Computer Simulation of Compression-Ignition Engine Processes V Ganesan BN PDF

of CompressOD-Igniton
Engine Prncesses
V Ganesan
Universites Press
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B w f llore / Bhopil / Bbubuihw*r/Cheaeil

EnakuLun /
/ Kydcnbtd / Jaipur / KoIIliu
LDdUow / Mumbai / New Ddhl / n t m
O Ualvcnitiei Press (IndU) Prvale Uroited 2000

Fint pubt>hed2000
Reprinied 2013
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1SBN978 8 I737128J8
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CONTENTS
P n fa c c
L l o f iftn io U
C h p t r
IN T R O D U C T IO N
1.t
SindUlon
1.2
1.3
Advuilt|et of compaUr ilmBUtio*

Objctiv ef lU i book
1.4
C h ap U r 2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.<
2i
C h aptM
S
3.1
3.2
3.3
A
3.(
3.6
xi
ziv
S U p -b y -tp pproadi
R E A C T IV E P R 0 C E S 3 E 3
Inlrodactios
Heit o retba
M cuoremeot of
M unrtm tBt o B ,f
CilcnktloB of h!|litr tnil iower Ltt vilae o f fatli
E n rcii*
A D IA B A T IC rL A M E T E M P E R A T U R B
Introdactioa
CompfcU combttrtlon io C /H /O /N iyitm i
Con*tuit>voluai adUbttU com biutbn
CoftttuiUpretittn iJitbtllc com button
CklcnUUon o dUb(lc flun* Itm ptrttart
SolYd cxamplet
S x trcbe
C h a p la - l
4.1
4.2
C h ap ler E
5.1
5.2
5.5
6.4
I 3 E N T R 0 P I C C H A N C E S OT ST A T E
Introdacdon
SammiTy
Exeree
C O M P R E S S IO N -IG N IT IO N E N C IN E S
Intixxiaction
Somc b u le dcttlb tnd DomcscUtart
Cylioder preMurt iadictlor dU gm n
IndicaUd poww
40
vUl
CoattaU
CompoUt SlmUltoa o d E a li PtocM itt
iS
iJt
S.7
C h ap ter a
0.1
ej
OJ
S.4
ts
C b a p ter T
7.1
7.2
7J
7.<
Ti
C b a p tcr 6
B r ^ powcr
Working principie
Eagioc kiaemîcs
Excrcac
C I E N G IN E 8 IM U L A T IO N W IT H
A m A S W O H K IN G M E D IU M
btrod sclloa
U ctl DUm I cyck
SlmuUlon wUh *Sr u the workim mdium
D tviîoa betm ea u taU ta i IdeU cycli
Solvtd xunple*
Cxtrcke
C1 E N G IN E S I M U I ^ I O N W IT H
A D IA B A T IC C O M B U S T IO N
laUodaction
Engae detul*
N u v t ily uptraied openiioa
Work ontput u d Sciency ca k oU liou
Supercbirgcd openiioa
Exiutitt
C I E N G IN E 8 IM U L A T I0 N W IT H
P H O G U E S S IY E C O M B U S T IO N
&.
laUodactioa .
lf*rogrtuivi comboftioQ
Combuilloii iiiodilEfi{
7->nw<imninnl COtabutioS modcl
Li
UcU releiM u d Iieil truuer modli
t ,l
ta
Excxcite
C I E N G IN E 8 IM U L A T I0 N W IT H
G A S E X CH A N G E PEOCESS
9.1 lalrodactioD
a .2 C u cxcKuige proce
UcU Iraiufer proccn .
9.4 FVictloD ctlcoUlioDt
9.S ComptritoD o f limolited reiulli
g.s ValidUtoa o f tbe compnter code
9.7 Eo(in perfon nu ce imnLaloa
9.1 Pre*uj-crnk m j U d iifru iu
9.9 B nke mean 7ectiv preuure
9.10 B n k t thermai eSciciicy
s .n Mtchtnical cfficieacy
9.12 Volurattc eSclescy
9.1J Effeel of
on j^ o n iu n c e
1
j
41
ij
AA
47
47
4S
49
51
62
S4
ix
Solatbnj for F (T } = O
Newtoa-Riphion UctUod tcduiiqae
A p p e n d ix C
Aitcbrilc expicttlou for tbtnn ojyau nic (a a ctb o i
A ppendbc D
P rop u n
M euing o mkjor vuU blei ujed m tHc prognm
iilofrapAy
123
121
127
127
13S
ISS
19?
197
h d ts
200
S5
ss
-65
66
62
66
72
7}
73
75
SI
S2
83
69
C b tp tcr 9
A ppeadbc A
Unila vnd tbtnnodysunic p r o p v tiu
A ppendbc B
95
7
87
106
109
111
111
111
111
113
114
lis
lis
118
117
117
123
c
(
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c
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PREFACE
laUnikl Combnitiea Eailnti c u b t broully cU tiiled iato ipuk-i(aitiaB (SI)

u>d comprttiIoD-lfnhloB (CI)
T b t ipvk*l(oUtoB eafint datci b u k
to 1878 h en A ofiiit Otto GM derttoped the SI tafln t u d comprcatloniinitloB cB(ine to 1S92 whtB Rdolf Dlettl iavtB(*d tlie C1 capae. O m tbe
l u OBC eeatnry, eaginet coatianed to devtlop, u onr kaowledie o f engoe
proce*< b u b c r u d . N<w tcliaologle bectme aviUbIe is d demnad for
Bcw typei o f eagBci trofc. FWiber, eaviroameatil eonilralnti oa eafinei
ditnfed. The l u t twcBty Svt y tu t or o btva em aa xploivt frowtk in
B|iae K U trcb and dm iopm tat u the Uiaet o f Ir poUutioa, fatl cot, u id
m vkct compt)t]vcBu ktrc bMome {BCrtuiagljr mportaat. A vtxy Urge
unoBBt o f litentnK oa <a|Be* { kvtiUble whkh it yet lo be ade<{BtXely
oifin iied u d intnmtriied.
It i i w ell kaow B t b i t ovcr ib e l u t oBe d e ca d e , c o m p u t e n w er extenfh rely
e d fo r lim n U tio a d U t u d m od eU la f p o q > o e u d for b o i ld i o i p o w e ifo l, n te g rU e d d a t a b u e y it e n u . C om p a ter itm nlatioB p r o c e d o m kave b e e a b n ilt
b y tb e o re tica l fo o B d a t io o i u d * e d ia a large atim ber o ( a p p Ik atioB f.
la
receBt y e ir the avaability o f f u t d ig ita l p e n o n i l c o m p u t e n have re v o lu tiosM d th e w o r id . H eace, the l y it e m i which w ere b ith e rio a o t a m e n ib le fo r
I
I
)
I
)
I
I
I
)
I
1
I;
l;
tmolatioB te ch a iq a e i kave com e o a d e r th e pu rv U w o f lim o la tio n itn d ie * . O a e

n c h u e a b th e C om puter iIsm latioB o f co m p rta ilo a -ig a itio B e a g is e f.
In B ^ e e r ta g , timolatioa proceu h*< come to B ie u developisg u d lu icg

the appropriate combioatioa o f auamptioai u d eqaatioai that permit crtical featorei o f the proceu to be u a ly M d . The modelliag o f eagiae proeeuei
contiasca to develop u oor b u k B o d e n t u d ia g o f the Phylc u d Chembtry
of the phcBomeaa o f tre*t iteadily e x p u d i, u d u the capabllty o f com
puten to loWe complex equatiou coBtinaet to tacreaM. Computer lnulatioB
actvitiet c u make major coB tributbai to eagiae detiga at dlffertat k v e b of
geaerallty or detail, correipoadiag lo a differeot ttagee o f m odcl dtvelopmeat.
A l of Bow two bac type* of modela have beea developcd. They c u

b< catcgoriied aa IhennodyBamk-or Suid dyaamlc ia aatun dependiag oa
jd l
C em patu S ta iU th / O Eagia* Ptocmm*

wlittkcr lk c<)aktloi wbidt |iv( Ihc model K p n d a m liiu il alructarc *r
b w d OB catrgy c o n u rv U io o or o o fnll u x l y t i i o tbc ai<l motioB. O lb tf
*ivB to tben n odyn u n ic cntff)r-<0Bvt0B-bJed m odcl r*: rodim<BiaBki, pbiaom cBOlogicil u d iiB a ii^ im eu ioB a l Platd d ynunic b u l
modcZi u o fu a ctilcd mDlti-dnciuiaBt] m o d d i a t to tbeir LdJiuibC bUity lo providt d ct lc d (conictrc luformUioD o o the flow ficld, baw d OB thc
otution o f (h t goveraing flow <)uatioBJ.
Thii book k u b<tn w ntua u Icxt u d k profeuiaal Kercnce. Furtbtr,

to the btsl o f Iht kutKori kaow|dg< Bo is d i textbook tlo a { witb tbe u ftw v e
vlibl for tticb in ; under^gradotte and p o * t-sn ia a ; itudeait. Thl*
book attcmpU to providc a tnpUfitd frunework for (be vail and complex
map o technicaJ materal that exiiU oa comprtuioa-IgoittOD eagDet, and
ac tkt lame Ibne include luScicat detaj to coBvcy tkc comptexity of tbc
tage tnoUlion. O f cou rx, so od< (cxt can include e\'ciytlLn{ aboat agine
aimulatioa. Tbe em pbuii btr ii oa the thcnnodynamic*, comboslioa phyiict
and chemiitry, bat tranafer and Iriction proceisc* rcSem t to eomprcuionigsitioo enginef witb iim pliîji( auamptioai. Sisee, dctails are com ed firom
tbe fundamenUlf, it ii hopni tbat it will be a valu&bla too) for both under*
gradate and posUgradoate itadent u well u practiiing enginetn.
Tbti book b am nged ia the foUowing lequence. Tbe rC oax cbaptcn
deal witb tbi fundainentalj and baiic* oa adiabatic combiution and iientropic
proceu. Tbe 6flb cbapter b meaat for tbe revieir o f liuidamentali and batic
aomenclaturea aaiociated witb tbe CI esgiae. Cbapter* 6 lo 9 deal witb the
CI engine imolatioo in a lep-by-ttep approacb.
In Chapter 6, the detaiU of ideal cycle iimolatiaa (ICS] hai been dealt
wilb employing tbermodyDamic relationi and ttiing air u a wrking mediun.
TbtJ ii to mak the reader familiare hinuelf witb tbenoodynajnic aaa)y> o
the Oiuel cycle and to get him nto tbe groove o f engine limulation.
In Chapter 7, fael-air cycle limBUlioa (FCS) has been carred ont uiiag
appropriate equatiom. T bii will make the reader ondentand the eCfect of
adding fael to the analyiii, and heJp him to appreciit the inBueact of vatioai
opcrating paramcteri on engine perfonnance. Som* parainelrie itadiei have
been made, and are given ia the form of tablea.
L> Cbapter B, progrtajive combgttio fimuUlion.(PCS] u ib g rate equationa and a Kn^dimeniional model, have bea incotporated. Heat Iranafer
h u bccn lakfa into accouot by meani of, again, erapircal relationa. Thls will
take (he reader a littk cloter to (he actaal engine.
In Chapter 9, the actual cycle imalation (ACS) has been atterapted,
taJdng into account the gai excbange proccM and frictbn. A uumber of par*
tnelrtc iludiet have been cairied out and the reiulti are provided k> varoui
tablea.
It is hoped that thli tep-by>itep approach will make (he readfr undertand and appreciate the complexitic* involved la the Computer limulatioB of
comprcaiion-ignilion enginu.
Prtia
xlil
Appendice* ndade relevant e q a U io u and d u a . Tablc* are aljo provided

witb required data whcrever a e c U w y . Fnrtber, a bard copy o f the compaUr
program alto giren io tbat ibeitu d en tj u id thc U a ch cn may take advutage
o the aame. IT asyoae riure* a floppy (hii can b tupplied al a nominal
cot. It is the detire o f the anthor that the teader shoaU develop bis o v a
cede. TboM w bo anderttand thc theocT- provided in varonj chapten can v t r j
caaily w rile tbe vurtout Qb-routtnet giviug tbe atcetsary inpnt data and make
b il program work and compare the resolti p ven in variaas tablea. Henee, it
is itrongly adviied tbat tbe reader ihouU make attem pti in thii dirtction,
Ktany individuis have attisled me in various wayt as I have worked on

this book over the pasl three yean. I am graUful lo my coUeaûea in tbe
l.C. ngine Laboratoiy at ladian Institute of Technology, M ulru, fcr tbeir
eaeonragemenl and (upport. Many of my Punctiliout and highiy Devoted
Kholan, have helped me in tbe preparation of (exl materials and I am veiy
gratefttl to tbem for the aame. I am particulirly thankful to my QIP acholar,
Mr. J. M. Mallikarjuna for bii lupport in ninnlag the progrun and making
v u b u s tables and grapbi in tbe book. The interest he took in this regard a
very much appreciated. 1 wish to thank the Centre for Co&tlnolng Edvcatioa
of the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras for the help rtndered in the
preparation of ibis book.
I am apecially indebted (o my tecretary, Ms. V|jayashree and ion G.
Venkatasabramaniui who have put tbeir heart and soul to brng out this
book by belping me ia DTP and otber tompnltr operations. Witbont tbeir
unstintmg belp it would not have been poasibk to bring out this book b this
fuhlon.
My wife Rajalakshmi, son Veokatuubramanian and daughtei A paa
have encooraged me throughout this k>ng and tlme-consumlng work which
took many boors away {rom them. V/ilhout tbeir continuing lopport it would
aever have been finiihed; for tbeir patience and faith that it wcnd ultimately
come to &isIton, I will always be gratefol.
V . GAN ESAN
)
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LUt otSfmboU
XV
lotiie vilve diunctcr

bett (ddcd
stbiJpy of probad
Hrf beit of rtu tioa U ccn itu t preuiut
H, entbalpy of rta ctu t
I f . ejitli(]p)r o f wtter
lie itart ct injection
ip liidiealtd power
IC tc ts d combuition
e s Meil cyde ImulitioB
k ipeciSc beat ratlo
kj, tpecific beat ratio of tbe prodncli
kf tpeGc beat ratio of ibt rtactaou
K Bunber o f cylindera
L connectlag rod lengtb
LIST OF SYMBOLS
S y m 'b o l
, f
A ,x
Sp
B
BDC
BL
brke povfer
bore
bottom deid centre
coefficient for the ulculitioa of Cp
mcut pUlon tpMd
ipecifie beiC t t co a ttu l preuure
Cr,
c :(r )
pcciGc bc*t of r
tpecific bc*l of faI
coM liot volum tptcific beiti of the reiclin l mixture
f
fmtp
p
F
FCS
G
l]
I!
X
ht
hif
coefficient for tbe ctlculitioa of C f

imount o f bypau xbuit g u ia exh&ut drrea ioperchirger
friction men effcctive preMure
friction power
forc
fuet-iir eycle liniutatioa
otimber of iottie vilvcj per cylinder
ipecific enthilpy
bet trinifer coefEcient
hett of vapouriiilion
mw
piitoa ikirt leajtb
mau of produca
mau of reactaot
mau fnction
nunber of rorkiag atrolte per minte (rpm /2) per cylisder
Dombtr of mole* o f viriotu iptciei
ipeed ia rpm
Nt mole* o air cnteriaf tbe cubnretor

Nn
mole* of fael rapoor and alr ia cafiae durtng compreuioa itroke
N a ' kOomole* of air-fuel viponr ia a mixtor* tontainiog 1 kinol of fael
Ifp
Nf
Nf
N f,
'
ti,
ti,
N-,
meul vUoe of ipecific bett coiutnt voliitne
C, ipe<Gc h U of Wler
CL ' coeflScie&t for (be cilcnlriion of Cp,
DL
n
n
N
N
w ide op en c x h t iu t v ilv e are&
wide open inlet vilvf irei

letaxl cydc liraalition
r-fatl riti
cotfficient for ibe cdcuUtion of C ,
C(^
TTif
t n x ot ihe piiton
Ain
ACS
/F
AL
Cp
M
M
mp
D w c r lp tlo n
p
p,
p,
P
Pn
pnnt
Pf
PCS
PRctit
f.
koniole* o f prodocU ortned from Ibe combaition of W* +

m ola of (aieoo* prodacti
m ola of prodoctf after combulloa
kilomole* o f prodacti fonned frora tbe combattioa of
molea of gu ecu i reactaata
motel of reactaat before combsjtbn
nomber of mole* of water
kSomoIe* of reiidaal exbaoit from previom cycle
preunre
almopberic presinre
presore at tbe iaatant combaitun endi
preare before tbe apark paatet
inlel masifold preuure
manifoid preure
meaa effeetive prtunre
iadicated n eaa effective preusre
fiaal preuare of tbe piodacta
profreative combiutioa aimalation
critica] preuvre rallo
Heat added
.. .......... i^-- --
yvi
ZifC 0 S /aboli
C o iD p a lr S Im B lto o o C iio # P /o e M *
Keit rtjKUd
)jc
Katropic cSciency of the coinpcttior
Qf
tatiTpf r t k u * at c o u t u t p n t io r c
q,
tsrb ist t S d e s c y
Qv
tn triy t t k u * U c o n i t u t vptuB*
Tib
tkem t] cScteaey
apedfic bet raiio
f,
conprtMioa n tio
R fW c o u lu il
R A F nU liv* air-fatl n lw
A
S
S
lUynoUi Bvinbw
lU ol*
(o(4l ttlropy
5,
K v < a| ia | n t i o
SI
iptrk'iinJlion
lakt waUr Umpenture
oalkt wUer Umpctatitre
tcmptntnr*
c^nUibram U a p < n tu
m blent U m p tn iu
Um pntur t Uie initant combastM nds
tUl U m pcntnrt b cfon tba pwk puM*
m u ifoU U n p e n to n
Umpcratort o t tli fra li fae)-Ur m ixton ia the in U b pip<
<4.
( mii
T
V
Tt
T<
T|
7a
Tn
Tp
T,
TDC
U m peninrt o f prodacU
Umpentnr< of rcK tuitt

