/5698 14
Variable Offset Thermometer
Adjust
for zero with sensor at 0 C and 10T pot set at 0 C
*Adjust for zero output with 10T pot set at 100 C and sensor
at 100 C
Output
reads difference between temperature and dial setting
of 10T pot
TL/H/5698 15
Typical Applications (Continued)

Ground Referred Centigrade Thermometer
Air Flow Detector*
TL/H/5698 17
*Self heating is used to detect air flow
TL/H/5698 16
Definition of Terms
Calibrated Temperature Error: The error between operating output voltage and case temperature at 10 mV/ K over
a temperature range at a specified operating current with
the 25 C error adjusted to zero.
Operating Output Voltage: The voltage appearing across

the positive and negative terminals of the device at specified conditions of operating temperature and current.
Uncalibrated Temperature Error: The error between the
operating output voltage at 10 mV/ K and case temperature
at specified conditions of current and case temperature.
10
Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters)
Metal Can Package (H)

Order Number LM135H, LM235H, LM335H, LM135AH, LM235AH or LM335AH
NS Package Number H03H
8-Lead Molded Small Outline Package (M)

Order Number LM335M or LM335AM
NS Package Number M08A
11
LM135/LM235/LM335, LM135A/LM235A/LM335A Precision Temperature Sensors
Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) (Continued)
Plastic Package
Order Number LM335Z or LM335AZ
NS Package Z03A
LIFE SUPPORT POLICY

NATIONALS PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT
DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT OF NATIONAL
SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein:
1. Life support devices or systems are devices or
systems which, (a) are intended for surgical implant
into the body, or (b) support or sustain life, and whose
failure to perform, when properly used in accordance
with instructions for use provided in the labeling, can
be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury
to the user.
National Semiconductor
Corporation
1111 West Bardin Road
Arlington, TX 76017
Tel: 1(800) 272-9959
Fax: 1(800) 737-7018
2. A critical component is any component of a life

support device or system whose failure to perform can
be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life
support device or system, or to affect its safety or
effectiveness.
Europe
Fax: (a49) 0-180-530 85 86
Email: cnjwge @ tevm2.nsc.com
Deutsch Tel: (a49) 0-180-530 85 85
English Tel: (a49) 0-180-532 78 32
Fran3ais Tel: (a49) 0-180-532 93 58
Italiano Tel: (a49) 0-180-534 16 80
Hong Kong Ltd.
13th Floor, Straight Block,
Ocean Centre, 5 Canton Rd.
Tsimshatsui, Kowloon
Hong Kong
Tel: (852) 2737-1600
Fax: (852) 2736-9960
Japan Ltd.
Tel: 81-043-299-2309
Fax: 81-043-299-2408
National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications.
This datasheet has been download from:

www.datasheetcatalog.com
Datasheets for electronics components.
UA741
GENERAL PURPOSE SINGLE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
..
..
.
.
LARGE INPUT VOLTAGE RANGE

NO LATCH-UP
HIGH GAIN
SHORT-CIRCUIT PROTECTION
NO FREQUENCY COMPENSATION
REQUIRED
SAME PIN CONFIGURATION AS THE UA709
N
DIP8
(Plastic Package)
DESCRIPTION
The UA741 is a high performance monolithic operational amplifier constructed on a single silicon chip.
It is intented for a wide range of analog applications.
Summing amplifier
Voltage follower
Integrator
Active filter
Function generator
The high gain and wide range of operating voltages
provide superior performances in integrator, summing amplifier and general feedback applications.
The internal compensationnetwork (6dB/octave)insures stability in closed loop circuits.
..
..
.
D
SO8
(Plastic Micropackage)
ORDER CODES
Part
Number
Temperature
Range
UA741C
0oC, +70oC
UA741I
-40 C, +105 C
UA741M
Package
N
-55 C, +125 C
Example : UA741CN
PIN CONNECTIONS (top view)
October 1997
1 - Offset null 1
2 - Inverting input
3 - Non-inverting input
4 - VCC5 - Offset null 2
6 - Output
7 - VCC+
8 - N.C.
1/9
UA741
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

Symbol
Vcc
Parameter
UA741M
Supply Voltage
UA741C
Unit
V
Vid
Differential Input Voltage
30
Vi
Input Voltage
15
500
mW
Ptot
Power Dissipation
Output Short-circuit Duration
Toper
Tstg
2/9
UA741I
22
Operating Free Air Temperature Range

Storage Temperature Range
Infinite
-55 to +125
-65 to +150
-40 to +105
-65 to +150
0 to +70
-65 to +150
C
C
UA741
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
VCC = 15V ,Tamb = +25oC (unless otherwise specified)
Symbol
Vio
Iio
Iib
Avd
SVR
ICC
Parameter
Input Offset Voltage (R S 10k)
o
Tamb = +25 C
Tmin. Tamb Tmax.
Typ.
Max.
5
6
Input Offset Current

o
Tamb = +25 C
Tmin. Tamb Tmax.
30
70
Input Bias Current

o
Tamb = +25 C
Tmin. Tamb Tmax.
10
100
200
nA
Large Signal Voltage Gain *

(VO 10V, RL = 2k)
o
Tamb = +25 C
Tmin. Tamb Tmax.
V/mV
50
25
Supply Voltage Rejection Ratio

(R S 10k)
o
Tamb = +25 C
Tmin. Tamb Tmax.
77
77
Supply Current, no load

o
Tamb = +25 C
Tmin. Tamb Tmax.
mA
Common-mode Rejection Ratio (RS 10k)

o
Tamb = +25 C
Tmin. Tamb Tmax.
KOV
RI
GBP
THD
en
m
2.8
3.3
V
12
12
dB
70
70
90
10
25
12
10
12
10
14
13
0.25
0.5
Output Short-circuit Current

Output Voltage Swing
o
Tamb = +25 C
Tmin. Tamb Tmax.
tr
90
1.7
CMR
SR
200
dB
Input Common Mode Voltage Range

o
Tamb = +25 C
Tmin. Tamb Tmax.
VOPP
Unit
mV
nA
Vicm
IOS
Min.
mA
40
V
RL
RL
RL
RL
=
=
=
=
10k
2k
10k
2k
Slew Rate
o
(Vi = 10V, R L =2k, C L= 100pF, Tamb = 25 C, unity gain)
Rise Time
o
(Vi = 20mV, RL = 2k, CL = 100pF, Tamb = 25 C, unity gain)
0.3
Overshoot
(Vi = 20mV, RL = 2k, CL = 100pF, Tamb = 25oC, unity gain)
s
%
Input Resistance
0.3
Gain Bandwidth Product

(Vi = 10mV, RL = 2k, C L= 100pF, f = 100kHz)
0.7
Total Harmonic Distortion

o
(f = 1kHz, AV = 20dB, RL =2k, VO = 2VPP,CL = 100pF, Tamb = 25 C)
V/s
M
MHz
%
0.06
Equivalent Input Noise Voltage

(f = 1kHz, R s = 100)
23
nV
Hz
Phase Margin
50
Degrees
3/9
UA741
4/9
UA741
5/9
UA741
6/9
UA741
7/9
UA741
PACKAGE MECHANICAL DATA
8 PINS - PLASTIC DIP
Dim.
Millimeters
Min.
A
a1
0.51
1.15
0.356
b1
0.204
Typ.
3.32
Min.
Typ.
0.131
0.045
0.065
0.55
0.014
0.022
0.304
0.008
0.012
10.92
9.75
0.430
0.313
0.384
2.54
0.100
e3
7.62
0.300
e4
7.62
0.300
6.6
i
L
0260
5.08
3.18
Max.
0.020
7.95
8/9
Max.
1.65
D
E
Inches
3.81
1.52
0.200
0.125
0.150
0.060
UA741
PACKAGE MECHANICAL DATA
8 PINS - PLASTIC MICROPACKAGE (SO)
Dim.
A
a1
a2
a3
b
b1
C
c1
D
E
e
e3
F
L
M
S
Min.
Millimeters
Typ.
0.1
0.65
0.35
0.19
0.25
Max.
1.75
0.25
1.65
0.85
0.48
0.25
0.5
Min.
Inches
Typ.
0.026
0.014
0.007
0.010
Max.
0.069
0.010
0.065
0.033
0.019
0.010
0.020
0.189
0.228
0.197
0.244
0.004
45 (typ.)
4.8
5.8
5.0
6.2
1.27
3.81
3.8
0.4
0.050
0.150
4.0
1.27
0.6
0.150
0.016
0.157
0.050
0.024
8o (max.)
Information furnished is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, SGS-THOMSON Microelectronics assumes no responsibility for the consequences of use of such information nor for any infringement of patents or other rights of third parties which
may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of SGS-THOMSON
Microelectronics. Specifications mentioned in this publication are subject to change without notice. This publication supersedes
and replaces all info rmation previously supplied. SGS-THOMSON Microelectronics products are not authorized for use as critical components in life support devices or systems without express written approval of SGS-THOMSON Microelectronics.
ORDER CODE :
1997 SGS-THOMSON Microelectronics Printed in Italy All Rights Reserved

SGS-THOMSON Microelectronics GROUP OF COMPANIES
Australia - Brazil - Canada - China - France - Germany - Hong Kong - Italy - Japan - Korea - Malaysia - Malta - Morocco
The Netherlands - Singapore - Spain - Sweden - Switzerland - Taiwan - Thailand - United Kingdom - U.S.A.
9/9


LM124/LM224/LM324/LM2902
Low Power Quad Operational Amplifiers
General Description
Advantages
The LM124 series consists of four independent, high gain,

internally frequency compensated operational amplifiers
which were designed specifically to operate from a single
power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from
split power supplies is also possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the
power supply voltage.
Application areas include transducer amplifiers, DC gain
blocks and all the conventional op amp circuits which now
can be more easily implemented in single power supply systems. For example, the LM124 series can be directly operated off of the standard a 5V power supply voltage which is
used in digital systems and will easily provide the required
interface electronics without requiring the additional g 15V
power supplies.
Unique Characteristics
Y
Y
Y
Features
Y
Y
Y
In the linear mode the input common-mode voltage

range includes ground and the output voltage can also
swing to ground, even though operated from only a single power supply voltage
The unity gain cross frequency is temperature
compensated
The input bias current is also temperature
compensated
Eliminates need for dual supplies

Four internally compensated op amps in a single
package
Allows directly sensing near GND and VOUT also goes
to GND
Compatible with all forms of logic
Power drain suitable for battery operation
Y
Y
Internally frequency compensated for unity gain

Large DC voltage gain
100 dB
Wide bandwidth (unity gain)
1 MHz
(temperature compensated)
Wide power supply range:
Single supply
3V to 32V
g 1.5V to g 16V
or dual supplies
Very low supply current drain (700 mA)essentially independent of supply voltage
Low input biasing current
45 nA
(temperature compensated)
Low input offset voltage
2 mV
and offset current
5 nA
Input common-mode voltage range includes ground
Differential input voltage range equal to the power supply voltage
Large output voltage swing
0V to V a b 1.5V
Connection Diagram
Dual-In-Line Package
TL/H/9299 32
Order Number LM124AE/883 or LM124E/883

See NS Package Number E20A
TL/H/9299 1
Top View
Order Number LM124J, LM124AJ, LM124J/883**,
LM124AJ/883*, LM224J, LM224AJ, LM324J, LM324M,
LM324AM, LM2902M, LM324N, LM324AN or LM2902N
See NS Package Number J14A, M14A or N14A
TL/H/9299 33
*LM124A available per JM38510/11006