tp detd centr*
ti avtng* ptcifie inlcrnal eaerfy
h u t of n u t io o U c o u U s t volomc
V volata*
Vb<u totU cyliader volaae
iUtpUcmtat volamt
V, cat-ff rUio
V|dc ckirtB ct volttine
)V a p iroik doao doxiag com prtu k itiok
W ,^ Work done dorng expiuiion ilroke
W ittf ut4ke-xliiu( kop work
Cmi Btt v'ork OBtpot pw Doil qa u tity of lir
W i work inpat (o tk gtir drvta upcrcbargcr
(^pch n d work ontpol of (he cycU
(Viu,b work laput lo tk x b tu t drivto apcrchirger
n . diemlciJly conc<l unoUnt of ozygto pr mole o fail
Kola
minnum oxygto reqoircd for combaslion per tnok of fnel
Z workiag fiuid vtloclty
^S(
Ap
comboitioo dnntion in lermi o f c n n i u g k j

prtunrt cb u g * dwing a wnl in tcm l of time
tp t
pp
&S
prtuurt ch u ge u tetolt o f combnition

prtuor* c b u g c u r<o]t of piitoa m ovm enl
cK u g i lo nthtlpy
ck u | t la u tcra d entrgy
^
X
^
0
tt
ti
xvlS
tb tn a tl condactivity oT | u
foactioa l o ca lca U u calrapy
cruik kgU
cru k u g k w h u comboitioa adi

cru k u g k at t(i itart of igmtion .
c
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INTRODUCTION
1.1
Simulation
StmnIittoD a broully uied ad tom cwbtt Ul-dt6oed Urra rom the enjincrin{ p ob t of view. Accordiai to Wcbiter'l inUrnUiontl dict!oaary *lo
lim tlatc' m eizu * ( fein , te cttain lAc t u r n e e ntAo{ tkt n M f * . How-
evcr, tbc iiznpUtt m cuiing of mBlitioii mitatn*. Thcic dictionary

n e u i n p do oot brtng ont cltu- p k cn n of tbe worti 'tmaUtion* for ca>
tinetrb( ^pticat'>oiu. Tbercfore, i definitioa of the word b duired in thu
contxt. Wi(h ioroe Ircpidttion, Iht u th or d<Sai lnulition u followc
5rm f({on it tke proctii e j i f R i n ; m tdel / a n e l yiCctn it con.Jvcb'xf tif< rim in U witk \t, fe r lA< /trp oit e f vn trtlanJ inf lAe kktraw r o f
the fjriCcm.
Compster limaltlioa h u fu sed t ireittr im portuce thcu diyt bcciofe

o f the aYailabIty of fu t d iiilil coropaten. It can be dcfined u foUowi:
Computer tim tlation it tke p m e i i e f form tia tin j a moJel o f a fK ftU al
fitem n p reten tin f ael%al prveciiei cn sn a/yn n f the tam e.
Utullf, the
mpJel ts a mathematieal one np reitnltnf the aettai p ro c e n e i throtfk a le t o f

e ift t n i e , Jffertntial or intefra eju a t iu and Che a n a lfiii ti iruJe m tn f a
eampHttr.
In niodtrn reMarch, compoter ilmuUtioa bai bccome a powtxul lool tn

Ibat il lavet tune and b abo OBomlcal compart to experroeatal itady. A
propoied theory can be aaalyied qoldjy jb2 a compater and (be coet of
aettiag np an experimeotal apparatu cao be poatponed natQ optLnbation U
acbiered. llowever, it may be noitd thit ilisalatioa b oniy a itep prior to
cxpermtalation and (he reiulu ob (til from ilmulatioa itndiu miut be validated with experimenta] rtiolla lo utablbh the reliabllity. Once ralidaled,
compater limalation can provide a dccp lnti|ht into the perfonnance cbar*
acteHitici of tbe lyitem . Tbb itatemenl b partlculaily truc in the ca u of
interna} combustin e n ^ e itsdiej.
V
K
M
IV
____
________L ___
btroductloa
CoapulM SImiUtliea o C E tta t P n cm tm
1.2
A dv a n la gu o com pu tcf stmulation
SUp I: A l a Snt tlcp, tbe eagiae ii auumtd to woik with alr u the workiag
mdium in u i idctl r-lasd*rd diel cycte. Wt wiB caU tbii anilytis aa ideal
In u i iaUroal corabutlion (IC)

th proctue involvcd u e extmncly
complcx. Uotil Ihe l u t tc*dt, lb dosta o f an cngine rtlied fa<tii]y oa
cycle limoUtioa (ICS). Mere, heat addilioa and b cit rejectioa are loppoted
to take plu e by meinj o f a hcat tranjfer proceu at co iu tu t preutire and
con3tant volame, rcjpectively.
prcvioiu u p cre n cc u id ksow -how . Am r a s t t o f tli , ia ea g e d u i js ,

u t t a j i v t l u l i f o tlie p r o lo ty p t ci*du*il b*c*Mt*ry. S lec n f tbe W t
d ii(a (rom lucli lctlB| it ft tw k o f w u i4 cr a b l m *(atud<. B c c u m o
lh u dEcullit*, kH4lyti by m cu u s compaicr *maltk>& h u becomt <)uile

p o p lu m rcccAl ycan. Purtbcr, compaUr lnabtion oS cn tbe toUcwng
dvaU |M :
(i) U ttrvu u tol for belter sdcntuiilU f o f th v u iib lt* iavotvi tnd
tbitr ifftct oa M|ia p u forn ta ct.
() l( lyiCtintCei Laort(d(e ob(tiad tbiougli exp cu ivc eagiat tuBg.
(i) It Kuiderably reducei tkc tiroc-coUDima; teU b / nvrowBg owa the
vamblcJ (h it miut be ftadicd.
(iv) Ic btipt ia aplim liiat the enge detifa for pa rticslv prlM tioa,
(hereby reduclat to*t u d tne.
1.3
ObJecve of thls book

T b t m a objtclive of ibU book it to pment tbe theoiy u d compater po*
{Tami n eceiiuy for molttiiig lh performaaee of ftconveationtl hydToearboafucUed compreuion igaitioo (CI} agme, for &sy fael o f the form QcBÔ,.
Tbe modtl descnbej the proceue* occuriog wiChia the vcrlng Soid of
compretiioa igattios eagme u d providei u indiaUion o tiie liaiit* and
tresdi of tbe pet{omaace> u fuDCtM o *ome lyitem vvU blei. Tbii wili
eaable 0D la m i w b it OBc could expect (rom in cngin* working wilbm lacb
(yiteni w it b lc f.
1.4
Step-by-step approach
A four-itroke compreuioa ignitioa eogiae woikj oa tbe four-tlroke, ive-tvent
priaciple. The fivt evBt w e given belov.
(i) SuctioB
(ii) Compreuioa
(i) Combiulion
(iv) Expuuion
(v) Exbaoit
Theu five evenu are completed la two revolutiou of the c r u l ibaft of
the cDgic. Siraulatioa la thb book ti atteapted io a tep-by-*lp approich.
SUp / / ; Al the lecoaii iltp , ideal cyclc limuUtion j moditd by taking fael
luto accoaat, iacoqx>ratag adiabatic Same temperatnre calcolatioiu for heat

additbn/combutioB analyi'u. Ib ibis asalytti, ioitead of air, the working
mdium auumed to be a mixture of fuel and air. We wiU cali tbii analyi'u
u fuel-air cycle timilation (FCS). Kere, combiutioa is aaiumed to take place
at coutant preuure and uoder adiabatic conditioa.
Sep Il: In tbii ttep, tbe adiabatic flame temperatnre calcutationi are modi*
fied by asiomlng combuttioa to be progreulve, Le., heit release ii not Bstan>
taneon but ipreadi.over a period of time. In otber wordj, the duralion of
combuition ii taken into account. In CI eaginei, the heat releaje aoalytii can
be done either by meaoj of progreuive combtutk>n at cooitant preuure, or
as meani o tero-, oae- or two-dimeiuioaal heat releau roodeli. In tbij bookj
two typei of anilyili have been explained. The Snt oae ii the progreaiive
combajtion at co o itu t prcuare. The lecond oae is the progreuive combuition uiing a iux>-dimetuiaaal lingle-ione modeL Forther, extenaion to oae>
or two^tmeuiiona] modeis niing two- or mnlti-ione approach ii alio poMbte.
We will cali tbii analyiis progreulve com buitba lnalatlon (PCS). However,
io receot yean, attempta bave becn made to uie mnUi-dimeniional models.
Thii requirei high ipeed, bigb memory computen.
('
(
(
(
(
(
(
r
(
c
c
(
/
SUp IV : In this taal itep, uiing limpUSed auampttooi, the engine heat tranifer can be takeo into account by meuu o f empirical eqaatioDi. Gaa exchasge
pcoceiie are inlroduced in ordtr to analyie the engine intake and exhaiut.
We will cali tbii analyiti actual cycle limulation (ACS). In this itep, intake
and exbauit proceuei using Suid dynamic equattou, heat traaifer and frictioa
are included by meani of empirical equatioas. By means of thb itep-by-itep limulatioa, the vales of presture, volome
and temperatnre at lalieat points in the cycle u e calcutated. Work output
ai well as thermal eSciency is evaluated; Ptxmiioni have been made in the
Com puter program for making paramelrtc studics. Thii itep-by-step approach,
it b haped, will make the reader appreciate the complexitiei Involvcd in actual
engine limulation.
Compared to other proceitcs, Ihe combustin procesa is not amenable
to thermodynamic analysis. However, an attempt has beea made to brng
combustin analyiis within the purvlew of thermodynamks.
In order to get a bisic undcnlindbg of the comboitioo pcocets pertainisg
to engines, tbe next two chapten are devoted to providing a bockground for
analyiing the combustin pheoomcni using thcrmodyaamics. These chaptert
deal with reactive processes and adiabitic Sune temperalure calculatioos,
reipectivelyj
)
)
Uitln P toctM t
)
C ,oH n
)
CHjOH
CiH iOH
+
+
+
15.S O,
10 CO,
h O,
CO ,
J.0 O ,
IC O ,
+
+
+
11 H ,0 .
2 H3O.
S H ,0 .
Note; All the above fatU cao be ad ia IC cofiaca.
12
Heat of reaction
REACTIVE PROCESSES
Ueder conditioni that promott eomboitloDi tha active cotutilueala o f a fuel
rtacl witk oxyfeo. Thia comboition proceaa bvohres the ooddatioii of the
carboB aad bydrogea preteal in lk fatL The com butioa proceu a a complex
reaction or, more exaclly, a rapldly occorting atriea of rtactiotu.
2.1
Iniroducon
'
h
When k fuel come iaU) con tu l with oxygea or ur nndex tke proper
environmcat, t ekescil rMc(io& ttke plice. "^ e reictioa cn be ioAtnnc,
whtre heit esersy ii rekued; or loinettme* otArmiV, where Keit energy
ii ilMOfbed. The h U esergy releued In ta exothamic rcKtion cin be oie4,
for ex&mpk, to nm ta iatemil combaition entine. In the u i y i of intenitl
combiutioa eagiae proctuet, we ire interated u tKe itody of cxothem ic reactioni involviflg th o mbitancci tht cu i be nied u fntU. In olbtr wofdi,
We woold like to mqotfe into cliemicl reactiotu opto the extent ih it ibee
(i) the fuel and Ita compoaitloa,

() the prtaiora and tempcratorc of the reaelant mixtore,
(ui) the late of the fael, htthtr Uqoid or gueeoa, aad
(tv) the externa] conatrainta impoaed on the reactlng yllera, Le. whether the
combuition takea place at conatast volome or al conatant prcaaort.
la order to ulccJate the &bi1 (m pentor* o f the ptodscla o f combaiUon,
the energy characteriilica of the fail ihonld b t known. The energy characteritlica o f fnela are Tariouly knova aa talKaipici of comlailton, JteaKn; o/vet,
Ktal of eomitution u i ktt f ncctian. In thiabook, the tenn heat o/naction
wi be uaed.
reactioni *tt i tonrce of het cscrgy for h'eU enginet, epecally the atrat]
combnitioa Bafine*.
M u y booki ttlk about nactive proctuet. Lt tu ice what it m eut by
reaefiM froten. A procti mvolvLag eAtmoi rtwton c&n be coiuidered u
reactive proceu. Then, whU ii a chemIcU rtaction?
l
}
Ki
i
I;
I
I
A ekem] rcatlwn m ty be deEoed is < rMiruigement o f the atoms of

the reactanta dne to the redUtrbation of etcctrou lo form produca that are
dlfereot froto rtactaU. The iroplicatoa of Ihit dcSnitioD ii tbat the namber
o f atomi of eu h element partidpatlng is a reactun remami nachauged, i-.,
the cou eivatbn of matter. Th principie willbe oaed in writing the eqm tiou
2.2.1
Oelinhton of heat of reicon

The le a l o f rtacl n at coiuUnC to fin u ,
tn J a( ceiutant p m i v r t , Hrp,
M efineii lu lAc t n t r f f t i i t i io (r n ; (X< prodvtU 0/ comU>l>on to the inih'aJ
for chemical reactiou.
U m ptratun, m . 198 K , v k tn > ant gM iiliry o f fn tl m i
It ti known that a cheniicaliy correct or itoiduooietric mixture o f hydrocarbn fuel aad air reacU to produce oaly HjO or COj or both.
OTfjen (u m at co n itin t to ltm t 0t * l u iu la n t p r t i i t n , r tip te ltc lf.
Fot example;
Ha
um ct
The impUcationa of the above definitlon are u foUowi.

(i) Ur^ and Ilrp are both negalhre.
0.5 0 }
H ,0,
C 0
i;
CO
0.5 0 ,
CH
2.0,0 ,
->
C ,U
12.6 0 ,
fl
Whenever comboatioa occnn, the energy aasociiled wilh the chemical

bondi ia the foel and oxyges molecnte* b releaaed. The chemica) energy i<
coaverled into heat energy and appeart Snt u a heatbg effect in the ptodscl
gue. The final lemperaisra of the prodocta of combution dependa on a
nnmber o f faetn. The impoitant onea ara aj foUowi.
() Uff and Hrp are prbperttei of the fneL
COi
2 H ,0 ,
(Si) Urf and H,p refer apeclScaQy lo chemlcalty c o t m t fueUutygen mixtorei

reactlng at 29t K.
8 COj
9 H ,0 ,
it may be noled that both
and i/rp are meunrable quantltiea.
(.
(
(
(
Rttcn
ComftUt SlUilo / Ct SMfiat PntMMt
(
Foc t i t M a iy t it o ( B f u e t o m b o ilio n , we w ill d cE n c tw o rtl^ tcd e a t r jy
u n i u , Q , a n d Q ,-, w l i tbc U n a <J, .U iu i* fo r e e r * y w U u t U c o w t u i t
Imulatioa
volomi u d Q tht m trsf rtUu* al cooiUat pruurc.

(
7
DcSattIoa ol Q , nd Q ,
(
Th* t i i t m
r t U u t i I u u t i t U 9c h m t , <3
oiK 0 < r t U v U o t e o n tla n f
pnintrt, Qp, Tt dtfinti 44 t ktt tM rfiti nU utd, Ai tkt proJueit e n
<
'caotJ t (Ac t<mp<r4lR, T , o lA< reactoab okn ruf jvanh'ty o f fuel

iv m j t ( (oiutanl teJymt ot o4 touUni p n u trt, niptciivtlf.
N*U: Q , u d Qf w t both |>otive. They rt properti* o th reielm t

'.tnvtBft, r(trrd to ny Ump<A(un. Tkey *r eiJcBUud from the Kt ol
r tu llo * .
2.3
M usurem ent o
c
c
V ,,
Lt u tu u m t tbai ditmical rcietioa l i i e i pUce in a clostd rgt container

o i u d volome. Lt tht laUcrpti r, p and v denote the reactaata, tbe
prodacl* and tk volnmt, rtpcUv())r<
*
yitem can
b writlea u
Q ,~ W
A y.
(2.1)
Since (lier* i no change in (lie voiuoe c f the fjritem, Le. K' O, cq.(2.l)
becomei
g.
u.
(2.2)
The chango a intemal energy doe to the chemical reaction it jiven by
(2.3)
c
FJg.3.1
Bon^ ulormtUr
(
<
withoBt deonnation. If there i deonnattoo, irark will be done on the veuel

by the product gaies and the reeolu repoited
bccome ipurioss. The vcim I
is placed in a Urge tab containing water al rooni temperatore and ii let or a
period *o that temperatnre eqnilibriiim ai veD ai ihorough mixtcg o fael and
oxygea ii achieved. The fuel is igtiited
a ipwk plag. Heat U tranieired to
(he water through the wai o the veueL The entire eyitem, which i ninlated
againit heat traoier to the iniroundingi, come* io temperatore e<jQflbriiiin
at orne temperatore T^. A cotieclion ii appted to redoce the ttmperalort,
agn, to the initul temperitore, vii. 20S K.
l we deiignate the change in intemal esergy AU ai Un, then from
e<j.(2.3)
yrp(2M)
The (ubeeripta i and / itand for the varioai ipccie* in (he prodacta and
rcactante, respectiveljr, and /f repreaenle the number o molee o thee apeciu
(fael, oxytca, carbondioxide, etc.), and S i< the ipecific inteniU energy u
k J /W I .
Since there are at leu t two reactuU and often thue U more tbas one
ptodact o reu tion , the lununatioo tiga i* sied in c<}.[2.S).
Tkt quantity U,p u m e u u td u ia g t coutant-volume bomb calorimeter.
A icbeaiatic diafram o the bomb caloiimetcr ii ebown in Fi(.2.1.
A m euured quantily o Ihe fnel alan; with exceu air ti introduced inlo
k rigid vcaM, which i deilgned to wilhitand the hi(h preuure o combiution
y p (2 9 )-y ,(2 9 8 ).
(2.4)
Por oct&ne (C|Hn)i the v;ilac o f Utp c&n be cilcuUUd u

yr(298) ( I c , H + (12.S + i ) C o , + 5.76(12.5+ i ) N ,l
(2.5)
yp(293) = l8 c o , +9ffK ,0 + i0 , +S.7e(l2.S + * ) S , l , ,
(2.6)
where x denotes the narober o molei o exceu ozygen and 3.76 ii the riti o
N) to O ) in air, calculated on molai b u ii. Sobililutiag eqt.(2.5) and (2.6) in
eq.(2.4), re hive
t/,p = [8 c o , + 95 h , o - S c . H u - 12.5 o ,1j .
(2.7)
c
{
(
c
c
1
)
Coapattc StmaUtha of CI Eofice Pneuct
U u U rt PfocuM
If Ihe (cific nlliiJpitj of th vinoiu cotutUuenlt r kaown, t/,p c u be

from j.(2.7).
2.4
Mcasurement o f
The lubscripU r, p and w reer to the rtactaoti, prodacl* and cool g water,
repectively. The tenn* j, and
refer to the InWt and o o tk t water temperaturti, retpectively. The kft-haad ild* o f <q.(2.0] representa tht taerfy added
to b ro ; donara the temperature o f Ihe product to 298 K, whlch accordint to
the definition U H tf Therefore,
(2.11)
The hel of riclkm it coiutnt prewure, i/rp, U meunied in t lUuly-aow

cilorimtter. The detb tliown in Fig.2.2 it refaced to the br eueotiJj.
Fuel tnd ir n txcttt o the ehemiciUy torree rcqnirement enter the reclioa
thimbtr it 298 K, m d Ihe producU trt cookd to the inlet temprtore by
the wxter circuUtiog La Ihe lorrounding jidcet.
where
b tht nomber of mole* of water p aaibf throogh the jacket per nait
mole of the fael bomt. Ckarly, n,p b nefative b<a<u (i, will be leu than
Cgui. Now, ffrp can be written u
For exampk, whes decaae (dieMl); C|oHn, b bomt, the two tcm u ob the
rghv-hand lide of eq.(2.I2], with z denotiof the moki of tx ce u oxygea, can
be wrtten a*
Ccxitrol volume
Jf(298) e [ o K + (lS-5 + *)7io, + 5.76(15.8 +
x)^Hi )
J>(298) - [lO ltco. + nfn,o + xX o. + 3.79(15.5 + i ) X k , ) , .
and henee
i
I
(2 . 12 )
/p (2 9 8 ) - ^ ,(29 8).
Ifn
(2.1S)
(2.K)
for decane s {ven by
Products
Fut Air
298 K
(2.15)
= [lOcOi + Il^HiO
298K
The point to be noted in tht meaiaremeot of U,p and
mixture contalni exceia ur, u d not cbemkally earrect oxygen. Tfaerc are
three rtaaoni for maiia| meunrementa nilni ejceeai ain
(i) Air b rcadily tviilablt whSt cxygen b not.
>!
(i) A chemicaUy correet fne)><scyien raixturt woaJJ heat the eqaiproeat ex*
ceuivtly.
||
(i) Excea atr b oed lo toaort eompkt* combattioD.
WiZr
i|
i!
F lg .3 .3
S U a j-flo t) ealorm tltr
iî
i|
ti
H
b that th rtactaat
If the
chingei in (he knetic u d potentiil caergie* are Degligible, u U
uuilly the e i , for a ittadjr-fiw ceaiervilion of ener?y
/.(2 9 8 ) + / f , ( t )
ffp(298) + i/.(< ,u i),
(2.8}
/-(t u .)-/-( .u .)
.ff p ( 2 9 8 )-/,( 2 9 8 ) .
(2.8)
Sioce the rtictant and prodact gaa mbctnr** enter and leaw the derke
al ihe lame temperalnre, Ihi txcta* oxygtB and nllfojen itnn* os tb rijhthand lide of qt.(2.S) and (2.1S) will caacti ca l ( (<{i.(2.T) and (2.15)], and
II will appear u ihoagh Ihi hit of rtu lla n w u meaanred for a chemlcalty
correet fuel-oxyttn mixlnrt.
If w* know Hrp, wt can calcalate Urf, and vict ytrit, Sobtraelini *<i.(2.4)
fivm eq.(2. 12), we havt
(2. 10)
The temper atore tabtaipl h u been dropped lince it b nndentood alwayi
to be 298 K. For f u n , we can write
The left-hand lide cf eq.(2.9) can be wrillen ai

/f.C .{,.-t o u .)-
(2.10;
X -H
RT
(2.17)
:i....
(
(
10
i{ictiv Pnccutt
ComputtSinÛtioctCitMglauPi
Hr,
b t ( R ii th o n iv in a l ( u coajU n t, a ce tbc atliaJpy Ti a d iatcnial caersy
D v la B uU p tr m o b . For tiqiU kwl lolid*
the coiutuit-piuiare he^ of reictioa with gu eoiu H3O,
the conitut-preuufe h<^ cf reittion with liqutd H3O.
11
(
(
(
Tbeo
K- 0
0.
^ K .o x R ;,(H ,0 ).
Th difftnac* blw*a Ihe cotu iu t-p rcu on u d coiutuiU\'olaiiie kat o
Witii
n t c tlo a mijr (b ta b wirUUa u
u -v
[ N ,- N ,) R r .
(2.18)
4J9S8 kJ/kmol,
(
With R = t.SU kJ/kmol-K tsd T 29$ K, lb vilne o f (he prodact JtT will
be 2477.S7, wkicb c u b kpjiradmUtd to 2480. Tliiu,
6x43959
S9Sfl04 kJ/kmol,
*
2 4 8 0 (A V -/r ,),
(2.19)
wbtr* Nf u d Nf dtooU , re*pctivl/, the mole niunber in the product w d is

lh< n ic tu tl m u tu U thi | m o u ipciei for &ckemluUy correet fie)<xygcn
loLctai*.
U ( u Bow wotk oat u xva p k to u k a U U Iba S,p u d U,^ vtlact.
TbcM M ksUtloiu 31 rcvu l (k tfftcl o U )0 oa tb* prodncU in tb Uqaid
or fUMD* ona.
H jO k m (be llqnid (ona, (bt va!ne< tit bigber ad (btreby
v t tm d u b ig b v ulorific vahe of facL IT H jO the product m ia the
I iM o u ona, they v uUed th* kiwtr calorfic vilue o ie fiuL
thetefore
c
c
c
c
-5089100-395B04
-5484704 kJ/kaoL
Siodiirly,
Uyis gtven by
U'
r ;,-2 4 8 o x (/^ p -jv ,)
-5484704 - 2480 X ( 1 7 - IS.5)
2.S
CiIcuUtion o( higher nd b n w h u t valu of fuds
-5491384 kJ/kmol,
ch u gc of more tbwi 7.0S5 (tompired lo Urp).

Coulder the fuel C iH n . We caa wru the n tctioa eqoition u
C ,H j, + 12.S0,
8C0a + H ,0 ,
N,
1 + 12.B
Coudcr the oel, C io H , We c u write the reiction equUion u
c
=
13.5,
C joH jj + 16.50,
lOCOj + IIH3O
c
No
8+ B
17.
fVam IVbk 2.i, for ( u c o o i C|Hk u d gueoiu E ]0 tho product

=
c
c
Firom Tibie 2.4, for gueoui C io H and gu eoiu HÔ, re hive
-5089100 kJ/kmoL
Htf
-6312300 kJ/kmol,
Urp
-6312JO O -(2 1 -1 6 .5 ) X 2480
-6323460 kJ/kmol (>ee Tibie 2J!).
W cta now cilcu lite U,y u u | eq.(2.18):
U,f =
-5089100 - 2480 X (1 7 - I J .6 )
c.
t chsage of leu thui 0.2^ ,

=
-S09770 kJAmol { * TibU 2.2),

Lt Ejf denote the coMlwit-preuart heat of reu tioa with
ch u g e of leu tbaa 0.2%.

It u a uUy be ehoirn thU the effcct of coaduulsg the wiUr Vipoor in
the prodact oa Htp u id U,^ vIac* U qnl a b it u t i . Let
the product, tad let
j m o iu
HjO in
denote the conitsat-preuure heat of reactioa th
liqold E ]0 in tbe product. Kow
(
c
)
13
CompoUr Siniii/tfcB of C/Eafae ProceM*

Hrp -
R etctlv Procetit$
/l^K,0 X l/.H jO ).
T M e 3.J
IS
Ury coM tu t.rolB tn e het o l f t it llo a for tli c u e o
P M o HjO Ib Ibt prodtct

Witk A /,(H ,0 ) = 43956 kJ/kmol, we hve
=
11 X 43955
483516 kJ/kmol.
F\iel
M ethue
C ll,
(htoe
C ,H .
Propine
C ,H ,
n-B ntue
C4H.0
n-Pentuie C H
n-Htxine
C .H
n-H eptue C ,H
n>Octane
C|Hu
n-Nonane C,H ,o
n-Decine
CioH n
M ethuol
CHjOH
Ethanol
CjH jOH
Bentene
C.H
Thcn.
- M 1 2 3 0 0 -3 5 1 6
)
)
)
i
)
\.
(
I
-e795SI6 kJ/knioI,
t chuije of more {hn 7.0%.

Similuly, it n be hown tliit Ibc cBinge in th< ,p vlue will ilfo be
of Ihe tune onler.
T te ibort cilcnU tbai how llit wUl* Mcorint htxt of reMlion iâe
from publlied tble*, greitett r e muit be txKed to note ihe con<tion of
HjO m ibe producl. Al menlioned erDr, aonnly, the term /ooer ctlorific
vdue refer lo Hr^ or U,^ for ihe cie of futouM H jO in tk* pnxiact and the
term kifher cdorific vxlue to thoe for the c u e o
HjO ia ihe prodnct.
T&blei 2.1 nd 2.2 liit Ihe Utv loei for ywioiu fael ibU cn be tued in
the ukDlU ioa o temperitore rse due lo hct of rckctioo in tatemil com boli'on enjinet. Similirly, Tkblej 2.J nd 2.4 Ikt the
vlae for vtriotu fnel.
When the
ind
vloe$ ited in the tibie t n divided by the mokciilir
weight, the un ire converted to kJ/kg wilh numericU retilt thit differonly
lihtly. It my be ooted th a the eoatnt heU o rewtton per ttnll b im
k chiruteriitic of the hydrocarbon Kret.
Tibta S.J
Tkble 3.1
I;
Fut
i
E;
l
If'
Methine
Ethine
Propine
n -B ntue
n-Pentue
n-Hexine
Tv-Heplne
n>Octane
n-Noatae
n-Dciae
Mtthinol
Eth&nol
Beniene
FormuU
CHi
CjHs
C,H ,
CH,o
C sH
C .H ,,
C t H ,.
C|Hn
CK,o
CioH jj
CHjOH
C5H4OK
C.He
M o l w t.
GMeooj fad
kJ/kmol
kJ/kg
16
30
44
6S
72
86
100
114
128
142
-2187764
-293M80
-S4M496
-413J6I2
-4782828
-S432244
-6688460
-7J1176
- 901132
-1S40276
-3439736
32
46
78
-49722
-50627
-48396
-48065
-4782
-47651
-52253
-<7403
-28160
-3344
-44099
kJ/kmol
- 80522
-1545568
-2201184
-2855300
-JS08516
-4162532
-4816748
-S471064
-6125380
-6779696
- 956032
kJ/kg
-55033
-51S19
-S0027
-49229
-48729
-48402
-48167
-47B92
-47855
-47744
-29251
-I66760
-3559068
-36259
-45829
16
30
44
58
72
86
100
114
128
142
32
40
78
kJ/kmol
kJ/kc
-45951
-45327
-44939
44689
-44510
-4 4 3 H
-44274
-44189
-2021860
-2629000
-3235640
-3843280
-4451020
-50S8960
-5667100
-8274940
- 818180 -25568
-1503760 -32690
-3403220 -43631
C u e o u i fuel
kJ/kmoI
- 797570
-1421140
-2035280
-2647920
-3259660
-3872200
-4484940
-5097780
-5710620
-6323460
- 853080
-1543480
-3434640
kJ /k
-49848
-47371
-46256
-45654
-45273
-45026
-44849
-44717
-44614
-44531
-26659
-33554
-44034
Hrf cou tiat-p m iu e heit o rtactloa or the tM of
Frmala
C4
Ethane
C jH .
Propine
C ,H ,
n-Bnline
C ,H ..
n-Pntnc C * H
n-H exuc
C i Hi 4
n-Heptue Ct H ,.
rv>Octuie
C|Hu
n-Noaioe CHjo
n*D(cuie
C io H
Methanol CH,OH
Bthasol
C,1I0H
Beniene
C .H .
Urp coulut-volum* heat of reiction rttuci for

Ihe ciM of Uqutd H }0 bi thi prodoct
Liqnid fael
rucl
MoL wt.
Gqnld H ]0 U thi prodact
Methuic
I
Liqnid fue)
Formit
ii
MoL wt.
Liquid fnel
16
kJ/kmol
30
44
S8
72
86
too
114
128
142
32
48
78
-2192724
-2842580
-S491939
-4142292
-4792748
-5443404
-6700860
-74481#
- 902372
-1542756
-34434 56
kJ/k|
-49835
-49010
-48499
-48166
-4727
-47749
-52J50
-47499
-28199
-33538
-44147
G ueotu fae)
kJ/kmol
- 885482
-1551768
-2208624
-2863980
-3518436
-4173692
-4829148
-5484704
-6140260
-6795816
- 939752
-1672868
-3565268
kJ/kg
-55343
-51726
-50196
-49379
-48869
-48531
-48291
-48111
-47971
-47858
-29367
-36367
-45709
'
.)
Compatu Simulitloa ol C Eaflot enctattt
Utf coutul-pnw Br* btU oT n ulloa for Uie cut ot
T*bl 3.4
(U M U HaO U U pnxlMt
Gutatu fae)
H^ttid uel
FbnauU
T s r "
EtkMt
Propa
fvB u lu *
tv-Pntue
n-Hexu>
n-H tptue
n-Octwi<
n-NoBue
iv-Dccue
M ttb u ol
Etbksol
Baiutt
U oL wt.
CiH ,
C ,H ,
CHio
C B u
CH u
0 ,H
CH u
CH m
C ioH
ca,ou
C,HOH
C .H .
1
90
44
58
72
sa
100
lU
128
142
32
46
78
y y tm oi
797570
-1419900
-2019900 -45839 -2032800
-2622800 -45221 -2644200
-228200 -44830 -3254700
-3884600 -44588 -3866000
-4441100 -44411 -4477500
-5047800 -44279 -5089100
-5654700 -44177 -5700700
-62<1S00 -4 4 0 M -6312300
- 814460 -25452 - 851840
-1498800 -32583 -1541000
-3399500 -43583 -3433400
T j/fca ot
m r
's/k
49848
-473J0
-46200
-45590
-45204
-44954
-44776
-44641
-44537
-44453
-26620
-33500
-44018
ADIABATC
FLAME TEMPERATURE
3.1
introducton
VirtuaUy vty probUm bvotving comboilion wiQ rvolvt tbe ctk ok tian of
dbatic flime tcm pcnton. Tli SsU Ump<ntnrg tk&t c u b elilevtd
nuximnin for Utoe yiUmt kere tbe combiutioB b m plete la d tbe lyitem
i* adilbate. In tbis duptr, diacnu ibe Uckaiqm for tbc ctIcaUtioo cf
tba aditbitc flun< Umptratnrc.
E terdsc
Tbe dkbatic fiaoe Umpertnr o eambtutiaa <yUm dcptndi on

m u y Ktort. Tbe mjor one* ue:
Wriu t compsUr progrim to calcuUU tHc ktt o rcK tioa ia k j/k m ol u d

ia kci/k[ lor th foUowg faelj, for tbe etglit (ooditioiu givcn ia tbe
(i) tbe fael(>],

C H u , C H a . CH jOH , CaH*OH, C H ,. CO. H ,.
(U) tbe cbemiul compodlion o tbe r e c lu t mixlnre,

(i) tbe pretsor of tbe rcactut mixture,
?u e l
Liquid
Ltquid
Gaieona
Gaieooi
Liquid
Liquld
G ueou i
G ueoiu
C )
c>
UoU: For H ,0 J (25*C, 298.16 K) 43956 kJ/kmoL
C oM tr> lnt
C o u t u t volsme
C o n jtu t volutne
C o u t u t volutae
C ou ta st volume
Co& itut preuure
Conitaal preuure .
C on ttu t prtuure
Comlant preuure
H iO In ie p r o d u c t
Liqoid
Gaieouj
Gatepuj
Liquid
LIquid
Gaseous
Gaieoui
Ltquid
(iv) tbe temperatnre o tbe reactut mixtore,

(v) tbe coiutrnU o o tbe lyitem, vii. wbetber tbe combiutioa tiicci pU<e
at uaitut-voinm e or at coutuU prcuiire.
Fbeli witb dlferent bydrogea.(o.carboD ratiot produce differeat Bame
temperaturef. Likewite, u tbe eompoeitba o tbe reactant nxture variet
(le u , cbencally correct orricb), tbe flame temperatnre abo varia.
Fttei-oxygen mixtur< produce bigber Umperatnret I b u fuel-air mixta ra witb u equirakat oxyges cootCAl; tbe altrogen preat in air b tMentially ioert u d , ai tncb, doe Bot contrbaU to tbe combutioD reaction bat
mer]y aborb caergy.
A kigberiaitiai temperature of th reactaat imxtare before com bnitba iacrease* tbe &ame teraperatire. C oulant-volnae usbuton doet oot tranxer
work to tbe tnrroiudiagi u costraat to couitaoC-pcewaTe combujtion; bence,
C'
C'
c
c
(
(
;c
1
c
c
r
Q
C
C
C
c;
tbe diabatic fliioe temperature at conitaat-voliuae k mucb bigber t b u that
a-
le
AdUbttIc F lia t T ^ p t n t v t
Computer SimnIttloB of C1 Ecx/oe Prxeu<

Henee, for a reactant mixtore conlalnug
at cooUaVprtJJure. FWther, the reutinC p ra in re cn 1o f f t lh flune
Umperatuê.
AccQrt< d k a litio n o f the a im t Umpcratnre involra a ( of conipUctltd tqaUioo*. Howvtr, for two reuoiu we wfli confine our alUntion only
1 mole' f fnel + ^ 0 , +3.T<irNj

the prodnct mole number can be written ai
lo a limpie fct of eqaatiou:

(] Accorate caltolatioa Un<]i to obtcore the phyilcj of what is taidng plice.
(} Approodmate flune temperatnn computation oftcn prodsccs jooJ
altboogh we cajuiot w y how good nnlU appranmale and atcurate
vaina are compare.
T le adiibatk flatne tempcratnn calcnlatoni, t done mannally, are car*
ried OBI by IrUl aad error. Tbii can t> done very eaay by a lytUmatic teirck
willi a compatcr. Th main empliasa in (bii cliapter will b toward ttU *nd.
$y <y.
y > ^ .
-v, = 2( n . - n .
N i^ O ,
N i^ 2 {Y -Y ^ ),
ff, N c,
(3J)
U 3 = O.SNmH
fi = 3.761',
= S .liY ,
N i = 0.
3.2
11
A i-r -n c
Complete com bustin In C -H -O -N system s

Ni throagh Nt cao be uied ai lubtcrbed vamblet in the Computer program,
10 that the inbtcript* 1 lo $ can be made to denote

AaTOtning complete combuition, we can decide the compoitton of the convbwtion prodncli merely by inipectig the reactant mtnre. For a reactant
mUtore (bat contain* C, B, O, N aloms, we will formoUte the rolJ ai foUomrj;
(3.<)
Witb the abovt background, we wQl sow examine the calculation of adtabatic ame temperature for
(i) AU bydrogen fint cadiied to HjO.