**LM124 available per JM38510/11005
C1995 National Semiconductor Corporation
TL/H/9299
Order Number LM124AW/883 or LM124W/883

See NS Package Number W14B
RRD-B30M115/Printed in U. S. A.
LM124/LM224/LM324/LM2902
December 1994
Power Supply
Rejection Ratio
Common-Mode
Rejection Ratio
b 1.5V,
V e 5V to 30V
a
(LM2902, V e 5V to 26V),
TA e 25 C
DC, VCM e 0V to V
TA e 25 C
V e 15V, RL t 2 kX,
(VO e 1V to 11V), TA e 25 C
Over Full Temperature Range

RL e % On All Op Amps
a
a
V e 30V (LM2902 V e 26V)
a
V e 5V
Supply Current
Large Signal
Voltage Gain
V e 30V, (LM2902, V
TA e 25 C
Input Common-Mode
Voltage Range (Note 7)
e 26V),
IIN( a ) b IIN(b), VCM e 0V,

TA e 25 C

a
IIN( a ) or IIN(b), VCM e 0V,

TA e 25 C
Input Bias Current

(Note 6)
(Note 5) TA e 25 C
Conditions
Input Offset Voltage
Parameter
1.5
0.7
85
65 100
70
50 100
20
Min Typ
3
1.2
a
V b1.5
10
50
Max
LM124A
1.5
0.7
85
65 100
70
50 100
40
Min Typ
3
1.2
a
V b1.5
15
80
Max
LM224A
Electrical Characteristics V a e a 5.0V, (Note 4), unless otherwise stated
1.5
0.7
85
65 100
65
25 100
45
Min Typ
3
1.2
a
V b1.5
30
100
Max
LM324A
1.5
0.7
85
65 100
70
50 100
45
Min Typ
3
1.2
a
V b1.5
30
150
Max
LM124/LM224
1.5
0.7
85
65 100
65
25 100
45
Min Typ
3
1.2
a
V b1.5
50
250
Max
LM324
1.5
0.7
70
50 100
50
25 100
45
Min Typ
3
1.2
a
V b1.5
50
250
Max
LM2902
dB
dB
V/mV
mA
nA
nA
mV
Units
If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/Distributors for availability and specifications.
(Note 9)
LM124/LM224/LM324
LM124/LM224/LM324
LM2902
LM2902
LM124A/LM224A/LM324A
LM124A/LM224A/LM324A
a
b 65 C to a 150 C
b 65 C to a 150 C
Supply Voltage, V
32V
26V
Storage Temperature Range
Differential Input Voltage
32V
26V
Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 seconds) 260 C
260 C
b 0.3V to a 32V
b 0.3V to a 26V
Input Voltage
Soldering Information
Dual-In-Line Package
Input Current
260 C
Soldering (10 seconds)
260 C
50 mA
50 mA
(VIN k b0.3V) (Note 3)
Small Outline Package
Power Dissipation (Note 1)
Vapor Phase (60 seconds)
215 C
215 C
Molded DIP
1130 mW
1130 mW
Infrared (15 seconds)
220 C
220 C
Cavity DIP
1260 mW
1260 mW
See AN-450 Surface Mounting Methods and Their Effect on Product Reliability for
Small Outline Package
800 mW
800 mW
other methods of soldering surface mount devices.
Output Short-Circuit to GND
ESD Tolerance (Note 10)
250V
250V
(One Amplifier) (Note 2)
a
Continuous
Continuous
V s 15V and TA e 25 C
b 40 C to a 85 C
Operating Temperature Range
LM324/LM324A
0 C to a 70 C
b 25 C to a 85 C
LM224/LM224A
b 55 C to a 125 C
LM124/LM124A
f e 1 kHz to 20 kHz, TA e 25 C
(Input Referred)
Conditions
Output Voltage VOH

Swing
VOL
e 5V, RL e 10 kX
V e 30V
a
(LM2902, V e 26V)
V e a 15V
(VO Swing e 1V to 11V)
RL t 2 kX
Large Signal
Voltage Gain
Input Common-Mode
V e a 30V
a
Voltage Range (Note 7) (LM2902, V e 26V)
27
25
26
Input Offset
Current Drift
RL e 2 kX
IIN( a ) b IIN(b), VCM e 0V

RS e 0X
RL e 10 kX
RS e 0X
Input Offset
Voltage Drift
IIN( a ) or IIN(b)
(Note 5)
Input Offset Voltage
Input Bias Current
(Note 2) V
e 15V, TA e 25 C
12
b
a
VIN e 1V, VIN e 0V,
a
V e 15V, VO e 200 mV, TA e 25 C
a
10
20
28
40
10
40
50
20
40
b 120
20
27
26
25
V b2 0
100
200
30
20
60
12
10
20
28
40
10
40
50
20
40
b 120
20
27
26
15
V b2 0
100
200
30
20
60
12
10
20
28
40
10
40
50
20
40
b 120
20
27
26
25
V b2 0
200
300
75
30
60
12
10
20
28
40
10
40
50
20
40
b 120
20
27
26
15
V b2 0
300
100
60
12
10
20
28
40
10
40
50
20
40
b 120
20
23
22
15
V b2 0
500
150
60
12
10
20
24
40
10
45
40
50
20
40
b 120
100
V b2
500
200
10
60
Max
LM2902
Max Min Typ
LM324
Max Min Typ
LM124/LM224
Max Min Typ
LM324A
Max Min Typ
LM224A
Max Min Typ
LM124A
Min Typ
VIN e 1V, VIN e 0V,

a
V e 15V, VO e 2V, TA e 25 C
Short Circuit to Ground
Sink
a
b
Output Current Source VIN e 1V, VIN e 0V,
a
V e 15V, VO e 2V, TA e 25 C
Amplifier-to-Amplifier
Coupling (Note 8)
Parameter
Electrical Characteristics V a e a 5.0V (Note 4) unless otherwise stated (Continued)
mV
V/mV
nA
pA/ C
nA
mV/ C
mV
mA
mA
mA
dB
Units
Sink
Source
VO e 2V
VIN e a 1V,
a
a
VIN e 0V, V e 15V
a
VIN e a 1V,
b
a
VIN e 0V, V e 15V
Conditions
10
10
Min
15
20
Typ
Max
LM124A
10
Min
20
Typ
Max
LM224A
10
Min
20
Typ
Max
LM324A
10
Min
20
Typ
Max
LM124/LM224
10
Min
20
Typ
LM324
Max
10
Min
20
Typ
Max
LM2902
mA
Units
b 1.5V (at 25 C), but either or both
Schematic Diagram (Each Amplifier)
Note 10: Human body model, 1.5 kX in series with 100 pF.
Note 9: Refer to RETS124AX for LM124A military specifications and refer to RETS124X for LM124 military specifications.
TL/H/9299 2
Note 8: Due to proximity of external components, insure that coupling is not originating via stray capacitance between these external parts. This typically can be detected as this type of capacitance increases at higher frequencies.
Note 7: The input common-mode voltage of either input signal voltage should not be allowed to go negative by more than 0.3V (at 25 C). The upper end of the common-mode voltage range is V
a
inputs can go to a 32V without damage ( a 26V for LM2902), independent of the magnitude of V .
Note 6: The direction of the input current is out of the IC due to the PNP input stage. This current is essentially constant, independent of the state of the output so no loading change exists on the input lines.
Note 4: These specifications are limited to b 55 C s TA s a 125 C for the LM124/LM124A. With the LM224/LM224A, all temperature specifications are limited to b 25 C s TA s a 85 C, the LM324/LM324A temperature
specifications are limited to 0 C s TA s a 70 C, and the LM2902 specifications are limited to b 40 C s TA s a 85 C.
a
a
a
Note 5: VO j 1.4V, RS e 0X with V from 5V to 30V; and over the full input common-mode range (0V to V b 1.5V) for LM2902, V from 5V to 26V.
Note 3: This input current will only exist when the voltage at any of the input leads is driven negative. It is due to the collector-base junction of the input PNP transistors becoming forward biased and thereby acting as input diode
a
clamps. In addition to this diode action, there is also lateral NPN parasitic transistor action on the IC chip. This transistor action can cause the output voltages of the op amps to go to the V voltage level (or to ground for a large
overdrive) for the time duration that an input is driven negative. This is not destructive and normal output states will re-establish when the input voltage, which was negative, again returns to a value greater than b 0.3V (at 25 C).
Note 2: Short circuits from the output to V can cause excessive heating and eventual destruction. When considering short circuits to ground, the maximum output current is approximately 40 mA independent of the magnitude of
a
V . At values of supply voltage in excess of a 15V, continuous short-circuits can exceed the power dissipation ratings and cause eventual destruction. Destructive dissipation can result from simultaneous shorts on all amplifiers.
Note 1: For operating at high temperatures, the LM324/LM324A/LM2902 must be derated based on a a 125 C maximum junction temperature and a thermal resistance of 88 C/W which applies for the device soldered in a printed
circuit board, operating in a still air ambient. The LM224/LM224A and LM124/LM124A can be derated based on a a 150 C maximum junction temperature. The dissipation is the total of all four amplifiersuse external resistors,
where possible, to allow the amplifier to saturate of to reduce the power which is dissipated in the integrated circuit.
Output Current
Parameter
Electrical Characteristics V a e a 5.0V (Note 4) unless otherwise stated (Continued)
Typical Performance Characteristics

Input Voltage Range
Input Current
Supply Current
Voltage Gain
Open Loop Frequency

Response
Common Mode Rejection

Ratio
Voltage Follower Pulse

Response
Voltage Follower Pulse

Response (Small Signal)
Large Signal Frequency

Response
Output Characteristics
Current Sourcing
Output Characteristics
Current Sinking
Current Limiting
TL/H/9299 3
Typical Performance Characteristics (LM2902 only)