() Alt carbn i* initially <ndded lo CO.
n-
(i) If aay oxy;en remaini, part of the CO i oridised to CO j.
(i) eoMlant-volame corobuitton, and
(iv) If Ihere b lalEcietit oxygea to oxidM aU the carboa lo C O j, tbe excets
(ii) conitant<preMcr combuition.
appean as O3.
It ti eaxy to d m to p the yitem of e^natloBt or a particular fnel and then
(v) Al! ttrogen appear a* N j, l.e. sttrogea ti aom ed to be intrt.
pan 00 euQy (o the (toeril forranlitioB of tbt loliitioa for aay (e l

CalcuUtlotti, if done maavaUy, wQl b qtitt tedlooi aad tlme-coninmisf.
Heace, it ii alwayi bettcr l writ a compater program for the c colatiou .
la the next few ectiooi wt wQl dtvelop thi Beccuary backironod theory for
the lame.
Keeping m nnd the abcve rtJe, let <u contider tbe general caie of aoy
fnel reprctented by the formula C(HyO,.
1
V
)
t.
)
Let ni denote C , ai N c . H, u A 'h , d O , ai ^ o , . Here U c, AUhi

and ^mOt denote, reipectively, the nninber o f moles of carboi, hydrogcn and
oxygea atoms in a mole of foeL
;
f..
)
b;
11-
Let Ytc denote the chemlcaUy corred amonnt of oxygea per mole of fnel
rtjaired for combotion. Then, u per tbe sbove rnlei,
J V C + 0 .2 5 A 'H ,-0 .5 r o .
3.3
Constanl-volume diabatlc combuslion
(3.1)
Let Knta denote the minimntn amonnt of oxygen re<iuired in the reactanti
per mole of fuel, Le. the minnitm amonnt of oxygen re<jaird to convert Hj
to HjO and C to CO.
An illnitnUioa o the problem ii givtn in Fig.3.1. The reactanli at temperatnre

29S K and preunrc P, are ignited and both the flame temperatnr* T aad
the Eoal preunre
art lo b calcalated. Since presiure and temperatar*
are inteaiive qnaatitiei, the lie o f the vtiaet li o f ao coacera, and they are
independeat of the yitem.
We can expreu this ai

^ A a U ! tk*
i
)
0.5(ATc - A^n.o,) + 0.25(AfH,)
n < - 0 .5 iV c .
t t biUSM ( a n l i K
M tU iu u aMigr tU w m tw r
rRtIIlM M llMn wt cmrWa u t u U O.OIt t| cwVm. T>< liaisurr lUllln B ul

lIMcUrd
IkfT mhf loiladt uim, B*lki, Uu, Iniraaa m4 Urr putJcUi w *
{3.2)
((H tlltd f n o p
< k M U ttM tt.
c
(
(
IB
diibttlc f U a t Tunptntan
Computv SimtJtUoB ol Cl Eaflat F n c tt tt
10
S o b t itu lin g the v ilo e o f 5 c , h n tq .{S .1 0 ) la to eq .(3 .9 ) u i d im p liy if,

re | i
Rigid.InuUud Vcuel
-U rf = aA B co, + A a a ,o + 3-76rADK. + ( r -1 2 .6 ) A U o
(S.U)
wher*
(
AHi
- Oi{2<).
(3.12)
(
U m iy b Doled thtt tke left*hAnd tide of eq.(3.11) t. mcMiuAble q n u (ity tad the rl(ht-huid de eonttu p n of ialernal nei^y diffenncu.
c . W K - i o i '^ n c
F lg .S .l
Eqaatiooj (S.S) to (3.7) rcmun nodivoged. In plt o f eq.(3.S), w ca oow

write
Ci>atla(-faUnu adiaictic Mtnlwiwa
(
('
Lt <u cJioQu to work wUK tticU a t mixlur* coataininK ose m ok of

fuL Th fnel w u lcct for UuitrUioo u C , H . The re tctu U wH 1
l7p(T) = (2(12.S - y j c o t ! ' - 8^ )C co . + 8 5 h ,o +S.76KwN,lr (S.U)

(
Proc<dn{ u io the prtvioos c u , we hve
C | H i,+ y O , + J.7arNa.
-CT^ = 9ABh, o + 3.78yK , + 2(12.5 - y )O co (7)

Sbm tke coaiibulloa takc* p l*u ia r ij ii iiualited
i*w b no
work ad kcU Utiuftr. Hbc, thc t n i y ittUon n b wriltta M
t/,(2M )
Vp(T}
(3-)
For C|Uii (h k iit of reiction &t <oDiUirt*volume k (rtftr to c<i.(3.7]j
l/ - IOco. + W h .o - B c.H
-5 S o ,l
(3-6)
+ 2 (r - .5 )C co, (7 ) + (12.5 - r jC o , (298)
-8 n co .(2 9 8 )
Por genenlity and ia o rd a c with eq.(3.ll), wt aeed lo tn aifan a the

t<{.(S.H) k to fona thit conttiai oniy p iin of [atersil eaergy differescei oa
the n gh t-b u d (id. We Mn d t by dding ad (o b tm lis g the tcnn*
2(12.5-y)5Zco(29fl)
c iM 0) y > Y
Kert,
c
(3.14)
tad
(5.7)
The bov our eqnUloM Ie<ii.{3i) lo (3 .)j r now raupiiltUd u

oUowi. Sobtlitnlisf cqt.(S.7) and (3.B) u to c<(.(3.S], we gct
+ l'C o ,+ S -7 8 h,1,j,
-
| a c o ,+ M B .o + ( V '- lJ -6 ) n o ,+ 3 .7 6 y v H ,!r .
The importaat point al thU jio clcre b to ttcogakt Ibe tcnn

(Boo + 1/ 2^
(J.9)
-^ O i) |
[ S c O i + W u , o - 12.S C o,1m , - l ^ r p
{ 3-10)
(S.IS)
C
r-
a the heat of retclion U^, for the dMOcialioa of CO 3.

Now, t/^ u a be compnUd oaag iha nlalion
FVom cq.().fij wt c u writt

CiKii
(>)
= 2(12.5- y ) A 2 c o + 2 ( K - 8.5)LUCO. + AU h. o + 3 .7 6 ^ ^ % ,.
-U^ - 2(12.5 - y )(O c o + 1 /W o , I /p (r ) = 18000. + W h . o + ( i ' - U .S )C o. + 3.76KuM,lr*
2 (K -8 .5 ]S c o ,(2 9 8 )
on the righUbud lide of q.(3.1i). We c a groap them tad blala

y .(J 9 ) = (E c.h + YX0. + 3 .7 6 y C K ,l .,
J r p -2 4 f| [A p -//r ).
c
c
r
C'
30
Arf/tbilk n u n * nmpcnlBra
CoapnUr Simdithci of CI EnfUe Procttsc
31
The vilue o ( //,p whkk poilive het o f rection for C O j cn b found
from ttimdixd hmdtxxiki to be 282OO kJ/kmoL Tbtrefore,

(t/,p )co,
2 1 2 *0 0 -2 4 8 0 (1 .5 -1 )
281560 kJ/kmolCOa
281600 kJ/km atCO i.
The rtjulls of the two cuta of Y, vil, Y > Y ,f oJ Y < Ytt, re tivn
by <qi.(3.Il) nd (3-15), m pectively.'Since / f i = O for y > Ya, we eould
dd tbe tcrm W jA uco o
right-hujd tide of eq.(S.ll) wilhont iffecting
U vilidity. SimIUrly, w c u iJd
oa tbe ri|bt-hnd ide of e<j.(3.15).
Whea tKu U done, tq>.(S.ll) uid (3.15) tike Ihe orm
Q, = ffiAU co + ^ jA u c o i + ^ jA h jO + N.Xh, + Ni&mo,
The reu tin ls enter a inisUted combattioa chunber U a teraperttore o

298 K. The probiem i* to Gad the tcmpentnre, T , o the prodact. Sisee
thcrt ii no heat trniufcr, ihe entr^y e<]nUion cim be wrtteB u
(3-16)
or, in (impler sotatioo,

ff,{298)
1{-
Q,
//^ (D .
(3.18)
( = 1 ,2 , S . < , 5 ) /
Lt tu choose to work with n r e u t is t mixture eolaian| oae m ok of
fiel. The fael we have elected for iUaitratioa li C ioIIn .
..
ll'
Ai
is
- , p - 241600 xAT
o ,-(:n -n f(2 9 8 ).
The beat of rcactioa for C|oHn ia (rtler to tq.(2.1S)]

^ n . (W ^ 0 , + n lfu .O -
MI
Equttion (3-17) repre*cnU the general expreuion for u y cou tu c-v olu n e
tdiabitic combuitlan probtero.
ni
Tbe finU preutire
obtoed from
^ .(2 9 8 ) = ( X c .,H + r X o , + 3.76KX n , ) , .
N^T
Hi
where Nf m d Nt denote (he numbtr o f mok o the gaatoiu prodacU u d

rcKtanU, reipeclively.
ISi
I S .S jX o ,) ^ .
(3 .2 1 )
The* four eqaationi, e<i(.(3.18] to (3.21) art manipolalcd aa foUowi;

SnUtituliag e<ji.(3.20) aad (3.21) into eq.(3.18), aolvin| eq.(3.!9) for the
tnn X c H *J>d theo elimijiatini that term from eq.(3.20) reinlti n
l
3.4
Constant-prcjsurc adiaballc com busllon
- f f r j , = l O A V c o , + MAJh . o + ( K - 1S.5)A K o . + 3 . 7 e y A K
1-1
An iUoitruioa of ibe probiem ta {ivcn ia Fig.3.2. Since the coaitant<preuurt

combiutios ii uium ed to tike pUc in dieel eapnej, the fae) lelected U
C ioH jj
(3.20)
N.29S'
t f p ( T ) = ( lO T ^ o , + IIX h . o + 3.7 6 Y K s , + ( y -
(3.19)
C w y r > r ..
We have
ii|
P.
- IS 5 ) C o , ) , .
(3 .2 2 )
where
-
the reictat io th c u e
K ((7 1 - ,{2 B ).
(3.23)
Note that the left>haadiide of eq.(3.22) is a meunrable qoantit^ and the

ri{ht>hand itdt costaiiu pairt of uthalpy differcacet.
C ,o H j, + Y O j + S,7aYNs
Aditbtlic 7 ub ( 7Voipcn<u
33
33
C om pU / S lm titlh a o / d i(J<* P n e
c s ^ ijjy ^ u < y ^ y
EqaUion* (3.18) lo (3.20) rtm iia uniJiuiged. In pl>ce of c<).(3Ji) wc
now bvc
<?.
+ llJ iB ,o + S-W K u,jj.

ProdLni u befoK, we ki.vc
*
CalcuUtion o f adiabitlc Hame tempcrature
Let tu Ent cooiidcr the cu e o f cotulutUvolame comboitioii. For th proctn,

. <3, t> jivtn by e<j.(3.17), which
^ p (T ) =(2(15.5 - Y)K oo + 3 [ y - W.5)Kc o ,
ffrp
3.5
(. = I,2 ,3 .4 .S ).
,' cu i be ejcprtutd ia terms of C, and T. Since the b te m il energy incxeues

witb tempertturt, and the itope aUo iacreuej with temperaton, thi NewtoaRaphjoa itentv# icheme provide a rapidly coavrgiaj lyitematic Karth for
the Same temperatare.
IIAC h i O + S.TOKAJJt + 2(15.5 y ) c o { r }

+ 2{Y - 10.5)K co,(T) + {15.5 - y)JTo,(29)
Rewrituii eq.(3.17), we gtt

-1 0 K co ,(2 9 8 )
(3-25)
W nt4 lo brag cq.(3.2S) b t o & farat Ibit co s l o i o n lj p u n of CBthklpjr

diSurencM oa the rifhUhiad dc. Tiii* c u b done by ftdding sd lobCrtetini
lEe URiii
2(15.5- y )H c o ( 2 8 )
*nd
X ; ^ i C i ( r ) - A r i ( 2 9 8 ) l - 9 .
(3.19)
Fcr the Newtos-Raphioa itexative icheme, we reqaire the derivative of

th ftmction with fttpect to T, whkh iiothiag but
2 (y - I0.5)A co,(2M )
on tlii ri(bt<hud dc of eq.(3.25). On reu ru i'u ig the te m t, wc o b u k
(3.30)
- H - 2(15.8 - y ) ( X c o + 1 /J o , - c o . ) m *
o 2( 15.8 - K)AK oo + 2( r - 10.5)A X c o , + H /X h .o + j . t s k a I h , ( .2e)
Tbe nportut p ok t U to recognM the ttrm
(jic o + j S o t ~
Appendix B givt* a brief discuaiion of the Newtoa-Raphson method of 10lutioa. Appeodlx C detaibei the formalatioD of algbrale exprtulonj for
(nthaJpy, iatersal tn < i^ ajid heat capacitiei o f gates. The expreuioa for
internal caergy, (T], for example, given u folkmi:
c
c
c
(
(,
For 400 < r < 1600

(
u Ihe h<U o retctlon f,^ or diuodktioo of COj. T h reiction h u po<ttiv

heU o f rtiction unouDliag to 282800 kJ/kmo) CO3, > vi]u tht c u be ound
b h u d b ook i;
Now com pirt cqi.(3.22) u d (3.26). A j ATi = O for K > Y t w tould
dd th (tn n N iK co oa tb t rig h ^ h u d tid* o f eq.(3.22) withoat iltcria{ it
rlidily. Sima/1/, when Ymia < V S J c
O, m the tenn ATAXo, e*a
b added on the righuhkad ikie of *<(.{3.26). Wheo thU U doae, {(.(3.22)
u d (3.29) t t ^ the fonn
Qp N iK co +
a K c o j + ^ jA S h iO +
+ 'fAoi
or, in itmplied form,
Q,
(S27)
{r)
ijli
(3.31)
A H + [B H -R )T + CHla{T).
(3.32)
For 1600 < T $.6000

C (r)
Tbe heat capacly ^ ( T ) givca u foUowi

For W < r < 1600
C-(T )
iB L -R ) + ^
{B f - fi) +
(3.33)
fot 1 6 0 0 < r < 6 0 0 0
( = I .2 ,3 .4 ,8 ) ,
T(T)
Qf
A L + {B L -R )T -y C L ln(T).
(r )-^ (2 9 8 )
CH
(3.34)
The valuet of tbe coeScient A L ,B L ,.,. and

for vaiiom gaiei
txe lted in Tiibltt 3.1 and 3.2, retpectively. Sisee the expresin or intemal
c
c
c:
c
c
c
c.
c
(
c
C '
34
CktmpaUr S lm d itb a o CI E tlm Pmkmm*
Adhbtile Flimt Ttmptniare
entrcr {cq.(3.32]| <]m( not extcod apto 2^3 K, U^p u d Vf,, Ytiae*
w t liitd m TiMc } J for foor |u.
TkbJe S.1
In ordcr (o uicvUte tk flun Umpentore, the Newtoa-RapUoD iUr*

U iv cKib co*ld b coavtnntlx mplojred. For Ihi, lUrt with hn>0"
ihetkal vilo* o lie Hime Unipenture. Thtn, tbe ntw-lune Umperanro b
cttiin ed fron
r
. .
- m
z t b i i l .
c ,(r )
can b e ito p p c d .
For co u t& l-p re u Q r cora b iu tioa , in iU u l o f V p {T ), the v ]a e t o f H p (T )
t r t c o m p a tt d lu in t the rtU tion given ia A p p cn d ix C.
For txiniplt;
For < r < leoo
X(T)
AL
BL
CL
DL
299180.0
56835.0
357070.0
326490.0
88923.0
31317.0
265120.0
43388.0
217810.0
111050.0
326040.0
37.85
6.27
20.79
40.35
49.36
37.46
24.60
42.27
37.36
37.81
17.19
-4S71.9
-11634.0
-7 .9
-8085.2
-7940.8
-4559.3
-2729.2
-6635.4
-5561,4
-2874.8
5371.4
-31.10
- 200.00
-3 ,9 0
- 121.00
-117.00
-34.82
13.80
-55.15
-44.06
-15 ,7 0
4,67
(J ^ )
8.3
B + B H x T + CBln[T].
relation
=
C ;(T )
BL + CL/T,
B H + C H T
for 400 < r < 1600,

for 1 6 0 0 < T < 6000.
(S.SS)
{J.J9)
Tb, w i* ulcoUted aim { tbe reUtion

r.
C,(T)
ValsM ot coeficWaU Af, BU,CU aad D / / for ISOO X < T OOOO K

bmS b tli*calchtta et C p,C ii aad ^
(S.S7)
Ca
AH
BU
CU
CO
COj
H
DH
309070.0
93M8.0
M7010.0
39.29
-6201.9
-16979.0
-42.77
-220.40
20.79
0.0
H,
HjO
N,
O
O,
OH
NO
N
-3 .8 2
461750.0
154870.0
44539.0
298360.0
127010.0
298750.0
138670.0
486400.0
46.23
60.43
S9J2
25,17
46.25
42.86
39.92
28.91
-27649.0
-1M 12.0
-753.4
-6910.3
-18798.0
-17695.0
-7061,8
-I8I59 .0
-176.60
-204.60
-50.24
21.81
-9 ilS
SimlUrly, uteid of ^ ( 7 ^ the rklati of Z^(T] are compoted nilog the
AL + B L x T -^ C L h {T ).
Ca
00
CO ,
H
For 1000 < r ^ 6000,
J)
.)
ViloM o r .a c U .u L, BL.CL u d DL h t 4 K< T S loo K

* d h tlit cOciUtloa of
4
Ha
H ,0
N,
0
0,
OH
NO
N
II thc difTcrtace b tw eta T u id To,w w itk in , lay, 6 d e g n a , tb e itrtk>ii
X{T)
35
29S X
(3.<0)
68.88
-92.24
-33.90
-20.31
Thete calcoUtbiu are illaitrated by mean* of uamplei In MCtioa SA.