Input Current
Voltage Gain
TL/H/9299 4
Application Hints
Where the load is directly coupled, as in dc applications,
there is no crossover distortion.
Capacitive loads which are applied directly to the output of
the amplifier reduce the loop stability margin. Values of
50 pF can be accommodated using the worst-case non-inverting unity gain connection. Large closed loop gains or
resistive isolation should be used if larger load capacitance
must be driven by the amplifier.
The bias network of the LM124 establishes a drain current
which is independent of the magnitude of the power supply
voltage over the range of from 3 VDC to 30 VDC.
Output short circuits either to ground or to the positive power supply should be of short time duration. Units can be
destroyed, not as a result of the short circuit current causing
metal fusing, but rather due to the large increase in IC chip
dissipation which will cause eventual failure due to excessive junction temperatures. Putting direct short-circuits on
more than one amplifier at a time will increase the total IC
power dissipation to destructive levels, if not properly protected with external dissipation limiting resistors in series
with the output leads of the amplifiers. The larger value of
output source current which is available at 25 C provides a
larger output current capability at elevated temperatures
(see typical performance characteristics) than a standard IC
op amp.
The circuits presented in the section on typical applications
emphasize operation on only a single power supply voltage.
If complementary power supplies are available, all of the
standard op amp circuits can be used. In general, introduca
ing a pseudo-ground (a bias voltage reference of V /2) will
allow operation above and below this value in single power
supply systems. Many application circuits are shown which
take advantage of the wide input common-mode voltage
range which includes ground. In most cases, input biasing is
not required and input voltages which range to ground can
easily be accommodated.
The LM124 series are op amps which operate with only a

single power supply voltage, have true-differential inputs,
and remain in the linear mode with an input common-mode
voltage of 0 VDC. These amplifiers operate over a wide
range of power supply voltage with little change in performance characteristics. At 25 C amplifier operation is possible
down to a minimum supply voltage of 2.3 VDC.
The pinouts of the package have been designed to simplify
PC board layouts. Inverting inputs are adjacent to outputs
for all of the amplifiers and the outputs have also been
placed at the corners of the package (pins 1, 7, 8, and 14).
Precautions should be taken to insure that the power supply
for the integrated circuit never becomes reversed in polarity
or that the unit is not inadvertently installed backwards in a
test socket as an unlimited current surge through the resulting forward diode within the IC could cause fusing of the
internal conductors and result in a destroyed unit.
Large differential input voltages can be easily accommodated and, as input differential voltage protection diodes are
not needed, no large input currents result from large differential input voltages. The differential input voltage may be
larger than V a without damaging the device. Protection
should be provided to prevent the input voltages from going
negative more than b0.3 VDC (at 25 C). An input clamp
diode with a resistor to the IC input terminal can be used.
To reduce the power supply drain, the amplifiers have a
class A output stage for small signal levels which converts
to class B in a large signal mode. This allows the amplifiers
to both source and sink large output currents. Therefore
both NPN and PNP external current boost transistors can
be used to extend the power capability of the basic amplifiers. The output voltage needs to raise approximately 1 diode drop above ground to bias the on-chip vertical PNP
transistor for output current sinking applications.
For ac applications, where the load is capacitively coupled
to the output of the amplifier, a resistor should be used, from
the output of the amplifier to ground to increase the class A
bias current and prevent crossover distortion.
Typical Single-Supply Applications (V a e 5.0 VDC)

Non-Inverting DC Gain (0V Input e 0V Output)
*R not needed due to temperature

independent IIN
TL/H/9299 5
DC Summing Amplifier
(VINS t 0 VDC and VO t VDC)
Power Amplifier
VO e 0 VDC for VIN e 0 VDC

AV e 10
TL/H/9299 7
TL/H/9299 6
Where: VO e V1 a V2 b V3 b V4
(V1 a V2) t (V3 a V4) to keep VO l 0 VDC
LED Driver
BI-QUAD RC Active Bandpass Filter
TL/H/92998
fo e 1 kHz
Q e 50
AV e 100 (40 dB)
TL/H/9299 9
Typical Single-Supply Applications (V a e 5.0 VDC) (Continued)

Lamp Driver
Fixed Current Sources
TL/H/9299 11
I2 e
# R2 J I
R1
TL/H/929910
Current Monitor
Driving TTL
TL/H/9299 13
VO e
1V(IL)
1A
a
VL s V b 2V
*(Increase R1 for IL small)

TL/H/929912
Voltage Follower
Pulse Generator
VO e VIN
TL/H/929914
TL/H/9299 15

Squarewave Oscillator
Pulse Generator
TL/H/9299 16
TL/H/9299 17
High Compliance Current Sink
IO e 1 amp/volt VIN
(Increase RE for Io small)
Low Drift Peak Detector
TL/H/929918
HIGH ZIN
LOW ZOUT
TL/H/9299 19
Comparator with Hysteresis
Ground Referencing a Differential Input Signal
TL/H/9299 20
VO e VR
TL/H/9299 21

Voltage Controlled Oscillator Circuit
TL/H/9299 22
*Wide control voltage range: 0 VDC s VC s 2 (V a b 1.5 VDC)
Photo Voltaic-Cell Amplifier
TL/H/9299 23
AC Coupled Inverting Amplifier
AV e
Rf
(As shown, AV e 10)
R1
TL/H/9299 24
10

AC Coupled Non-Inverting Amplifier
AV e 1 a
R2
R1
AV e 11 (As shown)
TL/H/9299 25
DC Coupled Low-Pass RC Active Filter
fO e 1 kHz
Qe1
AV e 2
TL/H/9299 26
High Input Z, DC Differential Amplifier
For
R4
R1
e
(CMRR depends on this resistor ratio match)
R2
R3
VO e 1 a
R4
(V2 b V1)
R3
As shown: VO e 2(V2 b V1)
11
TL/H/9299 27

High Input Z Adjustable-Gain
DC Instrumentation Amplifier
If R1 e R5 & R3 e R4 e R6 e R7 (CMRR depends on match)
TL/H/9299 28
2R1
VO e 1 a
(V2 b V1)
R2
As shown VO e 101 (V2 b V1)
Using Symmetrical Amplifiers to

Reduce Input Current (General Concept)
Bridge Current Amplifier
For e kk 1 and Rf ll R
VO j VREF
#2J R
e
Rf
TL/H/9299 30
TL/H/929929
12

Bandpass Active Filter
fO e 1 kHz
Q e 25
TL/H/9299 31
13
Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters)
Leadless Chip Carrier Package

Order Number LM124AE/883 or LM124E/883
NS Package Number E20A
Ceramic Dual-In-Line Package (J)

Order Number LM124J, LM124AJ, LM124AJ/883, LM124J/883, LM224J, LM224AJ or LM324J
NS Package Number J14A
14
S.O. Package (M)

Order Number LM324M, LM324AM or LM2902M
NS Package Number M14A
Molded Dual-In-Line Package (N)

Order Number LM324N, LM324AN or LM2902N
NS Package Number N14A
15
LM124/LM224/LM324/LM2902
Ceramic Flatpak Package

Order Number LM124AW/883 or LM124W/883
NS Package Number W14B
LIFE SUPPORT POLICY

NATIONALS PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT
DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT OF NATIONAL
SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein:
1. Life support devices or systems are devices or
systems which, (a) are intended for surgical implant
into the body, or (b) support or sustain life, and whose
failure to perform, when properly used in accordance
with instructions for use provided in the labeling, can
be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury
to the user.
Corporation
1111 West Bardin Road
Arlington, TX 76017
Tel: 1(800) 272-9959
Fax: 1(800) 737-7018
2. A critical component is any component of a life

support device or system whose failure to perform can
be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life
support device or system, or to affect its safety or
effectiveness.
Europe
Fax: (a49) 0-180-530 85 86
Email: cnjwge @ tevm2.nsc.com
Deutsch Tel: (a49) 0-180-530 85 85
English Tel: (a49) 0-180-532 78 32
Fran3ais Tel: (a49) 0-180-532 93 58
Italiano Tel: (a49) 0-180-534 16 80
Hong Kong Ltd.
13th Floor, Straight Block,
Ocean Centre, 5 Canton Rd.
Tsimshatsui, Kowloon
Hong Kong
Tel: (852) 2737-1600
Fax: (852) 2736-9960
Japan Ltd.
Tel: 81-043-299-2309
Fax: 81-043-299-2408
National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications.

ICL7106, ICL7107, ICL7107S
Data Sheet
August 2002
3 1/2 Digit, LCD/LED Display, A/D

Converters
FN3082.4
Features
Guaranteed Zero Reading for 0V Input on All Scales
The Intersil ICL7106 and ICL7107 are high performance, low

power, 31/2 digit A/D converters. Included are seven
segment decoders, display drivers, a reference, and a clock.
The ICL7106 is designed to interface with a liquid crystal
display (LCD) and includes a multiplexed backplane drive;
the ICL7107 will directly drive an instrument size light
emitting diode (LED) display.
The ICL7106 and ICL7107 bring together a combination of
high accuracy, versatility, and true economy. It features autozero to less than 10V, zero drift of less than 1V/oC, input
bias current of 10pA (Max), and rollover error of less than
one count. True differential inputs and reference are useful in
all systems, but give the designer an uncommon advantage
when measuring load cells, strain gauges and other bridge
type transducers. Finally, the true economy of single power
supply operation (ICL7106), enables a high performance
panel meter to be built with the addition of only 10 passive
components and a display.
True Polarity at Zero for Precise Null Detection

1pA Typical Input Current
True Differential Input and Reference, Direct Display Drive
- LCD ICL7106, LED lCL7107
Low Noise - Less Than 15VP-P
On Chip Clock and Reference
Low Power Dissipation - Typically Less Than 10mW
No Additional Active Circuits Required
Enhanced Display Stability
Ordering Information
PART NO.
TEMP.
RANGE (oC)
PACKAGE
PKG. NO.
ICL7106CPL
0 to 70
40 Ld PDIP
E40.6
ICL7106CM44
0 to 70
44 Ld MQFP
Q44.10x10
ICL7107CPL
0 to 70
40 Ld PDIP
E40.6
ICL7107RCPL
0 to 70
40 Ld PDIP (Note)
E40.6
ICL7107SCPL
0 to 70
40 Ld PDIP (Note)
E40.6
ICL7107CM44
0 to 70
44 Ld MQFP
Q44.10x10
NOTE: R indicates device with reversed leads for mounting to PC

board underside. S indicates enhanced stability.
CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures.
1-888-INTERSIL or 321-724-7143 | Intersil (and design) is a registered trademark of Intersil Americas Inc.
Copyright Intersil Americas Inc. 2002. All Rights Reserved
ICL7106, ICL7107, ICL7107S

Pinouts
ICL7106, ICL7107 (PDIP)
TOP VIEW
ICL7107R (PDIP)
TOP VIEW
V+
40 OSC 1
D1
39 OSC 2
C1
38 OSC 3
B1
37 TEST
A1
36 REF HI
F1
35 REF LO
G1
E1
34 CREF+
33 CREF-
D2
32 COMMON
C2
10
31 IN HI
B2
11
30 IN LO
A2
12
29 A-Z
F2
13
28 BUFF
E2
14
27 INT
D3
15
26 V-
B3
16
25 G2 (10s)
F3
17
24 C3
E3
18
23 A3
(1000) AB4
19
22 G3
POL
20
21 BP/GND
40 V+
OSC 2
39 D1
OSC 3
38 C1
TEST
37 B1
REF HI
36 A1
REF LO
35 F1
CREF+
34 G1
CREF-
33 E1
COMMON
32 D2
IN HI
10
31 C2
IN LO
11
30 B2
A-Z
12
29 A2
BUFF
13
28 F2
INT
14
27 E2
V-
15
26 D3
G2 (10s)
16
25 B3
C3
17
24 F3
(100s)
23 E3
19
22 (1000) AB4
BP/GND
20
21 POL
V-
INT
BUFF
A-Z
IN LO
IN HI
COMMON
TEST
31
C3
OSC 3
30
A3
NC
29
G3
OSC 2
28
BP/GND
OSC 1
27
POL
V+
26
AB4
D1
25
E3
C1
10
24
F3
B1
11
23
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
B3
A1 F1 G1 E1 D2 C2 B2 A2 F2 E2 D3
(100s)
18
NC
NC
(10s)
A3
44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34
33
2
32
NC
(1s)
G3
ICL7106, ICL7107 (MQFP)

TOP VIEW
CREF+
(MINUS)
(100s)
CREF-
(100s)
REF LO
(10s)
REF HI
(1s)
OSC 1
G2
(MINUS)
ICL7106, ICL7107, ICL7107S

Thermal Information
Supply Voltage
ICL7106, V+ to V-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15V
ICL7107, V+ to GND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6V
ICL7107, V- to GND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -9V
Analog Input Voltage (Either Input) (Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . V+ to VReference Input Voltage (Either Input). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V+ to VClock Input
ICL7106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TEST to V+
ICL7107 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GND to V+
Thermal Resistance (Typical, Note 2)
JA (oC/W)
PDIP Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
MQFP Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
Maximum Junction Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150oC
Maximum Storage Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . -65oC to 150oC
Maximum Lead Temperature (Soldering 10s) . . . . . . . . . . . . .300oC
(MQFP - Lead Tips Only)
Operating Conditions
Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0oC to 70oC
CAUTION: Stresses above those listed in Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress only rating and operation of the
device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational sections of this specification is not implied.
NOTES:
1. Input voltages may exceed the supply voltages provided the input current is limited to 100A.
2. JA is measured with the component mounted on a low effective thermal conductivity test board in free air. See Tech Brief TB379 for details.
Electrical Specifications
(Note 3)
PARAMETER
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNIT
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
Zero Input Reading
VIN = 0.0V, Full Scale = 200mV
-000.0
000.0
+000.0
Digital
Reading
Stability (Last Digit) (ICL7106S, ICL7107S

Only)
Fixed Input Voltage (Note 6)
-000.0
000.0
+000.0
Digital
Reading
Ratiometric Reading
VlN = VREF , VREF = 100mV
999
999/10
00
1000
Digital
Reading
Rollover Error
-VIN = +VlN 200mV

Difference in Reading for Equal Positive and Negative
Inputs Near Full Scale
0.2
Counts
Linearity
Full Scale = 200mV or Full Scale = 2V Maximum

Deviation from Best Straight Line Fit (Note 5)
0.2
Counts
Common Mode Rejection Ratio
VCM = 1V, VIN = 0V, Full Scale = 200mV (Note 5)
50
V/V
Noise
VIN = 0V, Full Scale = 200mV

(Peak-To-Peak Value Not Exceeded 95% of Time)
15
Leakage Current Input
VlN = 0 (Note 5)
10
pA
Zero Reading Drift
VlN = 0, 0oC To 70oC (Note 5)

VIN = 199mV, 0oC To 70oC,
(Ext. Ref. 0ppm/ oC) (Note 5)
0.2
V/oC
ppm/oC
1.0
1.8
mA
0.6
1.8
mA
Scale Factor Temperature Coefficient

End Power Supply Character V+ Supply
Current
VIN = 0 (Does Not Include LED Current for ICL7107)
End Power Supply Character V- Supply Current ICL7107 Only

COMMON Pin Analog Common Voltage
25k Between Common and

Positive Supply (With Respect to + Supply)
2.4
3.0
3.2
Temperature Coefficient of Analog Common
25k Between Common and

Positive Supply (With Respect to + Supply)
80
ppm/oC
V+ = to V- = 9V (Note 4)
5.5
DISPLAY DRIVER ICL7106 ONLY

Peak-To-Peak Segment Drive Voltage
Peak-To-Peak Backplane Drive Voltage
ICL7106, ICL7107, ICL7107S

Electrical Specifications
(Note 3) (Continued)
PARAMETER
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNIT
Except Pins 19 and 20
mA
Pin 19 Only
10
16
mA
Pin 20 Only
mA
DISPLAY DRIVER ICL7107 ONLY

Segment Sinking Current
V+ = 5V, Segment Voltage = 3V
NOTES:
3. Unless otherwise noted, specifications apply to both the ICL7106 and ICL7107 at TA = 25oC, fCLOCK = 48kHz. ICL7106 is tested in the circuit
of Figure 1. ICL7107 is tested in the circuit of Figure 2.
4. Back plane drive is in phase with segment drive for off segment, 180 degrees out of phase for on segment. Frequency is 20 times conversion
rate. Average DC component is less than 50mV.
5. Not tested, guaranteed by design.
6. Sample Tested.
Typical Applications and Test Circuits

IN
A3 23
G3 22
BP 21
19 AB4
20 POL
C3 24
18 E3
17 F3
V- 26
G2 25
16 B3
INT 27
DISPLAY
15 D3
14 E2
A-Z 29
BUFF 28
C3
13 F2
IN HI 31
C2 R2
IN LO 30
COM 32
CREF- 33
CREF+ 34
REF LO 35
TEST 37
C5
C1
R4
REF HI 36
OSC 3 38
OSC 2 39
OSC 1 40
C4
R5
R1
R3
9V
B1
A1
F1
G1
E1
D2
12 A2
C1
3
11 B2
D1
2
10 C2
V+
1
ICL7106
C1 = 0.1F
C2 = 0.47F
C3 = 0.22F
C4 = 100pF
C5 = 0.02F
R1 = 24k
R2 = 47k
R3 = 100k
R4 = 1k
R5 = 1M
DISPLAY
FIGURE 1. ICL7106 TEST CIRCUIT AND TYPICAL APPLICATION WITH LCD DISPLAY COMPONENTS SELECTED FOR 200mV FULL
SCALE
+
+5V
IN
INT 27
V- 26
G2 25
C3 24
A3 23
G3 22
GND 21
14 E2
15 D3
16 B3
17 F3
18 E3
19 AB4
20 POL
DISPLAY
BUFF 28
A-Z 29
C3
13 F2
C2 R2
IN LO 30
COM 32
CREF- 33
CREF+ 34
REF LO 35
IN HI 31
C5
C1
R4
REF HI 36
TEST 37
OSC 3 38
OSC 2 39
OSC 1 40
C4
-5V
R5
R1
R3
12 A2
11 B2
D2
9
10 C2
E1
8
F1
A1
G1
B1
C1
V+
D1
ICL7107
C1 = 0.1F
C2 = 0.47F
C3 = 0.22F
C4 = 100pF
C5 = 0.02F
R1 = 24k
R2 = 47k
R3 = 100k
R4 = 1k
R5 = 1M
DISPLAY
FIGURE 2. ICL7107 TEST CIRCUIT AND TYPICAL APPLICATION WITH LED DISPLAY COMPONENTS SELECTED FOR 200mV FULL
SCALE
ICL7106, ICL7107, ICL7107S

Design Information Summary Sheet
DISPLAY COUNT
OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY
V IN
COUNT = 1000 --------------V REF
fOSC = 0.45/RC
COSC > 50pF; ROSC > 50k
fOSC (Typ) = 48kHz
CONVERSION CYCLE
OSCILLATOR PERIOD
tCYC = tCL0CK x 4000

tCYC = tOSC x 16,000
when fOSC = 48kHz; tCYC = 333ms
tOSC = RC/0.45
INTEGRATION CLOCK FREQUENCY
COMMON MODE INPUT VOLTAGE
fCLOCK = fOSC/4
(V- + 1V) < VlN < (V+ - 0.5V)
INTEGRATION PERIOD
AUTO-ZERO CAPACITOR
tINT = 1000 x (4/fOSC)
0.01F < CAZ < 1F
60/50Hz REJECTION CRITERION
REFERENCE CAPACITOR
tINT/t60Hz or tlNT/t60Hz = Integer
0.1F < CREF < 1F
OPTIMUM INTEGRATION CURRENT
VCOM
Biased between Vi and V-.
IINT = 4A
FULL SCALE ANALOG INPUT VOLTAGE
VCOM V+ - 2.8V
Regulation lost when V+ to V- < 6.8V
If VCOM is externally pulled down to (V+ to V-)/2,
the VCOM circuit will turn off.
VlNFS (Typ) = 200mV or 2V

INTEGRATE RESISTOR
V INFS
R INT = ----------------I INT
ICL7106 POWER SUPPLY: SINGLE 9V

V+ - V- = 9V
Digital supply is generated internally
VGND V+ - 4.5V
INTEGRATE CAPACITOR
( t INT ) ( I INT )
C INT = -------------------------------V INT
ICL7106 DISPLAY: LCD
INTEGRATOR OUTPUT VOLTAGE SWING

( t INT ) ( I INT )
V INT = -------------------------------C INT
Type: Direct drive with digital logic supply amplitude.

ICL7107 POWER SUPPLY: DUAL 5.0V
V+ = +5V to GND
V- = -5V to GND
Digital Logic and LED driver supply V+ to GND
VINT MAXIMUM SWING:

(V- + 0.5V) < VINT < (V+ - 0.5V), VINT (Typ) = 2V
ICL7107 DISPLAY: LED

Type: Non-Multiplexed Common Anode
Typical Integrator Amplifier Output Waveform (INT Pin)
AUTO ZERO PHASE

(COUNTS)
2999 - 1000
SIGNAL INTEGRATE
PHASE FIXED
1000 COUNTS
DE-INTEGRATE PHASE
0 - 1999 COUNTS
TOTAL CONVERSION TIME = 4000 x tCLOCK = 16,000 x tOSC
ICL7106, ICL7107, ICL7107S

Detailed Description
reduced to less than the recommended 2V full scale swing

with little loss of accuracy. The integrator output can swing to
within 0.3V of either supply without loss of linearity.
Analog Section
Figure 3 shows the Analog Section for the ICL7106 and
ICL7107. Each measurement cycle is divided into three
phases. They are (1) auto-zero (A-Z), (2) signal integrate
(INT) and (3) de-integrate (DE).
Auto-Zero Phase
During auto-zero three things happen. First, input high and low
are disconnected from the pins and internally shorted to analog
COMMON. Second, the reference capacitor is charged to the
reference voltage. Third, a feedback loop is closed around the
system to charge the auto-zero capacitor CAZ to compensate
for offset voltages in the buffer amplifier, integrator, and
comparator. Since the comparator is included in the loop, the AZ accuracy is limited only by the noise of the system. In any
case, the offset referred to the input is less than 10V.
Signal Integrate Phase