Let 01 DOW coniider the geaenl cate. Auome tbat the reactaat* are at
tenperatnre T, and not U 29S K. Thot, we thootd cakolate Q f and
t the
temperatnre T,. Siace both Qf and Q, tnvolve heaU of reaction, bqnire
iato the varutioa o Hff and t/,p witb temperatnre. The difference can be
igaored except or Urge cbanget in temperatnre, For exampte,
T ibie S.J
Heat o reaction
(3.41)
where tbe inbtoipt ce rter to a chemkalJy com ct rtactioa. Uioally, T,
differ* from 298 by only a few hasdred deri. Futhensore, the differencc
28 K
v :,
(kj/km ol)
CO,
H, 0
O,
N,
934
57316
17200
15780
6886
E4838
14722
13302
H,f,
(kJ/kmol)
-Ud-S. ....
A dlâtic F lu s* T im p tn ta n
30
C om pattf SUotaltoa o CJ EagU* Pi
3T
Tbercfor,
bttwMS ffpC^ u d N ,C, h Mktom luye. * cosMijatoc*, it i* UfUinkU*

to ignora (k* U m j>rUin varlioa ia
ud
T]ia, for tk (c a tr d c u e o cattft>at>volBti>c kdiibtc ccmbutioik witlt
n.
n tcU s U U T ib * flt4au Umptntare i c a h f

12.5.
<7.
E W r )-B (T ,)),
(3 . )
Q.
Tbos, tke r e u t u t mutore tt

(
-U r ,~ N c o ^ U l6 0 0 ,
C ,H i, + 12.5 O , + 47 Nj,
(
U ii for coiu luU preuore di*}>tic combuUoa
N eo
N eo,
Nh.o
Nh ,
No,
(S.)
-F -//c o x M 2 S 0 0
fo r (Kt ( t s t n l ctM, tlti ueceiuor xp rw ioM or tke Nevtoa-IUphfOB
i b S i
==
AT,
O,
=
=
=
=
Ni
Ni
Ni
Nt
=
=
=
==
.
9,
<7,
(j. )
tbe vatoe of H ,(T) b givca by

(
Cp(T)
t a i or coBit*aUprtiow cambailion tt
( 5 . )
Wht dvtlopbi( a compaUr progrun,

wlcttUtoaf for iTp(T],
/p {7 ), C ,( 7) u d C ,(T ) ca b t doat by m u ju ot fu c tio a rabprognnu.
1.
[B L -R ]T + C L ] ii(T]
yleU
t/p(T)
C o m p u li tb t S u n t U m jx n tu re h t n cktm ktU y correct mixtura of

Uquid C | U ]f 4a d air UUUy a 400 K u td 1 U m , b o n u U e ooiU n t
L+
The valu o AL, BL and CL are taiea &om Table 3.1. A i

= O and
Ni CEO, tke tummatioa b doae oaly or ikree ipecics: Nt,Ni and Ni. Tk
//c o ,[^ + (B -R )r + C L ln (r )| c o ,
+
Sotved m m p lc s
wilb Q, = - U ^ - Neo X 281400.
c ,(n
3 .6
In *Iible 2.2,1/^ or C H givtn u -50589S0 kJ/kmoL Aj Neo - 0.

Q, xs -f$0SS96O (liquid aet ad gateau prodacU), Betweeo 400 and 1600 K,
itrtlon Mppur sow for cauUat'Volami co m b u tio i u

r - B B z M
u d iKe prodnct mole uamben are
+
=
+ ( f l i - fi)r + C iln (r )l .o
+ {S - )r + c iin (r }i,
8 x(56B3S + (66.27 - 8.314)400- 11824 b{400)|

+ 9 X (88923 + (49.36 - 8.314)400 - 7940.8 ln(400))
volome.
T b t r c a c tu l mix(r k
+ 47 X 131317 + (37.46 - 8.314)400 - 4S59.31n(400)j
C ,H i, + Y O j + 3.76Yc.K3,
whr Ya t i chtfflktUy c o m c t cucyêa to neJ rtio. Utrt
r\
1338331kJ
Let c i auume the flame temperature to be 7 .= 3000 K. For temperaturei

btween 1600 and 6000 K '
//* o ,
A i a iW i
A'm Qi 0.
(
i,.
)
)
36
AdtAbtIle F ita * Tbmp<r>tsr*
Compott SUnalitha a f CI Eoglt Proc^M^
30
)
U,{T)
/f c o .(- 4 ^ + ( 5 f f - ^ ) r + < 7 f i a ( r ) | c o .
)
+ /^h . o I/ h + ( B f f - f i) r + C H l n ( r ) I i ,.o
tcmptr*tar<. Olhcnrc, tiini

w T, tltc procttt rep<ated JculUui|
U,[T),C,{T] u d r , ll converjcBC* is dertd. With
r
)
+ Nti, [A H + [B B ~ R ]T + CH ln (r)I,
)
=
a X [93048 + (6 8^ 8 - .3J4) X SOOO - :6979 X ln{3000)]
+ 9 X [15<9rO+ ( M . - .JM) X SOOO- 192J2 x In(JOOO)l
=
=r
CT(r)
=x
r,
2977.S K.
6397297,534 kJ,
2198.18 kJ/kinolK,
2977.49 K.
A l ibc lu t vilac of 7 m . witbin dbS </ ibt prrriou 7 1 .., th list Tmw
tiJua u tb ditbitic tu n e U m ptntort o CHi|. Thiu,
A d ltb tt lc fltn e tem perature
+ 47 X l e 3 9 + {39.32 - 8.3U) x 3000 - 6753 x k{5000)|
T .
t/p(r)
30T7.40 K .
2. Compute tb Same Icmperatare whcn cbeinictliy corrcct mixture o(

)
')
)
)
i
Kqaid CioH n ad r mitiiUy tt 400 K m d I atro, bure *l conjt*o(

preuoTt.
5 T (r) U cJcalttcd from
For C joH n , tbe tia etw t mixtutt
(B - 8.314) + C IT (kJ/kmoI K)
wherc
B =
=
1^!
M48774.07 kJ
BL lot
BH for
C i (,H + Y 0 , + S .7 6 Y N ,
400 S T < 1600 K,

lf lO O < r < 6000K.
%r
,
^mOi
N ^ c + ----------- ----4
Thi givo
C .(T )
+ ^ u , o ( B f f - U U + C/f/T)gô
+
=
1;
9?
n
22
,0 ^ _ - .
^ c o , ( 5 / f - 8.314+ C f f /T ) c o ,
C ioH jj + IS.SO} + 58.28^2

and the product mole noinbert are
ffc o
ffc o .
tfH,0
fH.
No,
+ 9(60.43 - 8.314 - 19212/3000)
!|i
+ 47(39.32 - 8.314 - 6753.4/3000)
l
I
2199.74 VJ/kmol K
l;
il
t
l!
T h new Bune lmperUure ii givcn by

=
- [ / , { T } - c/ , ( Z ] - q ,]/ : ( t }
6445774.07- 1338331.3 - 5058960

3000-
2199.74
29n.5 K.
Tk T m , compired with tht tiiomed T o 3000 K- If the differeno; btwen them ii leu (hu lay dbS, thea
ii takca u thc iJ u b U ic 9un
15.5
The re w tu t mixture tt
8.314+ C i f / r ) ,
8 ( 6 8 .6 8 -8 .3 1 4 - 16979/3000}
Ni
N,
Ni
N,
Ni
=
=
3
S
TZ
0.
10,
II,
6 8 .2 8 ,
0.
with
Qf
-H n, - N eo
X 282100.
FVom TaMe 2.4, the H^p yalue for C joH n (liqnMi ft! and gaeo(u prod*
octj) i -6261300 kJ/kmoL A Nqo *= O, Q , 6261300 kJ/kmol. BetwecD
400 and 1600 K, tbe valu o f Hf(Tj ii fven by the rtlacioa
M r)
L + B L x T + CL\n[T)
The vales of L ,B and CL are taken from Tkble 3.1. Here, for a
chcmically correct mixture,
o O and
____ ....... ~
.JU.
c
(
80
A d lib itk fU m t T k a p tn ta n
CompiUr Slmottloo o/'C1 ii(la Fn>c<ue
Henee, or lammUtoa only thrte tpecUi, le . N j,N i and
SI
ire eoiuld-
10 X (6.58 + 189T9/3000) + l x (60.43 -19212/3000)
ext, wilK
(
/ / , = 10,
A r ,= iU ,
//>=68.2S.
+ S8.2S X (S9.32 - 6763.4/3000)

(
Tl* yieldi
tA T )
3383.86 kJ/kmol K.
(
N ooM L + B L x T + C lla (T ]l
^Nu,o[L + B L x T + C L b ( r ) ]
=
3000 - (995709S.S - 1914787 - 6261300)/3383.8
2473.67 K.
+ V / , ( A + f l L x r + CL k (r)| .
For u inl;iil Umperxtox* ot iOO K , i.e. 7 , = <00K,
105M35 + M .2 7 x 4 0 0 -U d 3 < U (4 0 0 }l
+ U[923 + 49.38 X <00 - 7M0.8 U(<00)|
Tbii Tatw compired wth the usom ed vtlae o 7 , Le. 3000 K. II tbcir
diSeience leu t h u txy i i , T u ia Ukea u the adubatic ELuse tcmpcrUore.
OlktrwiM, the proceu ts npeU ed wUh d w vilue o f r , ( it . T = T^rw) tl
coavtfKence. Tbiu,
19U767 kJ.
2473.67 K,
ffp(T}
8189598.1 kJ,
C ,( r )
=>
3328.92, kJ/km olK ,
r,
2469.6 K.
Lt o j u ioin e tht Suac Umperttore to b T SOCO K. For tempeiUare*

b<(wtB ISOO tnd 6000 K
ffp (r )-
A r c o ,[/t T + B ix r + c ffin (r )lc o ,

+ / fu .olA ff + s r X T + CH in (r)iB ,o
+ //h . lA i + J3T X r + C f
=.
*'
A d U b a te f l m e tm p e r a t u r e = 2469.0 K .
1093W8 + ea.MxS0OO-ie9T9lal3OOO]l
Exefclse
+ {S.2B[44839 + 39.32 x SOCO - 8763.4 >(3000)|
where,
D o
57095.0 kJ.
B + C / r (kJ/kmol K)
fli
for
400 < .T < 1600 K,
BH or 1600 < r < 6000 K.
For tbt Miumed v]a o T = 3000 X
C ,(T )
^ c o . ( i ? i + < 7 ^ / r ) c o . + ^ 8 . o ( 5 t f + 7 r / J ') ,o
+ NhABH + CI/T,
C
C
1. V M U > c o m p a tt r p ro tra m l o c i l c o l i t t t b e a d U b u i c & uae te m p cra tu re

o f u y fu e l fo r u j r g iv t s o p a l t o n d U b n i.
As tb b To,^ vilae U witkis 5 of tbe prevbtu Tn,, it tbe idUbatic &uiie

tmpratare o C toH n. Thos,
+ 11(154870 + 60.43 x 3 0 0 0 - 19212 k{SOOO)l
^ [T )
(
(
+ SMS1317 + 37.46 X 400 - 4S&9.S la(400)|

-
2. Uaing the above proprara eakuUte tbe aÛabatc &une (npritare for
tbe fueU C iK tt asd C io H (rom Y\e to Vniuci b crc
1-6 Ytt
(tnder conatant-volnme and coutaiil>preaaare comboitioB. Draw a grapb
o f idiabatic Baine lraptra(sr vergas Y aud dlscuu.
)...v.*-v.Tui-ii-M:5firi2tz30LLUaMt.yj.',VJ:evr.vv
tiettlro;)c C i n f t t o fS tU e
SS
ISENTROPIC CHANCES
OF STATE
Fg.4.1
4 .1
li
i!
Referriat to Fi(.4.1, k t pi and T| denote the initta] date of a mixtnre o

gM. We wih to detennine the teraperatun, Tj, when the mixture expanda
entropciUy to p j. We can proveed tn thre wayi.
Infoductlon
Miny o[ the combnjtion e n p a involva t tomprtMioa proeti ind U of hem
involve pu u 'n jn proceii. The workinj Buid M a mixture of ju e . The
tno qaetton b how to eilenlate the lempentore o tbe {u c * U the cnd of
the prce o compreuioii or cjcpuuioa. In the puton tDgisc, la order to
ulcolU e the wort d on * by or oa the g u , the* CsaJ trapatoret m tu l be
known.
IdetUy ipetldng, the comprcMtoo u d expuuion procttiei ihoaid tike
p lu npidjyi ith negC{ib!e hest trttufer^ Reoec, com preoioa u d cxpiAsion
c^ctitioiu ctQ be mtde on the auamptton of bentioptc bchtvioar.
Where the process ii not benlropic, e.g. b compreMon u d torbmci,
the eatropic tmprttore compotlioo ii {ill re<}aired, i i n Ecieaeies tre
bw d on ientropic ptrormiace.
'i
M
The relitbn betweea p r e n , pi, voloinc, Vi, tnd the tempermture, Ti,
(or (A idcU g u or mlxtore o de*J gtes tt the tim e eatropy U jiven by
M
C!
S
li
i!
I!
i|
II
/IlfLflnion o f n ttfatuion prectii
[i.1 ]
T,
\PtJ
\V^J
Theie e;ipreuioiii u t deHved on the uiomptioD that k a contlaat. Ac>

tnUy, Cf nd C , is a e u e irth tempertture, while k decreuu . Since C , ind
C , dlffer by t conitinl iroonnt, the chtnje n i wUh temperUure tt not very
predominant. However, the ippb'cxtioa oe<i.(A.l) mty led to ta m o r n the
ctlcolUvon of the Enil tempenUore. The error ts lurge for c x p u u k u &om a
hijher tempentare thin for ccippfeMioiii from kwer tcispenitire. Henee,
it ia worthwhe to focot cor ittestioa on the expuulon proctst.
(} We can apply eq.('<.l), End Tj and let it fo.at that.

(i} We can modify the error of thi &nt roethod by Cnding an avcraje valse
of k. For example, witb k found at Ti, we End T> and the correspondini
valae of J:j. Now we can taie an average between
and k j, which thoald
lead to a better approximation for T j. Thit can be repeated nntU two
iQCCeuivt vales o f 7 j differ by only a imall amount, whatever amount
we chooK to caU tmalL Bul the maln qoeatoa t how to Gnd the averaje.
Sinee k {i Exed for a fixed temperature T wbe k j rariei with ach
new valu o f T j, what average ahal) we takeT An arilhmetk average Uke
(fcj + i )/2 or a geometric average vîi t j , or whateUe? There no
appartnt logic to guide uj.
(i) We can aolv for thi Tj accurately by determloing the valu that eqaatei
the initial and final entropie* of the | u mixture. The total enlropy
5 ( p ,r ) of a mixture o f ideal gaiet ii gven by
S ( p ,r )
(4.2)
whert
denotei the mole numbert o f the ipeciet, M the total mole
number, A the univenal g u conitant and
a fvnction of temperainrt.
where ^,(0) ii an integration coMtant.
iMctropJc Cbutfet ctSUtt

si
35
Compttu SlmaUtloM ot C! BagU* Fnctuat

f o t a y | u , 4i{T ) U Ib e ca U o p y p r m ole kt t c m p c n t o r e T u d 1 t m .
TkbU C.4 AppBdix O glvu A t v^lac* o ^ for (U * Uut tr camioo(y
o u n d in c o m b u t i o a p ro 4 u cU .
Tbl* 3.1 u<] S.2 ia C bipU r 3 (iy tbe
c m S ccbu
tiiU c u b w d ia
tbe foUowBl txpruiio&i;

i
CL
D L h > lT )--^ - V L
4 0 0 T S l 0 0 .
CH
B H h { T ) - ~ + DH
I 6 0 0 < r < 0 0 0
l<-4)
Ti foaad by *oIva| thi cqa&tiosj