During signal integrate, the auto-zero loop is opened, the
internal short is removed, and the internal input high and low
are connected to the external pins. The converter then
integrates the differential voltage between IN HI and IN LO for a
fixed time. This differential voltage can be within a wide
common mode range: up to 1V from either supply. If, on the
other hand, the input signal has no return with respect to the
converter power supply, IN LO can be tied to analog COMMON
to establish the correct common mode voltage. At the end of
this phase, the polarity of the integrated signal is determined.
De-Integrate Phase
The final phase is de-integrate, or reference integrate. Input
low is internally connected to analog COMMON and input
high is connected across the previously charged reference
capacitor. Circuitry within the chip ensures that the capacitor
will be connected with the correct polarity to cause the
integrator output to return to zero. The time required for the
output to return to zero is proportional to the input signal.
Specifically the digital reading displayed is:
V IN
DISPLAY COUNT = 1000 --------------- .
V REF
Differential Input
The input can accept differential voltages anywhere within the
common mode range of the input amplifier, or specifically from
0.5V below the positive supply to 1V above the negative
supply. In this range, the system has a CMRR of 86dB typical.
However, care must be exercised to assure the integrator
output does not saturate. A worst case condition would be a
large positive common mode voltage with a near full scale
negative differential input voltage. The negative input signal
drives the integrator positive when most of its swing has been
used up by the positive common mode voltage. For these
critical applications the integrator output swing can be
Differential Reference
The reference voltage can be generated anywhere within the
power supply voltage of the converter. The main source of
common mode error is a roll-over voltage caused by the
reference capacitor losing or gaining charge to stray capacity
on its nodes. If there is a large common mode voltage, the
reference capacitor can gain charge (increase voltage) when
called up to de-integrate a positive signal but lose charge
(decrease voltage) when called up to de-integrate a negative
input signal. This difference in reference for positive or negative
input voltage will give a roll-over error. However, by selecting
the reference capacitor such that it is large enough in
comparison to the stray capacitance, this error can be held to
less than 0.5 count worst case. (See Component Value
Selection.)
ICL7106, ICL7107, ICL7107S
STRAY
STRAY
CREF
CREF+
REF HI
34
36
V+
REF LO
35
A-Z
A-Z
28
31
DE-
DE+
CINT
A-Z
29
INT
INTEGRATOR
+
6.2V
A-Z
A-Z
COMMON
DE+
32
30
INT
DE-
TO
DIGITAL
SECTION
2.8V
INPUT
HIGH
27
INT
CAZ
BUFFER V+
33
10A
IN HI
RINT
CREF -
COMPARATOR
INPUT
LOW
A-Z AND DE()
IN LO
V-
FIGURE 3. ANALOG SECTION OF ICL7106 AND ICL7107
Analog COMMON
This pin is included primarily to set the common mode
voltage for battery operation (ICL7106) or for any system
where the input signals are floating with respect to the power
supply. The COMMON pin sets a voltage that is
approximately 2.8V more negative than the positive supply.
This is selected to give a minimum end-of-life battery voltage
of about 6V. However, analog COMMON has some of the
attributes of a reference voltage. When the total supply
voltage is large enough to cause the zener to regulate (>7V),
the COMMON voltage will have a low voltage coefficient
(0.001%/V), low output impedance (15), and a
temperature coefficient typically less than 80ppm/oC.
The limitations of the on chip reference should also be
recognized, however. With the ICL7107, the internal heating
which results from the LED drivers can cause some
degradation in performance. Due to their higher thermal
resistance, plastic parts are poorer in this respect than
ceramic. The combination of reference Temperature
Coefficient (TC), internal chip dissipation, and package
thermal resistance can increase noise near full scale from
25V to 80VP-P. Also the linearity in going from a high
dissipation count such as 1000 (20 segments on) to a low
dissipation count such as 1111(8 segments on) can suffer by a
count or more. Devices with a positive TC reference may
require several counts to pull out of an over-range condition.
This is because over-range is a low dissipation mode, with the
three least significant digits blanked. Similarly, units with a
negative TC may cycle between over-range and a non-overrange count as the die alternately heats and cools. All these
problems are of course eliminated if an external reference is
used.
The ICL7106, with its negligible dissipation, suffers from
none of these problems. In either case, an external
reference can easily be added, as shown in Figure 4.
7
Analog COMMON is also used as the input low return during

auto-zero and de-integrate. If IN LO is different from analog
COMMON, a common mode voltage exists in the system
and is taken care of by the excellent CMRR of the converter.
However, in some applications IN LO will be set at a fixed
known voltage (power supply common for instance). In this
application, analog COMMON should be tied to the same
point, thus removing the common mode voltage from the
converter. The same holds true for the reference voltage. If
reference can be conveniently tied to analog COMMON, it
should be since this removes the common mode voltage
from the reference system.
Within the lC, analog COMMON is tied to an N-Channel FET
that can sink approximately 30mA of current to hold the
voltage 2.8V below the positive supply (when a load is trying
to pull the common line positive). However, there is only
10A of source current, so COMMON may easily be tied to a
more negative voltage thus overriding the internal reference.
V+
V
REF HI
6.8V
ZENER
REF LO
IZ
ICL7106
ICL7107
V-
FIGURE 4A.
ICL7106, ICL7107, ICL7107S

V+
V+
V+
BP
6.8k
20k
ICL7106
ICL7107
ICL7106
ICL8069
1.2V
REFERENCE
REF HI
REF LO
TO LCD
DECIMAL
POINTS
DECIMAL
POINT
SELECT
TEST
COMMON
CD4030
GND
FIGURE 4B.
FIGURE 4. USING AN EXTERNAL REFERENCE
TEST
The TEST pin serves two functions. On the ICL7106 it is
coupled to the internally generated digital supply through a
500 resistor. Thus it can be used as the negative supply for
externally generated segment drivers such as decimal points
or any other presentation the user may want to include on
the LCD display. Figures 5 and 6 show such an application.
No more than a 1mA load should be applied.
V+
1M
TO LCD
DECIMAL
POINT
ICL7106
BP
TEST
21
37
TO LCD
BACKPLANE
FIGURE 5. SIMPLE INVERTER FOR FIXED DECIMAL POINT
The second function is a lamp test. When TEST is pulled

high (to V+) all segments will be turned on and the display
should read 1888. The TEST pin will sink about 15mA
under these conditions.
CAUTION: In the lamp test mode, the segments have a constant DC
voltage (no square-wave). This may burn the LCD display if maintained for extended periods.
FIGURE 6. EXCLUSIVE OR GATE FOR DECIMAL POINT DRIVE
Digital Section
Figures 7 and 8 show the digital section for the ICL7106 and
ICL7107, respectively. In the ICL7106, an internal digital
ground is generated from a 6V Zener diode and a large
P-Channel source follower. This supply is made stiff to
absorb the relative large capacitive currents when the back
plane (BP) voltage is switched. The BP frequency is the
clock frequency divided by 800. For three readings/sec., this
is a 60Hz square wave with a nominal amplitude of 5V. The
segments are driven at the same frequency and amplitude
and are in phase with BP when OFF, but out of phase when
ON. In all cases negligible DC voltage exists across the
segments.
Figure 8 is the Digital Section of the ICL7107. It is identical to
the ICL7106 except that the regulated supply and back
plane drive have been eliminated and the segment drive has
been increased from 2mA to 8mA, typical for instrument size
common anode LED displays. Since the 1000 output (pin
19) must sink current from two LED segments, it has twice
the drive capability or 16mA.
In both devices, the polarity indication is on for negative
analog inputs. If IN LO and IN HI are reversed, this indication
can be reversed also, if desired.
ICL7106, ICL7107, ICL7107S
a
a
g
b
b
g
c
d
c
d
BACKPLANE
21
LCD PHASE DRIVER

7
SEGMENT
DECODE
TYPICAL SEGMENT OUTPUT

V+
7
SEGMENT
DECODE
7
SEGMENT
DECODE
200
0.5mA
LATCH
SEGMENT
OUTPUT
2mA
1000s
COUNTER
INTERNAL DIGITAL GROUND
100s
COUNTER
10s
COUNTER
1s
COUNTER
TO SWITCH DRIVERS
FROM COMPARATOR OUTPUT
1
V+
CLOCK
LOGIC CONTROL
6.2V
500
THREE INVERTERS
INTERNAL
DIGITAL
GROUND
ONE INVERTER SHOWN FOR CLARITY
VTH = 1V
37
26
40
OSC 1
39
OSC 2
38
OSC 3
FIGURE 7. ICL7106 DIGITAL SECTION
TEST
V-
ICL7106, ICL7107, ICL7107S

a
a
f
g
a
f
b
g
c
d
7
SEGMENT
DECODE
TYPICAL SEGMENT OUTPUT
V+
b
g
c
d
7
SEGMENT
DECODE
7
SEGMENT
DECODE
LATCH
0.5mA
TO
SEGMENT
1000s
COUNTER
100s
COUNTER
10s
COUNTER
1s
COUNTER
8mA
TO SWITCH DRIVERS
FROM COMPARATOR OUTPUT
DIGITAL GROUND
V+
1
V+
CLOCK
4
LOGIC CONTROL
37
THREE INVERTERS
27
ONE INVERTER SHOWN FOR CLARITY

40
OSC 1
39
OSC 2
TEST
500
DIGITAL
GROUND
38
OSC 3
FIGURE 8. ICL7107 DIGITAL SECTION
System Timing
INTERNAL TO PART
Figure 9 shows the clocking arrangement used in the

ICL7106 and ICL7107. Two basic clocking arrangements
can be used:
CLOCK
CLOCK
1. Figure 9A. An external oscillator connected to pin 40.

2. Figure 9B. An R-C oscillator using all three pins.
The oscillator frequency is divided by four before it clocks
the decade counters. It is then further divided to form the
three convert-cycle phases. These are signal integrate
(1000 counts), reference de-integrate (0 to 2000 counts) and
auto-zero (1000 to 3000 counts). For signals less than full
scale, auto-zero gets the unused portion of reference
de-integrate. This makes a complete measure cycle of 4,000
counts (16,000 clock pulses) independent of input voltage.
For three readings/second, an oscillator frequency of 48kHz
would be used.
To achieve maximum rejection of 60Hz pickup, the signal
integrate cycle should be a multiple of 60Hz. Oscillator
frequencies of 240kHz, 120kHz, 80kHz, 60kHz, 48kHz,
40kHz, 331/3kHz, etc. should be selected. For 50Hz
rejection, Oscillator frequencies of 200kHz, 100kHz,
662/3kHz, 50kHz, 40kHz, etc. would be suitable. Note that
40kHz (2.5 readings/second) will reject both 50Hz and 60Hz
(also 400Hz and 440Hz).
10
40
39
38
GND ICL7107
TEST ICL7106
FIGURE 9A.
INTERNAL TO PART
40
39
38
C
RC OSCILLATOR
FIGURE 9B.
FIGURE 9. CLOCK CIRCUITS
ICL7106, ICL7107, ICL7107S

Component Value Selection
Integrating Resistor
Both the buffer amplifier and the integrator have a class A
output stage with 100A of quiescent current. They can
supply 4A of drive current with negligible nonlinearity. The
integrating resistor should be large enough to remain in this
very linear region over the input voltage range, but small
enough that undue leakage requirements are not placed on
the PC board. For 2V full scale, 470k is near optimum and
similarly a 47k for a 200mV scale.
Integrating Capacitor
The integrating capacitor should be selected to give the
maximum voltage swing that ensures tolerance buildup will
not saturate the integrator swing (approximately. 0.3V from
either supply). In the ICL7106 or the ICL7107, when the
analog COMMON is used as a reference, a nominal +2V fullscale integrator swing is fine. For the ICL7107 with +5V
supplies and analog COMMON tied to supply ground, a
3.5V to +4V swing is nominal. For three readings/second
(48kHz clock) nominal values for ClNT are 0.22F and
0.10F, respectively. Of course, if different oscillator
frequencies are used, these values should be changed in
inverse proportion to maintain the same output swing.
An additional requirement of the integrating capacitor is that
it must have a low dielectric absorption to prevent roll-over
errors. While other types of capacitors are adequate for this
application, polypropylene capacitors give undetectable
errors at reasonable cost.
Auto-Zero Capacitor
The size of the auto-zero capacitor has some influence on
the noise of the system. For 200mV full scale where noise is
very important, a 0.47F capacitor is recommended. On the
2V scale, a 0.047F capacitor increases the speed of
recovery from overload and is adequate for noise on this
scale.
Reference Capacitor
Reference Voltage
The analog input required to generate full scale output (2000
counts) is: VlN = 2VREF. Thus, for the 200mV and 2V scale,
VREF should equal 100mV and 1V, respectively. However, in
many applications where the A/D is connected to a
transducer, there will exist a scale factor other than unity
between the input voltage and the digital reading. For
instance, in a weighing system, the designer might like to
have a full scale reading when the voltage from the
transducer is 0.662V. Instead of dividing the input down to
200mV, the designer should use the input voltage directly
and select VREF = 0.341V. Suitable values for integrating
resistor and capacitor would be 120k and 0.22F. This
makes the system slightly quieter and also avoids a divider
network on the input. The ICL7107 with 5V supplies can
accept input signals up to 4V. Another advantage of this
system occurs when a digital reading of zero is desired for
VIN 0. Temperature and weighing systems with a variable
fare are examples. This offset reading can be conveniently
generated by connecting the voltage transducer between IN
HI and COMMON and the variable (or fixed) offset voltage
between COMMON and IN LO.
ICL7107 Power Supplies

The ICL7107 is designed to work from 5V supplies.
However, if a negative supply is not available, it can be
generated from the clock output with 2 diodes, 2 capacitors,
and an inexpensive lC. Figure 10 shows this application.
See ICL7660 data sheet for an alternative.
In fact, in selected applications no negative supply is
required. The conditions to use a single +5V supply are:
1. The input signal can be referenced to the center of the
common mode range of the converter.
2. The signal is less than 1.5V.
3. An external reference is used.
V+
A 0.1F capacitor gives good results in most applications.

However, where a large common mode voltage exists (i.e.,
the REF LO pin is not at analog COMMON) and a 200mV
scale is used, a larger value is required to prevent roll-over
error. Generally 1F will hold the roll-over error to 0.5 count
in this instance.
Oscillator Components
CD4009
V+
OSC 1
1N914
OSC 2
OSC 3
0.047
F
ICL7107
For all ranges of frequency a 100k resistor is recommended

and the capacitor is selected from the equation:
0.45
f = ----------- For 48kHz Clock (3 Readings/sec),
RC
+
10
F
1N914
GND
V-
V- = 3.3V
C = 100pF.
FIGURE 10. GENERATING NEGATIVE SUPPLY FROM +5V
11
ICL7106, ICL7107, ICL7107S

Application Notes
The ICL7106 and ICL7107 may be used in a wide variety of

configurations. The circuits which follow show some of the
possibilities, and serve to illustrate the exceptional versatility
of these A/D converters.
The following application notes contain very useful
information on understanding and applying this part and are
available from Intersil Corporation.
NOTE #
DESCRIPTION
AN016
Selecting A/D Converters
AN017
The Integrating A/D Converter
AN018
Dos and Donts of Applying A/D Converters
AN023
Low Cost Digital Panel Meter Designs
AN032
Understanding the Auto-Zero and Common Mode

Performance of the ICL7136/7/9 Family
AN046
Building a Battery-Operated Auto Ranging DVM with the

ICL7106
AN052
Tips for Using Single Chip 31/2 Digit A/D Converters
AN9609 Overcoming Common Mode Range Issues When Using

Intersil Integrating Converters
TO PIN 1
OSC 1 40
OSC 2 39
100k
OSC 2 39
OSC 3 38
TEST 37
TO PIN 1
OSC 1 40
OSC 3 38
SET VREF
= 100mV
100pF
TEST 37
REF HI 36
REF HI 36
REF LO 35
REF LO 35
CREF 34
CREF 33
1k
IN
A-Z 29
47k
+
9V
INT 27
0.22F
G2 25
C3 24
A3 23
+5V
1k
A-Z 29
BUFF 28
22k
0.1F
1M
IN HI 31
IN LO 30
SET VREF
= 100mV
100pF
COMMON 32
0.01F
0.47F
BUFF 28
V - 26
CREF 34
CREF 33
1M
IN HI 31
IN LO 30
22k
0.1F
COMMON 32
100k
+
IN
0.01F
0.47F
47k
INT 27
V - 26
0.22F
-5V
G2 25
TO DISPLAY
G3 22
C3 24
A3 23
TO DISPLAY
G3 22
BP 21
TO BACKPLANE
GND 21
Values shown are for 200mV full scale, 3 readings/sec., floating

supply voltage (9V battery).
Values shown are for 200mV full scale, 3 readings/sec. IN LO may

be tied to either COMMON for inputs floating with respect to
supplies, or GND for single ended inputs. (See discussion under
Analog COMMON).
FIGURE 11. ICL7106 USING THE INTERNAL REFERENCE
FIGURE 12. ICL7107 USING THE INTERNAL REFERENCE
12
ICL7106, ICL7107, ICL7107S

(Continued)
TO PIN 1
OSC 1 40
OSC 2 39
OSC 2 39
OSC 3 38
TEST 37
TO PIN 1
OSC 1 40
100k
OSC 3 38
SET VREF
= 100mV
100pF
TEST 37
REF HI 36
CREF 33
1k
10k
0.1F
A-Z 29
10k
1M
IN HI 31
BUFF 28
V+
CREF 33
0.47F
IN
IN LO 30
A3 23
V-
V - 26
C3 24
TO DISPLAY
A3 23
G3 22
IN LO is tied to supply COMMON establishing the correct common mode

voltage. If COMMON is not shorted to GND, the input voltage may float
with respect to the power supply and COMMON acts as a pre-regulator
for the reference. If COMMON is shorted to GND, the input is single
ended (referred to supply GND) and the pre-regulator is overridden.
FIGURE 13. ICL7107 WITH AN EXTERNAL BAND-GAP
REFERENCE (1.2V TYPE)
47k
0.22F
Since low TC zeners have breakdown voltages ~ 6.8V, diode must

be placed across the total supply (10V). As in the case of Figure 12,
IN LO may be tied to either COMMON or GND.
FIGURE 14. ICL7107 WITH ZENER DIODE REFERENCE
OSC 1 40
100k
OSC 2 39
OSC 3 38
TEST 37
V+
25k
24k
CREF 33
1M
IN HI 31
0.047F
IN
A-Z 29
INT 27
V-
G2 25
C3 24
A3 23
IN LO 30
BUFF 28
INT 27
0.22F
0.1F
V - 26
15k
1.2V (ICL8069)
+
IN
0.01F
0.47F
+5V
47k
0.22F
G2 25
C3 24
TO DISPLAY
10k
1M
IN HI 31
470k
BUFF 28
1k
COMMON 32
0.01F
A-Z 29
REF LO 35
CREF 34
0.1F
COMMON 32
V - 26
SET VREF
= 100mV
100pF
REF HI 36
REF HI 36
IN LO 30
TO PIN 1
100k
OSC 3 38
SET VREF
= 1V
100pF
REF LO 35
CREF 33
-5V
TO DISPLAY
TO PIN 1
CREF 34
G2 25
GND 21
TEST 37
IN
0.47F
INT 27
0.22F
G3 22
OSC 2 39
0.01F
BUFF 28
GND 21
OSC 1 40
6.8V
1M
A-Z 29
47k
G2 25
C3 24
100k
0.1F
IN HI 31
INT 27
V - 26
1k
COMMON 32
0.01F
+5V
REF LO 35
CREF 34
1.2V (ICL8069)
COMMON 32
IN LO 30
SET VREF
= 100mV
100pF
REF HI 36
REF LO 35
CREF 34
100k
A3 23
TO DISPLAY
G3 22
G3 22
GND 21
BP/GND 21
An external reference must be used in this application, since the

voltage between V+ and V- is insufficient for correct operation of the
internal reference.
FIGURE 15. ICL7106 AND ICL7107: RECOMMENDED
COMPONENT VALUES FOR 2V FULL SCALE
13
FIGURE 16. ICL7107 OPERATED FROM SINGLE +5V
ICL7106, ICL7107, ICL7107S

(Continued)
TO PIN 1
OSC 1 40
V+
OSC 2 39
TO PIN 1
OSC 1 40
100k
100k
OSC 2 39
OSC 3 38
OSC 3 38
100pF
TEST 37
REF HI 36
REF HI 36
REF LO 35
REF LO 35
CREF 34
CREF 34
0.1F
CREF 33
CREF 33
100k 1M
100k 220k
0.1F
22k
COMMON 32
COMMON 32
IN HI 31
IN HI 31
IN LO 30
IN LO 30
0.47F
A-Z 29
0.22F
V - 26
0.47F
V - 26
SILICON NPN
MPS 3704 OR
SIMILAR
47k
BUFF 28
INT 27
INT 27
ZERO
ADJUST
0.01F
A-Z 29
47k
BUFF 28
9V
0.22F
G2 25
G2 25
C3 24
C3 24
TO DISPLAY
A3 23
A3 23
G3 22
G3 22
GND 21
BP 21
The resistor values within the bridge are determined by the desired
sensitivity.
FIGURE 17. ICL7107 MEASUREING RATIOMETRIC VALUES
OF QUAD LOAD CELL
TO DISPLAY
TO BACKPLANE
A silicon diode-connected transistor has a temperature coefficient of

about -2mV/oC. Calibration is achieved by placing the sensing
transistor in ice water and adjusting the zeroing potentiometer for a
000.0 reading. The sensor should then be placed in boiling water
and the scale-factor potentiometer adjusted for a 100.0 reading.
FIGURE 18. ICL7106 USED AS A DIGITAL CENTIGRADE
THERMOMETER
+5V
V+
TO LOGIC
VCC
1 V+
OSC 1 40
1 V+
OSC 1 40
2 D1
OSC 2 39
2 D1
OSC 2 39
3 C1
OSC 3 38
3 C1
OSC 3 38
4 B1
TEST 37
4 B1
TEST 37
5 A1
REF HI 36
5 A1
REF HI 36
6 F1
REF LO 35
6 F1
REF LO 35
7 G1
CREF 34
7 G1
8 E1
O/RANGE
TO
CREF 34 LOGIC
GND
CREF 33
TO LOGIC
VCC
8 E1
CREF 33
COMMON 32
COMMON 32
12k
9 D2
10 C2
IN HI 31
IN HI 31
IN LO 30
11 B2
IN LO 30
12 A2
A-Z 29
The LM339 is required to

ensure logic compatibility
with heavy display loading.
10 C2
11 B2
12 A2
A-Z 29
13 F2
BUFF 28
LM339
13 F2
BUFF 28
14 E2
INT 27
14 E2
INT 27
15 D3
V- 26
16 B3
G2 25
17 F3
C3 24
18 E3
A3 23
19 AB4
G3 22
20 POL
BP 21
9 D2
V-
U/RANGE
CD4023 OR
74C10
SCALE
FACTOR
ADJUST
100pF
TEST 37
O/RANGE
U/RANGE
CD4023 OR
74C10
15 D3
V- 26
16 B3
G2 25
17 F3
C3 24
18 E3
A3 23
19 AB4
G3 22
20 POL
BP 21
V-
+
33k
CD4077
FIGURE 19. CIRCUIT FOR DEVELOPING UNDERRANGE AND

OVERRANGE SIGNAL FROM ICL7106 OUTPUTS
14
FIGURE 20. CIRCUIT FOR DEVELOPING UNDERRANGE AND

OVERRANGE SIGNALS FROM ICL7107 OUTPUT
ICL7106, ICL7107, ICL7107S

(Continued)
TO PIN 1
OSC 1 40
100k
OSC 2 39
10F
SCALE FACTOR ADJUST

(VREF = 100mV FOR AC TO RMS)
OSC 3 38
TEST 37
100pF
5F
CA3140
REF HI 36
REF LO 35
CREF 34
CREF 33
1N914
1k
22k
470k
0.1F
2.2M
COMMON 32
10k
1F
IN HI 31
1F
10k
1F
4.3k
IN LO 30
0.47F
A-Z 29
0.22F
47k
BUFF 28
10F
+
9V
INT 27
100pF
(FOR OPTIMUM BANDWIDTH)
0.22F
V - 26
G2 25
C3 24
A3 23
100k
+
TO DISPLAY
G3 22
BP 21
TO BACKPLANE
Test is used as a common-mode reference level to ensure compatibility with most op amps.
FIGURE 21. AC TO DC CONVERTER WITH ICL7106
+5V
DM7407
ICL7107
130
LED
SEGMENTS
130
130
FIGURE 22. DISPLAY BUFFERING FOR INCREASED DRIVE CURRENT
15
AC IN
ICL7106, ICL7107, ICL7107S