S
0.
(
S i-5 i
tb a t ,
O,
5,(pr,)-j,o>i,Tj)
0.
(4 .5 )
wkicb u a h* cJcpudcd te
AS-
(^(r,) - f,(r,)|- ivu
(4.6)
For lb lolatlos o tb abovt c<iaiUaB, (b Ncwtoa-Rtpbioa tU ntlvc

mtlbod may b n*ed. To wnt tb f rtcunioB cxprtMioa, wt &d tbt derivativc
o f A S wilb respKt (o
Tbe dtrivitivf c u b writtii u
.
SI
(4-7)
P ig .4 .3
N tw tc n -R a p k io n iU n t m (ee&nifve
4.2
S um m a ry
wbere C , = E 'v C
i*
pr*
U ow tvcr, lo r n t e m
(
r
T b e r c a n io i i t ^ a U io a w a a ld Ib ea t p p u r u
T , ,
T , ^ l -------------- gr^5Tj
(4.8)
j.
m u t b e u e r c iM d b t c u u t th< c&IenUtton wUl i t o p
b u T u ,m t u r o f u p BCgaiivt u t r a U o i h t l f s r i b m f u c t i o a k ii.(4 .4 }.
F i f v t 4 .2 iiJ u jlr * ( i l b p r o b le a . T b t f b p e l S p lo tU d | a s t T j wl
d e o T iM u ib o w a b cB M T j l s a u < f u t c r i b i n C , .
T b i U m itla i v l i fo r t b t ia liU l g o e t i fo r T j U tb o w o in t b t C gort.
Tbe lu t two cb ipten tlong witb tbii cbipter provided tbe neceunty
bukgrooad tbeoiy reûired to itari tbe limoUtioa proceu. Howevcr, tbe
faadanenttlj of workiag priaciple* uid tbe nomeacUtores w octaled witb Ihe
cam pm tioa igaitioo cagiae tenniaology will belp tbe reider in undentudng
tbe lironlitioa proceu. Heace, tbe next cbipter i devoted to expliia lome
importiat detls (maay of tbe readen inay know tbete tbiogi atready) abont
tbe eoinpreuion ignitioa engae, *o tbat evea a beginser ca leara lnulalioo
witboot macb diCcnlty.
e
(
c
T b ) c U c o l u l o n i l l i l o p tf t b t iU n t io a b | u w it b U rger v ila e . S ia ct U
u Bot p oia ib lc t o k oow t b lim it b | v i l a t l tb e o a tM t, w o c u y c b o o t t u y
T ] l o b tg a w itb I b t {I t r t l i o a kad t b t a d e c r t iM T ) b y a fixed u n o a a t luitS
Exc rd s e
p o si(iv T j t i v o b l n e d t n m (b'c r e c o n io o t U e n i t s t . T h e n i e r , T jttw

irl r e m tia p o ilt iv c .
F or tb e c u e o e a tro p ic t x f t a t h a t orn e ip e cifie d v o lu n e , V , tbe
c o m p r e u io a or e x p ^ u l o a p r o c e u wkii initial co n d itio a e k s o w a , u iiag tbe
* A t b u i c in e tb o d o f i l t r t l i o n i c a b e em ployed p , b e ia g fixed b y
l i t e m e tb o d t d e tcrib e d in tbi> cb a p ter.
P J j^ jT
T b u i, I b t c o m p a ta t io a o ( T w ill h elp l o o b tU n (b e v ila e o f
(<-9)
t ls o .
VKite a C om puter p rogra m t o etlb n a te tb e fiaal tem p eratu re dnrag a
Cam pnm k ftlIloM E alntt
)
)
)
)
)
)
COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES
PtolBDC
)
CxuMtlng n i
5.1
Creakilnfl
Inroducilon
In order to umolate the com preubs sqUod (Cl) eogtne oa & digital com<
pater, Gnt of tU it tt n e cm v y to know the vtroat proccuci o f thc CI engioe,
wtd iu workiBg procple u well u the nomencUinre u sociitd with it. la
thLi chptr we wiil rcview brcSy tbe wofkiai principk of a fonr-itroke CI
i!
M
)
'i
)
fi
K|
5.2
eagine.
F ig .S .l
Som e baste dcUiIs and nomenclature
The cyllader ha* a imooth inrface *o that thc piitoa, with the aid o f pi*ton tingi aad i labricut, ca cRit< i ital todi (hU do |U u q tia p < bctwMS
U t IU fint deEiic a cycfc. A cfcle ii a complett leqoenc* of erct tuiint

ftom ont itate and rctttniig to the lame (tat ii^the unte ray. For exunple,
it may b an intcnral or a perod of time occaped by ene round or conne of
cvent* repeating in the Hjne order in a trie, loth u the cycle o f feu on i, with
ipring, lummer, anlumn aad winter foUowing ctch other and thea recnrring.
Similtrly, an IC tnjint cfcle i a eret of eveat* that aa iotemal comhs**
tion engine undergoe* whSe it ij operating aad deliverng power. Stace thcie
eveoti occuT in a certaia xquence, they are Md to be tmed.
A l already ttated, cor intereft lie* ia revicviag the worktng priacipte
of a four-ilroke C l engine. The comprtuiaa igntion cngine w u orfinalJy
devetoped by Rndolf Diuel la Gtnnany in 1892. Moit o f the reciprocatisg
engine* operite on a foBMtroke five-event eyd. There are foor itroket o
the pton, two op and two down, for each engine operating cyck. The baiie
power-developing compoaeati of a typical Cl engine are ihown in Fig,5.1.
They are:
(i)
()
the cylinder,
(i)
the connecting tod,
the piitOB,
(iv)
the craakihaft.
BatU fOwtr-dtftlofBf comfontnlt o / CI tnfint
tbe piiton aad the cyCnder walb. The pbtoo ti eonaected to the craalahaft
by meanj of a eonnectbig rod *o that the redprocaitag moiton Si converUd to
rotaiy tnotion by mtaaa of the coBoeeting rod and raak auembly.
Tbo pctition o f the workiag pliton aad the moving pane, whkh are inftdhanicaQy conneeted to the piitoa, at the moment when the dircction of iti
m otbn u revened at either o the cnd polnta d the atroke, m called tbe dead
centre. There are two dead centre*, vii,, lop dead centre (TDC) aad bolkom dead centre (BDC). The limit of travel to which the p'utott can move,
u calJed TOO and the limit to hich it more* in the oppoeite directloa ii
calkd BDC. For each revoloiba o f the craok<ha/l there ar* two droke* of
the p'ttton, on np and ose otn, a n u n la f that the cylijidcr 1* la a verilea]
potitioa. In a foor-itroke CI engbt, on cycle U compkled b> two revotationi
of thc oraakihaft.
Figure S.l Olutratei the bore and itroke of the eage. The oomlntl
Inner diameterof the cylinder ii caOed the k rt, tbat 1* deilgnated u B aad
i cxprcMed la Rua. The nominl diitiace throagh which a working pittoo
movet between two aaccotlve rtvtn U i o f Iti directian of motioa ii caUed the
itroU and it deiignated u S aad eicpreued ia mm.
iS
CoapaUe SUaatillon olaEatlt* Ptoi
Compntioa Ig lth a E a ih u
39
As cogioe bavliig bore eqaU lo tEe itroka ii o lUtd

ajine. l
tti< troV is lu thu iLt boce, U i tlled a ovei^<ior tagine nd if U
mor thea it ii csUed Ji undtr-<ior tnine. U c m b< m n th u , ia lh
Egorc, tbt bore utd trokc kre m vked u 100 mm.
c
(
(
c
(
(
fig .E .S
Fig.C.3
Tep an ottam tai cn<re
JHulnn / ton n i t ln it
ComprcMioa ralio, r, ii tbe ralio of eylinder vokm e lo dearaace volame;
U u m|>ortiat to m denlw d tbe po*itbn o T D C ind BDC, u thtu

potitwai of th pifton V f OMd ia Mlting the njecliott well w vth e tningt
'
Top did ca(rt a i y *1m ba dtSaed u the point when tbe pUtoa U
a
mtxiinan dUtutce from tbe ccotre Un* ot (be crutkibtft. Bottom dead ceatre
m iy tlio b< dtfiaed u tbe poat wber tbe ptitoa k ftt a mioimum d tu c e
from tb ceatre liae o tbe a u u W t . Pisare 5.3 Uliulrtei tbe plan potitioa
( top dckd eenlrc u d U bottom dead ceatre.
Diflattm<nt s/vine ii tbe aomiaal volame iwept by tbe workiag pliloa

wbea travelliag rom ose dead cclre to (be olber. It detigaaled ai Vu.^
and Bomally expreeied ia cc. It ii cakolited u tbe prodnct o f tbe piiton
area aad itroke.
"
fe (
(
(6-1)
Cunnc* lolutru ii tbe aoaiaal volune of tbe iptce above tbe putea
whea it ii U TD C. U ii deaifnaled u
Compreuion ralio b aa importaal paraneter wbkh delermiau tbe type

aad effideaey.of tbe eogiae. Piutber, t coatrol the maximam power thal
can be devtloped by tbe eagiae, provided olherattor rexnaia the me. The
mudrauni power ia a e a wilh iacrea*e in compreaiba ralio, However, for CI
eagiae* tbe limit o f tbe compreiiioa ratio ii decidid by ili power to weigbl rallo
nace, witb iacreue ia compreuion tbe eagiaet bave to be iturdy. lacreaiiag
the comprtMioa ratlo of aa eagiae iacrtatej iU therroal efficieacy aad bw en
pedfic (ael coaaoniplioa. It wiU be u ea that the eSciescy asd power oolpat
o f C eagiae* aot oaly dependa opoa the compreuion ratio bul alio on a ralio
called tbe ca t-o ratio (Ke Cbapler 6).
tad dtUrtmning Ib* vUvt ovuUp.
Vdi.>
5.3
CyUndcr pressure Indicator dlagrim
and expjrcwed la M.
CjlU itr ttiumt er tbe loUl 9ohnt is tbe ipace abcve tbe putoa wbea
Ike ploo ii i t BDC. U It datgaaied u Vê uid oiualiy e ^ r d in cc.
A typical cyliader preuuw indicator diagraai ii jhown ia Fig.5.< for foU

load opratba oader ideal coaditioai. FVom Fig.S.4, the icdicated power caa
^0
CompatiT Simalithn o f CI Espine ProccM
CompntsloD !fiilha EaglneM
be c ilc u la t d . The d U p u n ninrtrU i tbe p rta r _rK dnriag the tom pre^
ion itrok ad com tiat prm nre dara* h e! ddilion. Further, l how the
41
ncm ber o f cyliaden on op er^ ioa |ive* the work done by the catire engine,
per Krcoad, in W itU .
prMUm drop w ilb the expiniioa o f the c duriag the povfer itroke u we
Indicited power b then given by
u d oricg het rejecfion.
\^SAnK
Com putU ioM o t le indicUed power ir loniewhit nplified bjr o iin j
he a v e n je prewure i t b j oq the piton thniBghont the w o r k k troke, T hi.
whert
verge preunre, ofUn o U td the n w ia effetlivt p r w o r t , tt Qormally obtun td
A '
K
n
fl*
S =
frotn th indiclor d U p im .
5.5
"
X 0
(S.3)
u-et of the pUton ia

nomber o f cyliaden
Btunber o f workiaf (troke* per miaute (rpm /2) per cylioder
ladieited m e u effecthre prtuur* ta N/m
length o f the itrok* la m
Brake power
Brke power, ip, ii the M tuJ power delivered by an engine tt the e ra b h it.
It ii the dlfference between the indicited power, i>, ind the frietion power,
/p . FVictioa power is thtt pirt of the total power aeceutry lo overeome the
ftictb n o f the moving pirU ia the engine Jid lu acceore*. The relitioajhip
between them my be exprttted u
> - /p -
( 5.<)
It my tlio be ttUd thU hp ti (hit pirt of ihe tol power developed by

the engine which c a be nied to perfortn work.
1
I,
5.6
F l g .6.4
f!
W ofklna principie
Id 1 four'itroke c y tk eofine, th i cytle o f o p cra tb a U com pitted tn four ttroke*
P rtnre-olum {niator tajm m
o f (he p iitoa, tnch u lactioa , com p rtu ioa, ex p u u ion la d ex h isa t.
ic h
troke coQittt o f one revolnlbn o f (he c r i n b h i f t or 180* o f crin k r o titon
I!i
nd henee a c y d e c o n il o f 720* o craink rotition.
5.<
The vtnotu tlrokei ire illutrated in Fig.5.5 ind (he com tponding idetl
cycW p -V d iig r m it iliowa in Fig.5.8.
In d Jc a td pow tr
The working principie o f the engine ii deicribed below.
J i
i
i
ll
IndicUed power b defiaed u the ttal p w er convertid by tbe engine from

het energy to mechwicil energy. It tuniBy bbrcviutd u >.
If the chtnclertici of la engine u t knoirn, the indicited power riting
cn be CMly tilcoUted. The totl forc cting on the pUton in ech cyliader
ti the product of tbe indkited mein effective preMure (K/ra ) uid , ,
of the pbton hetd in
ll
I
The prodact of the totul forc u id the dtitifice through which it act i?
one econd give the wMk done per tetond. Thii product mntlipUed by ti
$.6.1
Suctbn itroke
p e inction itroke ii repreaented by 0 1 in Fig.5.6. It it u t j when the p'uton
b it TDC, ind ibout lo move downwtrdj. The blet vilve b in Ihe open
poition lad (he exh iojl n lr e b b the cloied po*ition [Pig.5.5()]. Dnriag
Ihb Itroke, dae lo ihe lucking iclion of the pbton, lir from the ilmoaphere
i] driwn into the cylinder. At (be end of ihe luction itroke, the inlet vilve
cloiej.
42
CooiprMiiaa 2{sillaa cfiiiM
C om pou i SlmiUtioB o f C Eagla Ptoctu4t
S.6.2
tltur
43
ComprosJon itroks
TKe compresaloo t(roke repretentcd by l->2 ia Fg-5.6. The air tikea inlo
ihe cylmdcr doring the action itroke, doog riih tbe producU of comboition
o f the previooi eycle, u compreited bjr Ihe return troke of the pUin l - 2.
Durig the comprtsiioD (troke, bth alet u d exhauiC valvet remain clo*ed
|Pt{.5.S(b)j. This r U compreued Uto the cleuance volume at the tud c
the alroke. However, jo it beore the esd o f the comprtuioa itrokc, the fac
injected with the help o f as bjeetor. Even though combiutioa onght to i t v t
nmediately, in actual engiaei, it itarts after a vtiy imall mterval of (me
called the deUy perod.
(
(
latekfnimdMn
(a) SuctioB
[b] Coinpres*b&
c
c
c
CtWtM
('
(
(
F lg.6.0
dtal p-V diircm
(
C
D urini the combualion p roceu , the chemicU energy o f the fut b rtleaacd
is t h ; f^nii of heat e a e r ^ , p rod ad og a temperatuje r i e o f aboat 1800 K
and the p :taan wUl rcmain conitaat (rtpreieated by 2->3 in FIg.5.6).
(c) E x p a u io n
F ig.5.5
KaniM Uroka in C /(n ;t n (
(d)
S.( 3
Ejtpans^M tUoke
T he expaniloa lUxjke lepreM&tcd by 3 -4 ia Fig.S.O. The bum ing gua
forc the p iitos towaida bottom dtad centre. During tiiii troke, botb inlet
and exhaust v)vei rem n closed [te Fg.5.5(c]|. T h si, power ii o b tim c d only
during thii troke. Both preJiire and temperatnre d e c r e e during expajuioa.
Computer SImdtlion c f C Entiat Peocetta

S.S.4
Compnmh* IfaJlJoa E e fh t
Exlutiit strolx
The cxliiiast ilrole ti rtpreitnlcd by <-*0 n Fig.5.6. At tbe cnd o p u u io a

itrak, tbc exhtiut n lre op&i in d tbe b k t n tre remat clos<] |Fig.S.5(d)j.
The pbtcm i o o t c from BDC to TDC tnd txptli the burnt { u u from the
cyiinder throDgla ike cx liu il vilve, Tke exhnt vilve cloaet tt th tnd of the
exlaiut ilroke lad orne rctidaU g u c i rcmn in the cyliader. In s maUicyliader englae, e i cylindw of the four-troke enjine completct the bove foar
operttbiu ia two cngine rcvolutionj. Whcn ui engine exccotei (hese foor
trok, doring the crwk rott!oa of 720* the preuiire virie* coiuidtribly.
The varialian of the pre*iure with rtjpect to crink ngle (p-f) a iHiutrited
in Fig.$.7 for > CI cngae workbg on an idcil Oietel cyde. One of the mn
iTU o the eompater limaUtion to produce the virUtioa p -, ind ce bow
cise we are to u actual etigine.
)
Ki.
FIg.5.8
,1^
of connecting rod i and compreailon ratlo r. The diipUcement yolome Vû,

i) iwept c o l ai (he pistn m o n i from BDC to TDC.
Geomttri o Ikt ncipncitinf pistn top n t
Now,
h;
(5-)
Sinec
it
iii
we may write
III'
(5.9)
r -1
Flg.S.T
Ui:
p-i Jiagnm ofan ieal Dicicl cfctt

Vuc
1
(S.7)
r -1
NWith 6 denoting tbe angular diapUcement of the craak from BDC, tbe voIome
/ ( ) at any cnudt aagte ii repftaenUd by
Pi:'
)
5 .7
ti
Engine kinematlcs
j _
l-c o
. L
1 / / 2 V
(5,8)
*
)
Hi
l'<l
)
ffi
Foor-itroke inteniai combuition ngine are corrently produced in two ccaBgtiratiou, reciprocating pton and rotary.
The basic geometry of a reciprocating pton engbe is ihown in Fig.S.S. It
ii dcKiibtd in term of cyiinder bor (diameter) B, length of itroke S, englh
k3l
<In2j
V^(2/S) - i i n
- tia
(5.9)
i6
CoBpa tu SlfliBUM e l EfU Ptottuim

DispUc(m<at voluroe ti u i importuit m tu a re o eagiae dtsi fn u it U
din ctly rtU u d lo IbcorttUtl work oatput ta a td<il ngise cycle. NoU Ibkt
ia t i c bovc exprtMWB, I O when ih* pstoa b
BDC d w io t tht i t u t o
com prtuloa strolc.
Exexcise
CI ENGINE SIMULATION WITH
Duivc (he cxpruiloai (S.6) u d (5.6) u d write compnttr progrvn to calculu t u d prinl out Ikt vue* o V {t) u d V'[t\ kt u y crwlt u { l e #. Dtvelop
ikt profrun b lucli a y IkU It c u prt eul 720 viluei in tp o cu li
d c p t* t r u k u | U . Sulliblt headis|i ucli u lactioo itrokc, campreutoa
urak, U ., iny 1m b m idt (o prat U tpproprut p itea .
4
AIR AS WORKING MEDIUM
r
c
6.1
InU oduction
M u y work-productng dcvicc$, *.g. laUr&U com bution engei, liway* ntils

ft gueoBS OTkiBg finid. Mott ugiaecHag itndtBU ire funilr wUh com protion ignition ntomotive agine* oied in tnidu, b u e i and loires. In the<e
engine* there ii a cliu g e b t*conipoitbaof the worldng fluid beu'aM du in g
com b u lb a , tbe reu C u t h id i it a fnel-air mixture c h u g ^ iu con*
potioo (o fona (he prodact of.CAffibaitbo. Combiuiioa take* pitee taiide
tb fytttm , u d {oT t b reuoa (hete e sg b e i trt ciUed b lera tl com boitbn
engbe<:
Stnce tbe working Soid doe aol go tbroagb a themodyntmic. cycle in
tbe engine ven tboagb (b tagine opeitle* in a m ccbtaictl cycle, intcrnal
com biulioa engiaet opeft OB tbe (o-ctUed open cycle. Henee, Mimetijiict
Ibey u e ctUcd open Z/tel eyclc enfitui u d tre coounoaly nied b aalomobUet. Cosiptrtd to SI engbei, CI engmet tr more clfieieAt dae to a btgber
tomprcuion ratio u d co n ftu t pretisrc beat iddition.
In order to antlyM intenitl com bu tbn agines, il i> advuttgeoui to
deviw coted cyde* tbat approximtte op^n cycle*. One incb tpproacb i* tdetl
cycle (jjnnlttion (IC3] witb air a* tbe workbg mediitm. Ideal cycle limalatioa
i< bated on tbe foUonrbg aunmptiou;
I
i
(i) The working finid throngbont the cycle is a fixed m au o air.