Dual-In-Line Plastic Packages (PDIP)
E40.6 (JEDEC MS-011-AC ISSUE B)
40 LEAD DUAL-IN-LINE PLASTIC PACKAGE

E1
INDEX
AREA
1 2 3
INCHES
N/2
SYMBOL
-B-
-C-
SEATING
PLANE
A2
B1
D1
A1
eC
B
0.010 (0.25) M
C A B S
NOTES
0.250
6.35
0.39
A2
0.125
0.195
3.18
4.95
0.014
0.022
0.356
0.558
C
L
B1
0.030
0.070
0.77
1.77
eA
0.008
0.015
0.204
0.381
1.980
2.095
D1
0.005
eB
NOTES:
1. Controlling Dimensions: INCH. In case of conflict between English
and Metric dimensions, the inch dimensions control.
2. Dimensioning and tolerancing per ANSI Y14.5M-1982.
3. Symbols are defined in the MO Series Symbol List in Section 2.2
of Publication No. 95.
4. Dimensions A, A1 and L are measured with the package seated in
JEDEC seating plane gauge GS-3.
5. D, D1, and E1 dimensions do not include mold flash or protrusions.
Mold flash or protrusions shall not exceed 0.010 inch (0.25mm).
6. E and eA are measured with the leads constrained to be perpendicular to datum -C- .
7. eB and eC are measured at the lead tips with the leads unconstrained. eC must be zero or greater.
8. B1 maximum dimensions do not include dambar protrusions. Dambar protrusions shall not exceed 0.010 inch (0.25mm).
9. N is the maximum number of terminal positions.
10. Corner leads (1, N, N/2 and N/2 + 1) for E8.3, E16.3, E18.3, E28.3,
E42.6 will have a B1 dimension of 0.030 - 0.045 inch (0.76 - 1.14mm).
16
MAX
0.015
A
L
D1
MIN
A
E
BASE
PLANE
MAX
A1
-AD
MILLIMETERS
MIN
50.3
53.2
0.13
0.600
0.625
15.24
15.87
E1
0.485
0.580
12.32
14.73
0.100 BSC
2.54 BSC
eA
0.600 BSC
15.24 BSC
eB
0.700
17.78
0.115
0.200
2.93
5.08
40
40
9
Rev. 0 12/93
ICL7106, ICL7107, ICL7107S

Metric Plastic Quad Flatpack Packages (MQFP)
D
Q44.10x10 (JEDEC MS-022AB ISSUE B)

44 LEAD METRIC PLASTIC QUAD FLATPACK PACKAGE
D1
-D-
INCHES
SYMBOL
-A-
-B-
E E1
e
PIN 1
SEATING
A PLANE
-H-
0.076
0.003
-C-
12o-16o
0.40
0.016 MIN
0.20
M
0.008
C A-B S
0o MIN
D S
b
A2 A1
0o-7o
b1
MILLIMETERS
MIN
MAX
NOTES
0.096
2.45
A1
0.004
0.010
0.10
0.25
A2
0.077
0.083
1.95
2.10
0.012
0.018
0.30
0.45
b1
0.012
0.016
0.30
0.40
0.515
0.524
13.08
13.32
D1
0.389
0.399
9.88
10.12
4, 5
0.516
0.523
13.10
13.30
E1
0.390
0.398
9.90
10.10
4, 5
0.029
0.040
0.73
1.03
44
44
0.032 BSC
0.80 BSC
Rev. 2 4/99
NOTES:
1. Controlling dimension: MILLIMETER. Converted inch
dimensions are not necessarily exact.
2. All dimensions and tolerances per ANSI Y14.5M-1982.
3. Dimensions D and E to be determined at seating plane -C- .
4. Dimensions D1 and E1 to be determined at datum plane
-H- .
6. Dimension b does not include dambar protrusion. Allowable

dambar protrusion shall be 0.08mm (0.003 inch) total.
BASE METAL
WITH PLATING
MAX
5. Dimensions D1 and E1 do not include mold protrusion.

Allowable protrusion is 0.25mm (0.010 inch) per side.
0.13/0.17
0.005/0.007
12o-16o
MIN
7. N is the number of terminal positions.

0.13/0.23
0.005/0.009
All Intersil U.S. products are manufactured, assembled and tested utilizing ISO9000 quality systems.
Intersil Corporations quality certifications can be viewed at www.intersil.com/design/quality
Intersil products are sold by description only. Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design, software and/or specifications at any time without
notice. Accordingly, the reader is cautioned to verify that data sheets are current before placing orders. Information furnished by Intersil is believed to be accurate and
reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Intersil or its subsidiaries for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result
from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Intersil or its subsidiaries.
For information regarding Intersil Corporation and its products, see www.intersil.com
17

UNISONIC TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD

78LXXM
LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
3-TERMINAL 0.2A POSITIVE

VOLTAGE REGULATOR
1
TO-92
SOP-8
DESCRIPTION
The UTC 78LXXM family is monolithic fixed voltage regulator

integrated circuit. They are suitable for applications that required
supply current up to 200mA.
1
SOT-89
TO-92NL
FEATURES
*Output Current up to 200mA

*Fixed Output Voltage of 5V, 6V, 8V, 9V, 10V, 12V, 15V, 18V
and 24V Available
*Thermal Overload Shutdown Protection
*Short Circuit Current Limiting
SOT-223
ORDERING INFORMATION
Ordering Number
Lead Free
Halogen Free
78LXXML-S08-R
78LXXMG-S08-R
78LXXML-S08-T
78LXXMG-S08-T
78LXXML-AA3-R
78LXXMG-AA3-R
78LXXML-AB3-R
78LXXMG-AB3-R
78LXXML-T92-B
78LXXMG-T92-B
78LXXML-T92-K
78LXXMG-T92-K
78LXXML-T92-R
78LXXMG-T92-R
78LXXML-T9N-B
78LXXMG-T9N-B
78LXXML-T9N-K
78LXXMG-T9N-K
78LXXML-T9N-R
78LXXMG-T9N-R
Note: 1. XX: Output Voltage, refer to Marking Information
2. O: Output G: GND
I: Input
78LXXML-AA3-R
(1)Packing Type
(2)Package Type
(3)Lead Free
(4)Output Voltage Code
www.unisonic.com.tw
Copyright 2012 Unisonic Technologies Co., Ltd
Package
SOP-8
SOP-8
SOT-223
SOT-89
TO-92
TO-92
TO-92
TO-92NL
TO-92NL
TO-92NL
1
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
Pin Assignment
2 3 4 5 6
G G NC NC G
G G NC NC G
G I - - G I - - G I - - G I - - G I - - G I - - G I - - G I - - -
7 8
G I
G I
- - - - - - - - -
Packing
Tape Reel
Tube
Tape Reel
Tape Reel
Tape Box
Bulk
Tape Reel
Tape Box
Bulk
Tape Reel
(1) B: Tape Box, K: Bulk, R: Tape Reel, T: Tube

(2) AA3: SOT-223, AB3: SOT-89, S08: SOP-8,
(2) T92: TO-92, T9N: TO-92NL
(3) G: Halogen Free, L: Lead Free
(4) xx: refer to Marking Information
1 of 10
QW-R101-002,I
78LXXM
MARKING INFORMATION
PACKAGE
VOLTAGE CODE
MARKING
M
78L
Voltage Code
L: Lead Free
G:Halogen Free
SOT-223
Date Code
UTC
SOP-8
SOT-89
Date Code
05:5.0V
06:6.0V
08:8.0V
09:9.0V
10:10V
12:12V
15:15V
18:18V
24:24V
78L
Voltage Code
L: Lead Free
G: Halogen Free
UTC
TO-92/
TO-92NL
Voltage Code
78L
L: Lead Free
G: Halogen Free
Date Code

www.unisonic.com.tw
2 of 10
QW-R101-002,I
78LXXM
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
(Operating temperature range applies unless otherwise specified.)

PARAMETER
SYMBOL
RATINGS
UNIT
VOUT=5~9V
30
V
VIN
Input Voltage
VOUT=12~24V
35
V
Output Current
IOUT
200
mA
SOP-8
500
TO-92
625
TO-92L
800
Power Dissipation
PD
mW
TO-92NL
800
SOT-89
500
SOT-223
750
Ambient Operating Temperature
TOPR
-40~+85
C
Storage Temperature
TSTG
-55~+150
C
Note Absolute maximum ratings are those values beyond which the device could be permanently damaged.
Absolute maximum ratings are stress ratings only and functional device operation is not implied.
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(0C <TJ<125C, C1=0.33uF, CO=0.1uF, unless otherwise specified) (Note 1)

For UTC78L05M (VIN=10V, IOUT=40mA)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
Output Voltage
VOUT
Load Regulation
VOUT
Line Regulation
VOUT
Quiescent Current
Quiescent Current Change
Output Noise Voltage
Temperature Coefficient of VOUT
Ripple Rejection
Dropout Voltage
IQ
IQ
eN
VO/T
RR
VD

PARAMETER
SYMBOL
Output Voltage
VOUT
Load Regulation
VOUT
Line Regulation
VOUT
Quiescent Current
Ripple Rejection
Dropout Voltage
TEST CONDITIONS
TJ=25C
7VVIN20V,IOUT=1mA ~ 40mA
7VVINVMAX
IOUT=1mA-200mA
TJ=25C, IOUT=1mA ~ 100mA
7VVIN20V,TJ=25C
8VVIN20V,TJ=25C
8VVIN20V
1mAVIN40mA
10Hzf100kHz
IOUT=5mA
8VVIN20V,f=120Hz,TJ=25C
TJ=25C
TEST CONDITIONS
TJ=25C
8.5VVIN20V, IOUT=1mA ~ 40mA
8.5VVINVMAX,
IOUT=1mA - 200mA
8.5VVIN20V, TJ=25C
9VVIN20V, TJ=25C
IQ
eN
VO/T
RR
VD
9VVIN20V
1mAVIN40mA
10Hzf100kHz
IOUT=5mA
10VVIN20V, f=120Hz,TJ=25C
TJ=25C
TYP
5.0
4.75
41
MIN
5.76
5.7
TYP
6.0
49
0.75
46
1.7
(Note 2)
mV
mV
mV
mV
mA
mA
mA
V
mV/C
dB
V
MAX
6.24
6.3
UNIT
V
V
V
6.3
12.8
5.8
64
54
3.9
UNIT
V
V
V
60
30
150
100
5.5
1.5
0.1
40
-0.65
80
1.7
5.7
40
MAX
5.20
5.25
5.25
11
5.0
8
6
2.0
IQ

www.unisonic.com.tw
MIN
4.80
4.75
80
40
175
125
6.0
1.5
0.1
(Note 2)
mV
mV
mV
mV
mA
mA
mA
V
mV/C
dB
V
3 of 10
QW-R101-002,I
78LXXM
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS(Cont.)

PARAMETER
SYMBOL
Output Voltage
VOUT
Load Regulation
VOUT
Line Regulation
VOUT
Quiescent Current
Ripple Rejection
Dropout Voltage
IQ
eN
VO/T
RR
VD
VOUT
Load Regulation
VOUT
Line Regulation
VOUT
Quiescent Current
Ripple Rejection
Dropout Voltage
11VVIN23V
1mAVIN40mA
10Hzf100kHz
IOUT=5mA
TJ=25C
TEST CONDITIONS
TJ=25C
11.5VVIN24V,IOUT=1mA ~ 40mA
11.5VVINVMAX,
IOUT=1mA - 200mA
TJ=25C,IOUT=1mA ~ 100mA
11.5VVIN24V, TJ=25C
13VVIN24V, TJ=25C
IQ
eN
VO/T
RR
VD
13VVIN24V
1mAVIN40mA
10Hzf100kHz
IOUT=5mA
TJ=25C
TYP
8.0
7.60
39
MIN
8.64
8.55
TYP
9.0
49
0.75
44
1.7
(Note 2)
mV
mV
mV
mV
mA
mA
mA
V
mV/C
dB
V
MAX
9.36
9.45
UNIT
V
V
V
9.45
20
10
90
100
2.0
UNIT
V
V
V
80
40
175
125
5.5
1.5
0.1
49
0.75
70
1.7
8.55
38
MAX
8.32
8.40
8.40
15
8.0
10
8
2.0
IQ

www.unisonic.com.tw
MIN
7.68
7.60
IQ

PARAMETER
SYMBOL
Output Voltage
TEST CONDITIONS
TJ=25C
10.5VVIN23V,IOUT=1mA ~40mA
10.5VVINVMAX,
IOUT=1mA - 200mA
10.5VVIN23V, TJ=25C
11VVIN23V, TJ=25C
90
45
200
150
6.0
1.5
0.1
(Note 2)
mV
mV
mV
mV
mA
mA
mA
V
mV/C
dB
V
4 of 10
QW-R101-002,I
78LXXM

PARAMETER
SYMBOL
Output Voltage
VOUT
Load Regulation
VOUT
Line Regulation
VOUT
Quiescent Current
Ripple Rejection
Dropout Voltage
IQ
eN
VO/T
RR
VD
VOUT
Load Regulation
VOUT
Line Regulation
VOUT
Quiescent Current
Ripple Rejection
Dropout Voltage
12.5VVIN23V
1mAVIN40mA
10Hzf100kHz
IOUT=5mA
15VVIN23V, f=120Hz,TJ=25C
TJ=25C
TEST CONDITIONS
TJ=25C
14.5VVINVMAX,
IOUT=1mA - 200mA
14.5VVIN27V,TJ=25C
16VVIN27V,TJ=25C
IQ
eN
VO/T
RR
VD
16VVIN27V
1mAVIN40mA
10Hzf100kHz
IOUT=5mA
TJ=25C
TYP
10.0
9.5
38
MIN
11.52
11.40
TYP
12
80
-1.0
65
1.7
(Note 2)
mV
mV
mV
mV
mA
mA
mA
V
mV/C
dB
V
MAX
12.48
12.60
UNIT
V
V
V
12.60
25
12
25
20
2.0
UNIT
V
V
V
94
47
220
170
6.5
1.5
0.1
74
0.95
43
1.7
11.40
37
MAX
10.4
10.5
10.5
20
10
100
200
4.2
IQ

www.unisonic.com.tw
MIN
9.6
9.5
IQ

PARAMETER
SYMBOL
Output Voltage
TEST CONDITIONS
TJ=25C
12.5VVINVMAX,
IOUT=1mA - 200mA
12.5VVIN23V, TJ=25C
14VVIN23V, TJ=25C
150
75
300
250
6.0
1.5
0.1
(Note 2)
mV
mV
mV
mV
mA
mA
mA
V
mV/C
dB
V
5 of 10
QW-R101-002,I
78LXXM

PARAMETER
SYMBOL
Output Voltage
VOUT
Load Regulation
VOUT
Line Regulation
VOUT
Quiescent Current
Ripple Rejection
Dropout Voltage
IQ
eN
VO/T
RR
VD
VOUT
Load Regulation
VOUT
Line Regulation
VOUT
Quiescent Current
Ripple Rejection
Dropout Voltage
20VVIN30V
1mAVIN40mA
10Hzf100kHz
IOUT=5mA
18.5VVIN28.5V,f=120Hz,TJ=25C
TJ=25C
TEST CONDITIONS
TJ=25C
21VVINVMAX,
IOUT=1mA - 200mA
21VVIN33V,TJ=25C
22VVIN33V,TJ=25C
IQ
eN
VO/T
RR
VD
21VVIN33V
1mAVIN40mA
10Hzf100kHz
IOUT=5mA
TJ=25C
TYP
15
14.25
34
MIN
17.28
17.10
TYP
18
150
-1.8
48
1.7
(Note 2)
mV
mV
mV
mV
mA
mA
mA
V
mV/C
dB
V
MAX
18.72
18.90
UNIT
V
V
V
18.90
30
15
145
135
2.0
UNIT
V
V
V
150
150
150
75
6.5
1.5
0.1
90
-1.3
63
1.7
17.10
34
MAX
15.60
15.75
15.75
20
25
25
15
2.2
IQ

www.unisonic.com.tw
MIN
14.40
14.25
IQ

PARAMETER
SYMBOL
Output Voltage
TEST CONDITIONS
TJ=25C
17.5VVINVMAX,
IOUT=1mA - 200mA
17.5VVIN30V,TJ=25C
20VVIN30V,TJ=25C
170
85
300
250
6.0
1.5
0.1
(Note 2)
mV
mV
mV
mV
mA
mA
mA
V
mV/C
dB
V
6 of 10
QW-R101-002,I
78LXXM

PARAMETER
SYMBOL
Output Voltage
VOUT
TEST CONDITIONS
TJ=25C
27VVINVMAX,
IOUT=1mA - 200mA
27VVIN38V,TJ=25C
28VVIN38V,TJ=25C
MIN
23.04
22.80
TYP
24
22.80
MAX
24.96
25.20
25.20
(Note 2)
mV
mV
mV
Line Regulation
VOUT
mV
Quiescent Current
IQ
mA
27VVIN38V
mA
IQ
1mAVIN40mA
mA
eN
10Hzf100kHz
200
V
VO/T IOUT=5mA
-2.0
mV/C
Ripple Rejection
RR
34
45
dB
Dropout Voltage
VD
TJ=25C
1.7
V
Note 1: The Maximum steady state usable output current are dependent on input voltage, heat sinking, lead length
of the package and copper pattern of PCB. The data above represent pulse test conditions with junction
temperatures specified at the initiation of test.
Note 2: Power dissipation<0.5W
Load Regulation
VOUT

www.unisonic.com.tw
40
20
160
150
2.2
UNIT
V
V
V
200
100
300
250
6.0
1.5
0.1
7 of 10
QW-R101-002,I
78LXXM
APPLICATION CIRCUIT
VI
C1
0.33F
VO
UTC 78LXXM
C0
0.1F
Note 1: To specify an output voltage, substitute voltage value for "XXM".

Note 2: Bypass capacitors are recommended for optimum stability and transient response and should be located
as close as possible to the regulators.
TEST CIRCUIT
INPUT
3
R13
R17
T10
R14
Z2
R9
T8
T9
T12
R19
R18
T13
T11
R11
T5
T6
R15
T14
R12
R10
OUTPUT
R8
R5
T4
Z1
T15
R4
R6
R16
R1
R2
T7
C1
R7
T3
T1
T2
R3
GND

www.unisonic.com.tw
8 of 10
QW-R101-002,I
78LXXM
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS

www.unisonic.com.tw
9 of 10
QW-R101-002,I
78LXXM
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS(Cont.)
Fig.9 Peak Output Current

vs Dropout Voltage Difference
Peak Output Current(mA)
400
300
(TJ=0C)
200
(TJ=25C)
100
(TJ=150C)
0
10
20
30
40
Input-Output Voltage Difference(V)
UTC assumes no responsibility for equipment failures that result from using products at values that
exceed, even momentarily, rated values (such as maximum ratings, operating condition ranges, or
other parameters) listed in products specifications of any and all UTC products described or contained
herein. UTC products are not designed for use in life support appliances, devices or systems where
malfunction of these products can be reasonably expected to result in personal injury. Reproduction in
whole or in part is prohibited without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The information
presented in this document does not form part of any quotation or contract, is believed to be accurate
and reliable and may be changed without notice.

www.unisonic.com.tw
10 of 10
QW-R101-002,I

Controlador Temperatura

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Controlador Temperatura

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TCNICO

Departamento de Engenharia Electrotcnica e de Computadores (DEEC)

CONTROLADOR AUTOMTICO DE TEMPERATURA

Joo Costa Freire

Laboratrio de Electrnica Geral

Figura II.1 Esquema de blocos do controlador de temperatura.

so: uma Termistncia, resistncia dependente da temperatura; e um Sensor de Temperatura

onde TR e Ta so as temperaturas da resistncia e do meio ambiente que a rodeia,

As grandezas i so os coeficientes de temperatura da termistncia de ordem i.

em que R(T0) depende das dimenses e da condutividade do material de que feita a

onde IS a corrente inversa de saturao da juno e VT a chamada tenso trmica, que

(K / q = 8,6169.10-5 VK-1, ou VT = 25,85 mV temperatura de 300K). A corrente IS tambm

Figura III.1. Esquema simplificado do sensor de temperatura LM355

Da malha que engloba a tenso de sada vT e o divisor potenciomtrico constitudo pelas

No LM355 tem-se n = 24,7 e m = 10 pelo que (8) toma a forma

sendo Tc a temperatura em graus centgrados.

b) Bloco Amplificador de Erro um amplificador diferena que tambm pode funcionar

Figura III.3. Amplificador de erro

No ncleo do amplificador est inserido um AO, o A1 que um circuito integrado monoltico

comum, portanto inversor. Chama-se a ateno que o BD137 um transstor de potncia

Figura III.4 Conversor de graus Kelvin em Centgrados e Termmetro de Dcadas

Pretende-se que os termmetros dem indicao da temperatura em graus centgrados, no

Figura IV.1 Esquema global do Controlador de Temperatura

b) Termmetros Continue a considerar as condies enunciadas na alnea a).

b2) Termmetro LCD ou de Dcadas - Explique o funcionamento do Termmetro LCD (se

b) Ensaio Preliminar do Controlador

Ligue o voltmetro digital e o osciloscpio aos terminais F e M do controlador, para

d1) Registe os valores mximos e mnimos da temperatura estabilizada, obtidos no regime

Where: Ra is the resistance at absolute temperature T1

"Thermistor" is the generic name given to

The resistance of a temperature is solely a function

Resistance -Temperature Characteristics

Thermal time constant

HIGH PRECISION THERMISTOR

The AT thermistor is a high-precision thermal

0.25t Tin plated 42 Alloy leads

0.25t Tin plated 42 Alloy leads

Dissipation factor Thermal time Rated power

Other resistance is also available, please ask.

AT-5 thermistor is available in taping.

103 AT- 5-TP

f0.5 Tin plated CP leads

2 Dissipation factor Thermal time

Other resistance is also available, please ask.

temperature range. The LM335 operates from b40 C to

Directly calibrated in Kelvin

Order Number LM335Z or LM335AZ

C1995 National Semiconductor Corporation

Order Number LM335M or

Order Number LM135H,

LM135/LM235/LM335, LM135A/LM235A/LM335A Precision Temperature Sensors

Absolute Maximum Ratings

If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,

Temperature Accuracy LM135/LM235, LM135A/LM235A (Note 1)

Operating Output Voltage

Uncalibrated Temperature Error

Uncalibrated Temperature Error

Temperature Error with 25 C

Calibrated Error at Extended

Temperature Accuracy LM335, LM335A (Note 1)

Operating Output Voltage

Uncalibrated Temperature Error

Uncalibrated Temperature Error