(ii) Tbe worLisg mediara ti unuoed to be u ideal gaj.
(i) Tbere ii no btak or exbaut proceu.
(iv}-Tbe com biu tbs'procM ii repUced by a beat addilion prx>ceu b-om u
. extemal lonrte.
(r) Tbe beat addition takei pUce at conitant preuore.
il.
L
)
>
)
49
(vi) Tbc cjrcle U compl<ti by hctt rtjcclkin to Ihe tajToaatllAgi <.t cosiUst
Yolame (ta eontrut Co (&e exiitoit uid tnttle procct* of <lie d e tl
engine).
(v) AU proct*K T nterniUy revtrtibk.
(vi) Thert u no htU truufer U> (be luiroBDdnp.
6,2
49
(proccu 2->3), hett (dditioa b tu ted whea the p atos s U tbc TDC. B cctoie
o ktU addition, the tempcrttnrt ri* . Ptocm 3 - i rtpreiat entropic
ezpuuion u thc patoa movei {iont T D C to BDC; la d pctKtu 4 - l rtprcM sti
iaittatueoQ i h t rcjectloa t cooitaat prtuarc wbcn tbe ploB u i t BDC.
(ix) Tbcrc no frkCton invotved. .

(x) Tlie workig rscdium h u conttuit ipcdfic btaU (C , uid C ,).
.)
CIagBt SlmaUtloa wltk Air u WarUs} MtdJam
Caapattr SImalilha ofC Ettfbit Pcocet*Ci
6.3
SImulalon w th alr as Ihe workino me<lium
Oar iatercft b tbit limaUtioa b (o ctlct*t p,V uxd T tt poiati 1 to 4

(Fi(.fl.I), u d kIm tbe work ontpat tad tbtnn] fficMncr. A u a m b f ait
q a u tit)' o f alr, wt kive
Ideal Diesel cyde

The m i idc of C1 engloe liravUlion oiing idetl Dietel cyck U to eat>le
Ibe reder to qulttively *xjnm th nButac of ilit di^crent w b le i
OD ilj pcrfonnucc, Th< retolli obtuaed from ideil cycle mnluion, lacb
M p ie u v tt, tempr*turei, (fficieBcy uid meui eSectivc prHinrt, vU difer a
jr tU detl from tboe prtain( lo iht K to il esgmt. T h etm pliu j, thertfore,
9 co r ciuidention of tht liiniiUtion of ut idcil cyck wiU be prinurljr on
Het iddtd,
^ ( 7 j - Tj)i
H ct rtjctd, ?,
C , ( r 4 - T i).
Tberefore, tbe act work oatput per unit qaiattty o ilr
- c,(r,-r,)-c,(r-r,).
tbe quklilativa upecti.

Figure B.l U ajtrilu o ideil D iexi cyck on {l p-V d iijrim .
T b o j the tbermil ctSckacy f)n, b
y .-ir
>Itk
t.
1
;
Coiuiderng tbe prvccn 1
(6. 1)
Coiuidernf tbe co a itu t prcunre proceu 2-3, wc btve
V,
Ti
'
T,
F lg .e .l
t!
p-V Jifnm o/oB ieil l}iel cfcU
Ti
r,
Iti
1
Ti
-r ,r .
We will wiiune co m p ru b n n tio (r) of i6;l, i c u t - o n t io lr t = Vj/Vj)
U;
o i in d &iptcific htt rlio (k) o 1.4.
).w e hkve
luntiapic compmtioa o f r occnn bctwmi 1 u d 2 (ri{[.0.1) a thc

pCoo n ovel {rom BDC to TDC. KeU ts tbcn kdded tt c o u lu it proiitrc
T,
l|
Mi
= riri-'
( 2)
(8.S)
(O
d i Et/U* SlaaUtka wtli AJj- u WorklBf Mtdita
Ccwpaiu SlatiUoB o C Eailat FnctutM
SI
CoBiidcnBf the procta S->4, w Kkvc
,h - )
(.<)
b->
(6.5)
c
(
Rom <qi.(e.S) u i (flJ), we kv
T,
TirJ
r ,r < - r . { ^ )
(
(
iD U td .
FlS.6.3
1-
1-
r b - ' r , - r < T I
1
[ r ;-l
6.4
EJeel o comprti${o% ratio c i
nt> on tffitUiUf
c
c
DevIsUon between sclu tl and Idut qtde
Some of (be moi( importuU wtyi b wbicb (be cla*i cyd e compreaioB ig(ioB eogiae deviitei (rom tbe idetl cycle irt u foUowt:
vrktr* r b th comprtwtoo rlio u d r. ii tbe cut-off rUio, ftvc by.

Va
Figur 0.2 baws (kc effc( o r oa the cScieocy for variou cu (-o7 ratof.
The importUkt poUt to bou b tb u (be cfficicBcy o tb* ideti Dieael cycU
> ft fanetion s o l only o f tbt camprtuoo raiio baC'tUo o5 (be cuC-off rsiio.
Bven (boagb S cu a cy u crM witb (be c o m p r c u io i'n (io t( dtcreue* i(b
M iocrtue Is (be c i( ^ ff ri(io. T b dae (o (he K t (b it (be expnik>a
n (io dccrcAM* wUb u iacreue in (be CQ(-aH n (io . I( is lio (m e o u
c(aal com preuioB ignUioB eB(ine (bU (be e&cieficy t u be B creued by
acrtu iog (be compreuoD n t i o . Tbe rend (o w u d i bi{bercampret>ion n (t0 3
is promp(d by (be effoit (o ob(in bigbei (bermil cScjeacy. Uowever, in (be
c(u*I cagiae th u t k la bou m i b wei(h( of (be e n ^ e u tbe corapretttoo
n (io is U creued. Tbertfore, (be mudmum com pm iioB rUio (bat ctn be
ui<d is fixed from (b poa( o op(imum weigb( to powtr rUio.
(i) Tbe working medi(.m not tir u d tbe ipecific ke4(4 o f tbo ictna] guKj
iscrtu e witb tempentBN.
c
c'
() Tbe combBition proceu repUcej (be beit tn n ifer process U bigb tempentores u d (be combDition cu y b bcompIe(e.
(i) Eicb mecbuiictl eycle of tbe engine iavolvei an inlet u d exkust proceu
u d , due to tbe preuore drop tb roo^ tbe ralvet, k MrtuB u aou it of
Work is reqoired (o cbtfge (be cyimder wilb (ael>ur mixture u d alio to
drve out (be product* o f combutioa.
(iv} T b e will be considerable beat traaifer betweea. tbe gases is tbe eyc<icr
aad tbe cylioder wiUi.
(v] Tbere will be iirevenibilitiei isiocUted witb tbe prcM on aad (emperatsre gradieat.
Tbai, we lee tbat (be timnlUnn o f CI tbgise procesKs tbroagb u Ueal
cycle wO.gire tbe bigbest preatnrc u d Umperatore valu* wbcb ir rery
differeat rom (bose (or (b u to a l u gint. Ib move a atp cloati (o aa actual
esgiae, let us iscoiporate (be Gnt two pciat* in o&r analysls. Tbis ualytts
retened to u simolalton o f CI Agine p rocm tl tuiug fsel-air mixtare a j tbe
worlftg median. Before tbat wt will wock eat a iaiple xanple. Tbe reader
is adTed to wte a compater program for tbii worked-oat cximple o tbat
tbe resals c u be cbecke<L
c
L
(
c
c
c
(
(
63
CI E a th $ S ia iU tlct frllh A lt u W orkhf M<xism
Cofljpatv SinuJlfan o / CI E a tk Ptoctatt*
6.5
2j
Solved a m p ie
T le compttMioa ru io for in tdcil Die*tl cyrie b 16. At th bfaning of Ihe
comprtnion ftrole Ihc pre*nr I tni ind tli ttraptrittire 300 K. The
V,
r ,x T t
4 x0 0 9 .4
Te X Vj
147.8 cc.
=
=
3M 7.6K,
4 X 3.9
cnt-off riti M i. Determine

(i) p,V,T Tloe al Ihe end o i c i p r o o the cycle,
A l potnt'4 (ead o( txpuuloB);
(j tbe thermal eSctency, u d

H
the meui fectlve preare.

Tkke tbe bore (B ) u 80 mm, u d troke (5 ) of tbe ejigine u 110 mm;
tbe ritSo of ipecific bett for ir ii 1.4, Cp ii 1.0W kJ/kg K ind C,
0.717 kJ/kj IC We bv
- - ( I S )
X B X S
l .
7 tlm
X (J X 110 X 10"
i.
IS2.9 ,
r
VUc
1
X Vdup
la
X 552.9
1 8 -1
)
f
)
t
V|d5
59. te,
UmIj Vjup
S0.9CC.
V,
fr)
pi = 1 tm;
Tj = 500 K;
expuuion work,
'48.5 atm,
combtlion work,
3a
8/
300 X 1 6 ('< - >
J?
K
1
Vj
Vio,
At polnt 3 {it the end of beii Iruutr);

f>3
c3
pj
Vk,,
N .I t t .
0.717 X (3M7.6 - 2090.1)
1109.6 kJ/k|,
/ { x (Tj - Tj)
0.287 X (3637.6 - 909.4)
783 kJ/kg
C .[T, - T|)
0.717 X (909.4 - 300)
436.939 kJ/k|,
Vj = Vmc = 6B9.8 cc.
1 X 16'*
Pir*
Vop - C,(r,-T)
At pciot 2 (tt the end of comprtttion):

Pi
2090.1 K,
A iia m iof aait m tu o( Ir
Now p, V, T vUnet U poiat l (before compre*iton) ire:

r.
45,5 tttn,
S6.9CC.
909.4 K,
compretlon work, V T ,p
C ea p a ltr SlatUoM o t Ct
Pr
H tU ad.<!, B m
C ,(T , - r , )
L 0 0 4 x (J 7 . - ( .i)
17S9.1 kJ/ki,
Thtrtoi,
K^tnp +
aci *n>fk doa,
1109.6 + 7J~4M J>

1455.7 kJ/kj,
tltcmiAl fficUncy
CI ENGINE SIMULTION WITH
ADIABATIG COMBUSTION
ty ..i
lM
U5S.7
J7J9.1
7.1
m t u tffecv* prtMwrt
o .
flS L L )
SS2.9
101S2S X 69.8 X 10 *
X
2S7X300
k tbe Lut e h ^ U r we discuutd CI esgne lnoUtbn wilb atr u Ike workin{ mediun. la (hit cbipter we will coiuider fal*tir mixtuM u the workioi
median and abo iaclcde Ihe iotikt proceM witli iom aplityiai aaamptb o. Fûther, we wiO iacorporate tk cooitant-prcaaore adiibatic cambti>tbn ca le o litb u , ia order to ibialat tbe com buton proceu. We wi csU
tbis analyiU fnel-air cycle limoJatba (FCS).
10 X itf*
X
101S25
I B . b u .
ffotr, la (U z u ip it , tk< cat>off n tlo f tmamd w 4 which iiUla too

U t(c. Hidm, th SciicBcy i( ooly SS.lX. NonnkUr, U wl b bhrM a 2 u d
Fignre 7.1 illutrate* a typical cyde, ibowiog all tbe proceuet, iaclsdiag
tbe iatake and exbaut etroke. It ibottld be ooted tbat, a tbii imnlatbn, tbe
tatake proce** b ratbef bit ovtMlsipli&ed. We will coatider tbe iatake acd
tx b a u t procis ia |rtatr deta ia Cbipter S.
S. TliSi QliutraU* tkU Ihf cal-oS r U b b ako decidkf ftclor in a Dictcl

cycla.
Exercise
WrK profrun to ilmaltU CI eaglat proccuc* u b | u ideal I>iesl cycle.
C a cn t tki rM)irl daU t <wh dtgre c r u k u g k tu d n w tb p -f *ad
p-V du(Tun<. P m t'o a t Ikt fficUncy u a uicUoa c Ikc om prm ioa rtlto
u d cut-off n t b .
\ V iu J \ ItT x J \ 101305 J
14S8.7
introductlon
7.2
( ,
Engine details
Tbe limaUtioo tbat foUow* ia tbis cbapter and ia tbe rcit o tbe book wi ex
imio c tbe performance cbaracteiistia of a piiton-cjrliader eagine. Tbe detaili
of tbe eagioe oader coaaldexatuo for tbe limutatbo are givea a Tabl 7.1.
Tbe maia aim of tbe limuUtioa uiing adiabatic co m b u lb a ealcnlaoa*
ii to evaloate Ibe pwcr eatpat asd tbem al eSciency lor a pvea eagine
iped, ambieot air t e m p l a r e , (ael sd (nel-air ra tb . la tbii cbapter we wiD
ilmulate CI engine or natvaliy upirated and inpcnliarged co a d itb u . It
ii boped tbat tbli wiQ m e tbe reader sodentaad and appreclate tbe effect
of intake ptocesi aad aii^fsel riiio on engine perotmaace, wbicb were nol
indaded in tbe ideal cycie aimalation.
C Enflat SlwaUtloa irltk Ad/t&il/c Combiulha
S6Cemp iil SmoUIfoo of CT Eaf be Pracetttt

LC
Tt
5T
u n b ic n l u r U m p e r a ls re u id
ia lil* m ui/bld tem pcritut;
Tkert wiD be no Umpcratara drop Iht icttlu m u ifold u lliii foci U

ij<ct<! taU> tht tylinder, Thtrefore,
r ..
(7.1)
Lh i > o ikEnt ccrtaa temu thit are lutd qoilc o fu a in th limaUtion.
Nao
Iflomolt o ir po fuel viponr ia a m u tg n coatiiaiag

1 kmol of fnd.
Npt
komolcj o prodscU formtd from
Ibe com butioa o f ffgto-
komolct of r tUen In dariot tactioa.

kQomoIo of fucl iiijKttd.
tfx
kamolet of retidokl u h ttu l from

cBfae daras tba com pm iioa itroke.
ffp
kilomolci o prodocU formed from ibe comboition of N, + Ni-i- Nt.
tk previooi cycU lo tbe
ipocific bU of tir.
Ftg.T.l
7J.1
Diticl t fc lc al tuiiunlly aipiralt eowiltsn
C ,f
iptcifie bit o uel.
A/F
ili^foe] rttio.
iMfltropk compftulon procai l -*2

U l M tonada tbe ajae cyele (rij.7.1) a itirt from poiat l. InilUUy,
Tkbla r . l
Dttalbolthtciitiattortiinslaoii
Bore
Stroke
Conaectiai rod lengtb
Compreuioa riti
DkpUcemeat voldine
Volttiae i t TDC
Voloine U BDC
B
S
L
T
Kiup
Vk.
Vuc
7 .3
we hve to w in e tbe vilnet o N, u d Ti, bolh depead'mg on tbe prtviooi

cycle, wbkb !n tora, depend oa tbe cyde before tb it, wid to on. To iltrt
withi let iti uiam e
80.0 Eun
110.0 mm
2J0.0 mm
ie .5
552.9 cc
35.7 te
68S.( ce
//, = 0
tad
r jB r ,,
P iV ^
RTy
Al tbe bejiann o f tbe comprt$iJon proee*$, there m
tbe workiaf Raid.
(7.2)
(7.J)
mole* of
Let Cf, be tbe cou lint-preu urt beU epcty (kJ/kmol K} for tht reICtMt ff^ + A ,.
N tu ra lly asplrated operalion
Tbea tbe polytroplc ndex for compresjon [k <= C,/C,) cu i be wrUlea

M ix im u m p ow cr o f th c c o m p r M io a -ifn ilb u a f i n w M b t o b t n e d w litii it
U n a U fall lotd md
Pi
Pi
tW condilion, *n hivt,
P.
imbitnt preMUrt
V,
Vwc
1 Um{My)
(C p c -/i)
(7.4)
wbere iJ = .3U (k j k m ol"' K "*). Siace we kaow Ti u wtU u r, we je l
(
(
68
CI Eefit Soahtha niti dUbttc CoabasUoD
Conpo</SIfl>o]iUanrCTS/iaFfo*
=
r.
7JJ
T ir ^ - .
(7.5)
We bive
f .-
pi
Pit^'i
(7.6)
Vi
Vtd..
(7.7)
60
17 + 3.70 y ,
4JS + 4 . 7 6 r ,
1+ 0 9 7
(7.1J)
fC 10.5 < y < 15.5

(7.14)
o r Y l6 .S
AdUbatk combuitloa ôcew 2->3

* From Tibie 2.3 in Cliipter 2, tbe valu of Trp c u be oblained, whicb ii
do to -6,796,000 kJ/kfflot o C io H vpoiii.
Lcl iii u ium e tbU tha com bution

pUc uliibatic&Uy J>d
c o n itu l
preuore. Snct I h m is ao beU (ruuer, tke cncrgy e<}atioa cta b wrtUa
Han tbe aote nnmbera and tbe vake of Qp rq<urcd ia eq.(7. l l ) caji be
wrtUa ai follGwa:
u
cntlialpy of til* R K ( u t <3 iatlit){>]r of tbe prodact,Le.
a ,[T ,] + B ,{ ,T ,)
( 7J )
F p ( r ,)
k 4:c ti> laffixt* r, f and p dcaoU Ike
moles o nactanU, fael *ad
t]i prodacti o f coabottioii.

Tka (ola lk a o c^.(7.S) wiU k Ukta np akortljr. By aolvtg e<i.(7Jl) wt
1015 < y < 15.5
y > 15.5
A r i= 2 (lS J -y )5 ,
/f} = o
/2 = ( 2 y - 21)5',
^'a = 105/
JVj = U S /
fi = U S/
A i-3 .7 6 y S y
Ar = 3 .7 6 y j/
^* = 0
will gtt th* n l j* o r . S'uM, tht prout* b tt eoatitat pnuBre, wt cv
f
(7.1S)
= ( y -1 5 .5 ) 5 /
H
i
wbere
Km wIb( pt and T j, r c u afci UU
;!(
(ffn * -rfco x 2 3 2 C O )j^

Ti
(7.6)
f.
(7-3*}
j(
Tbe valse al Y xu Nmo and <Vp, by eqi.(7.1S) and (7.U ), reipectivetjL

Tbe ca le factor, 5 / , redacta tbe Buk.som baa to a proper alie to t tbe
engint, once /f and JV, ir t known, or anomed in tbe caae of N^, for tbe n t
cycle.
(7.10)
" -( B
Nor k ( u coulder lh com bu lioa proceu 3 -3 ia dlaiL For a (ciutant'

pmsura tdiabadc com b u tb oj w cas writa {rter lo eq.(3.43}]
r
.(
WTU
P
By aabstiloting tbeae valu* o f Ni ia e<i.(7.1i} and evalnatiog hit oilai

<j,
(7.11)
Equation (7. 11) caa b< convesMtly aotvtd o i k g tbe Niwtoa-Rapluoa

iltfUioB tcdiBqa, oact w kitow U> valau o tbe product gw mote niunl>cn,
Uf bi q.(7.11). W* wiO valaal* IhtM mok aom ben in U nni o f tbe actsal
valoe* h r U i apaa aadar coajIdcxaUoo.
?or CI tn fia u aornally dleiel, C ie H , i* tbt fue) iud. Ecnc*, Iho
v it ie u prodocU moUi trt
N ,-C O ;
mI
N t-C O t;
AT* = K ,;
O ,.
7JJ
tbe tbem odysaim c fancttoa givea a Appendk C and wtviog e<{.(7.11}, by

mean o f tbe metbod already explaincd in Cbapler 3, tbe adiabatic fiame
temperatsre, 7 ), can be aktdaied. Vj can tben be evaluated uiing e<{.(7. 10).
(,
iMJitroplc e;ipanilc proce 3-<4
Having caleulited tbe value o T j,p : and V-, we caa now proceed to
cjjcu lu e tbe vahea c t Ti and pt doring ihe expwuioii pioceM 3-4. Kow,
(7.17)
c .
L ilY Kprtwal molu o O j per mole o CtoH j], thea the reactanl foel-air
mixture i*
(7.18)
C ,oH n + Y O ,+ 3 .7 f l Y N j
(7.12)
(
(
(,
60
Cl Eafat Slmalttha wUb Acffibilfc Oombattha
C ojaps(5im a]ilon o f Cl Eattn Proctttt
01
where
7J.4
Cpp
{C ,p -l)'
(7.19)
Vbdc.
(7.20)
EAbt( nd bulte ptoceuti l-5 iml 5 -l

Al point 4, we uinme hl the exiu iit yNe opea m d lfc presiure dropi lo
unbient, uid IhU the tmperturt o th exbtiut dropi to
r.
r . ( y
(7.1)
A l te pbton move from BDC to TDC, mot of the exh iojl ju e we

piuhed oot, iid whit reraiint in the tngne t TDC
N.
JlTt
(7.22)
T ig.T .l
fe
The cxh(Ut n lvc now cVe< aad the intake ntve opent. The ptitoo
more lUrwJy lo BDC pooition, dnriB j which time / / , mole* of *ir re drwn
into the workiog tpice; fter mdng wilh Jfx, the rttdtiag lemptrUnre will
be T|. Note (h tl ff, i$ not given bjr e<i.(7J). f , and Ti are lo b foand
by antlytmg the mtike proceu ihown in Fig.7.2 u d Mtting np the energy
e<ioition.
Let u( u jom e thit the air that rili be drawn tato the engioe doriig.the
Intake i l n lt ia pton-tfUntT ifint
and by gronpbg the U and pV Um u, we p t
N,h^{Tt) + W .A .(r.) - N,i^{Tt] + / / . / . ( r , ) .

Repbcing enthalpy termi by
itttake ilroke ttJlially occnplei i voJwne V, 5n tbe iatake manifoM, A control

masi placed aroand
+ fx, as ihcrwn in Fi(.7.2. The imtial eserfy in the
ff.
control m u s a
/ / . S ( l 6) + ^ . . ( r . )
(7.23)
A the pistn movts throogh the length of the ttrole, an unount of Work
eqaa] lo
(7.2<)
im
prodncU and ootiog thit

PiV'bd.
Nn,
RT,
(7.29)
the energy eqnalioa reduce to
(7.S0)
will be done by the gue* in the working.ipace, whUe work amoonting lo
l'
p.V ;
(7.2S)
ii done on the control masa by the air behnd N^. Al BDC, the energy in the
control mau ti
w * p (r ,)+ //. .(r ,)
(7.26)
Now w can combine e<]i.(7.23) to (7.26) to fonn the energy e<iuation u
w ,u p (rj) + ;v .u .(r .) - p,(Kbd. - v u ) + p ,v .
=
^ u p {r ,)+ J V .u .(r i)
(7.27)
where
ia the conitant-preamr* heal capadty o air b k l kmol'* K * .
Bqnatioa (7.30) cas be lotvcd fot Ti. However, i the dfertnce betweeo
Cpf and Cp, it igsored, eq.(7.30) rtdgcet le
rT,
r - i + ( r ./r ) -
(7.S1)
To retnni to the ehain o eaJculatlou, wilh the new valu or T| (e<i.(741)|,

N, (.q.(7.2S)| and N , h.(7.22)|, a new vilne for C^, U cakulated and the
computation procetd throngh a econd cycle beglaning with the compreaiion
c
(
,(
6 3
Ci agln IiDiiUtioa wHh AdUbtth Combaitoa
C o m p o U r S ia a U lh a o C t E e f h it P t o c t M t
itroke (iq.(7J}|. A lhir4 cyclc c u foUow th *x>nd tjid to oa. The costpalkoat u t to b halud w b u accc*>ye cy clo prodnce Umcat tbc u m e vtlac*.
OS
fVom cqt.(7.22) u d (7.29), it folkwi th u
G tatrilly , ib t c o n v triw c * b ôilc n p k l.
Tibl* 7.3 fivcs lh rottb* ai Uii com pntuioa (wtlh (cmr decimai kccancjrl] for thc cogin* dt*cjib<i In TlbU 7.1 in tbc sU a n lly u p in U d conditoa
u d n u o la i 1 ISOO rpta.
X ib U r.S
l K
T te tbcrmd fScicncy,
^ --r h
ckaU ud {rom
SlmaUUon wlth tdUbttlc combsttkiA
Vih
(7.36)
l o p a t coodlU ooJ uxd p r e d lctcd rcsulU

ChcmicAUy
Spd
pj
r
FttU load optntion

Vid
C ioU n
r.
MOK
FViction u d heU truucr oc|kcted
VarUble*
T, K
Tt K
r* K
T K
r K
fa atin
Pi atm
Pi atm
u
tr
K
P
l k
P l m i l
V . k
l
1
Cycle 1
Cycle 2
Cycle 3
300.0000
31U 110
9S9.8059
2897.3770
1951.2449
1347.SBS4
S0.3057
50.3057
7.1860
314.8340
960.0320
2897.6672
19*1.3900
1347.9858
50.3139
50.3139
7.1861
3.4463
1.3977
3.4464
1.3977
1.2427
0.9858
11.7227
16.7393
46.2199
91S.22S1
2SS3.eSM
1M2.M24
1340.0672
S0.3374
S0.3374
7.0310
3.38S7
1.3979
1.242
0.9804
U.S01S
16.4239
43.3490
lara]
I|
co m ct mixture
ISOO rpm
l Um
ia.5
1.2427
. 0.9853
11.5327
16.4681
45.4710
Tbe m e u cScctive preuurt, pati, dcEaed u ihc bfpotbetical prtunrc

wUcb, if u t u g tbrougbout tbe power itrokc, would proiuce tbe JcalU cd
wcrk of tbut itrokt, le.
(
f
(7J7)
o that
Pmrf
H'.
(7J8)
Vaup
Anotber wy of xtm lninj tbe ratio o net Work (or power) to diipUcemtnt volujne to itart witb
W'mji + lcomb ~ ^nm p,
im
whicb c u be wnttea u
<
' t = p (up(T,) - up(T4)} + N,R (T, - T ,) - N, (u ,(T ,) - u ,(T i)}
(7.40)
(
wbu-e fp nd N, denote tbe mole of piodncti &nd reactut*, reipectvety.

Now
<,
RTi
~ .
V l^
V.diip'
r -1
(
(
Heoce,
7.4
Wark output and elfidency calculttloas

\ r -lR T j
Vdup
. H triag u lcolU d p ,V ,T valnti t tbi (alient poinU ta (b cycle, we c u now
* ctkalaU tbc work outpat u d cScieocy o tbc cycle.
{Up(r,) - up(T)) - {.(T j) - u ,( r ,) } + y , R ( r , - r^) (7.41)
Nel work ooiput o(- tb cycle

M'iwl
w.
w.tcmp
H'.XJ +
Wtompi
(7.32)
'prO-^pU
(7J3)
( / /. + W p , - J ? ) { r a - r , ) .
(7.3)
In Tibie 7.3, calcuUttona w t ahowa or > SS3 cc diaplacemeat voloine

eapae. The mcstMO of dplMemest volunie b u no rneulog, or rtiber l i d j
no m eum g. AU 16.5 comprenioo n tio engiuej wtil exhibil the valuu ibown
in Tkble 7.2. Por tbat matter, 2l 16.5 campreuion n tia engmei operxting
on cbeocally correct dieil-uf mixture wl produce 21.21 kW/litre niining
al ISOO rpm (mder nalurally upirated cosdition t b 30C K intake manlfold
L
r
CI
Compattr Slmttltiha o( CI EniUit Procttttt
T^blc T.s
T a b lt T.4
EffKt cl r oa m io o j tu fln i p in s itU n
S lm ttih i irlU A dU btIk Cbmbiutha
OS
E cct o tifriU aca rallo oo rv io a t lafU* paruDiUn

ir fU c tlo f Ibt t K t o( (it l raporUatloa
(reiltJ Iroia tli* conruted cycU)
(rMolU ma Iht caanrftd cyclt)

Input eon dlU on j ta d p w d lcted rerolU
i
\
FVU Jod opentioa

F\iel
C ioH u
CkemHUy arect mixlore

Sped
1500 rpm
r,
Pj
SOOK
i
:
i:
1
Tt K1
T, K1
Ti
Ti
Ti ;k i
Pi itm]
SI
?i itm j
Pt tmj
)
-i
fe
K
N J [ N , + N ,}
PlkW )
Pto.f [ml
-.h \%\
1
f
ltm
FViclioa J>d Jil truufer ncglected

r
I,
12.0000
321.12&8
M2.0258
28I2.58S4
2127.7612
im .l4 8 3
52.2125
2.2125
'.7 .7 7
'3.8U2
1.3974
1.234
0.M 12
10.2394
M.6213
39.3949
14.0000
317.7575
907.3971
2B52.2996
2054.3193
1386.5930
39.9750
39.9750
7.4540
3.6294
1.3976
1.2431
0.9836
10.9807
15.6799
4^7958
16.5000
18.0000
M.OOOO
314.S340
960.0320
2397.6672
1981.3900
1347.9358
50.3139
50.3139
7.1881
3.4464
1J977
1.2427
0.9858
n.7227
16.7393
46.3199
313.4828
989.7369
2923.W0
1944.9009
1328.5470
56.8301
S6.301
7.0476
3.3S49
1.3978
1.2425
0.9869
12.0982
512.0170
1027.4467
them.
ri
Vi
Ivi
i
N
)
/ a f
y
Ti K
Ti K
T K
r. K
3 K
Pt atm
Pi atm
Pi atm
u
k.
P (k W j
mptnture nd with
= 3.44. How w , H Buy b noted tht die*l tniinei
nonnily^ open t oa lein mixtorc* nd rtrtly oa chemktJly correct m xtam .
::
Y /Y
2955.3616
1902.8473
1306.0485
6S.85M
65A584
6.8885
3.2490
1.3978
1.2423
0.9981
12.5400
17.9065
17.2755
47.9S6
50.0008
Tht-importuit ftUarc fti eq.(7.41) ii the t bt Ihe coraprewton ntio,

p rtn o re , tm p e r ^ u rc imd mole n t i o quintitin t1it a p p tir oa the rigKt-kud
(ide re iateiuivc p arancten; that U, the ilie of the eogine doet oot mflDcnce
'i
Input con d ltiom and p rcdIcU d rem ita

Fall toad operation
Puel
C ioH n
r
300 K
n.
15.5
fHctioo and heat trassfer aejkcted
Alo, e<j.(7.4l) dot not indcate how net wbrk or power mnltiplwd bjr
half th rpm, chiaget u r, pi or Ti ir chaiged. To examine thete elTecti,
the cyck cakulatioQi moit b urried thraofh. Table 7.3 Kveali the cect o
eompreoion ratio oa eofine performance. Af the comprenioa rstio iocreues,
the amoDst of rttidna] exhaaxt gas b the cku-ascc volnme o f the engiae decreaset, as doei 7, the cylinder temperatore, at the itart of compreuioa.
These two faetn combine to produce as iscreaie in pewer and thennal efficiency as the compression rallo increaset. It may alio be noted that with the
iucrease in comprtsiion ratio, the cut-o9 ralio demases due to mcreaie in Tj.
Tabte 7.4 iltoitnUs the inSucoce f eqaivilence ratio on the op^ratinf
virUbtes. F\icl-alr ratb is indicated by Y moles.of oxygea per mole o CioHj,
for which the chemicaliy conect valu is Ycc = 15.5.
Plm.f Itm|
1%1
1.0000
0.8860
1.0000
15.5000
i.1290
17.5000
314.4977
959.5187
2731.2021
1821.6040
1253.3303
50.3408
50.3408
6.5610
3.2243
314.8340
960.0320
2897.6672
1981.3900
1347.9858
50.3139
50.3139
7.1861
3.4464
1.39n
1.2427
0.9658
11.7227
16.7393
46.2199
1.3979
1.2481
0.9848
10.8348
15.4715
48.2299
Chemicaily correct miatare

Speed
1500 rpm
pt
1 atm
r
16.5
0.7950
0.7210
0.6600
1.2508
1.3870
1.5160
19JOOO
21.5000
23.5000
314.1844 313.8915 313.6172
959j0402 958.5934 958.1749
2593796 2477.8313 2379.0757
169U729 1584.4867 1494.1532
1176.2166 1112.1477 1058.0471
60J658
50.3894
514114
50J658
50.3894
50.4114
6.0609
5.6518
5J1ID
3.0438
2.8941
2.7679
1.3981
1.3982
1J94
1.2521
1.2569
1.2605
0.983
0.9829
0.S820
10.0870
9.5004
8.9375
14.4036
13.5661
12.7623
50.0316
51.9543
53.4217
II is ten thal Ihe peak ttniptraturt and powtr art prodaced by the
chemIcaUy correct mixtorc. The thcrmal tIEciency tends to {aerease with the
Icaner mixtore h ile the power ttnds lo decrtaac wilh (he leaner mixtnre.
7.5
Supercharged opefsUon
Diesel engines are somially lapercharfed in order to iacreue the power outpat. This is achieved by inslaUini a comprcaior ia iht inltke lyiltm , ihtreby
iocrtasing the density of air at the start of the compretiioQ slroke. Usnally,
the cojnprtiot n placed in the inUl manifoid pipe. Becausa of the sopercharger both iatake presiore and temperatiirc !acrea>. Theie two factors
may improve the fuej vaponiation when the fut i injected.

-- (
-- .
(
08
C Eof< SltaaUllos witb AJUbtIle Combutha
Com pal*/Sietillei e/CZ i /U * Pa k w w
00
(
(
(
('
(
t
(
r:
c
c
VTOC
Flg.r.S
''o l
VBDC
Th* tiKut-UUU loof /or an tiU u t H tKm tvpenhirgtr
(
Tb ptitioa ct tic vilv detcrmAet tke frtclioB ol the exhaast Sow
tbkt puMU tkroa|h lb tu b U t. Thtu, th povcr ootpat o Ui tarbine !i
coDUlUbU. TkU (cilurt ii aot avtlUbU b { u x l m t a la p ercbu ier. la
gttiMlrivtn lapcrcbtrgtr, to codUoI tbe p o ix r mpot to tbe com preuor, t
gtr box would b rt<nirl. TJii ia c n u t i tb complcxity of tbe (yUent.
r i g . r .6
An xAsMt itrh'nt njxreAaryr
(
The rtquired xKiuit muiifold prMnire, pt, c*a be eomputed by equitiog
coraprtMor work inpot wilb tbe tarbine work oatpat:
Tb work rxiaircd to drtv iba compreuor ii, M befot<,

jv .c ,.( r , - r .).
fe)
wbik tbt work oatput o f tke lurbine, u iu n in f (bat tU tbe exh a u t pu<(
. tkxoogb tbt lorblat, b
(7.47)
ffpCpfTiIJtxub
(r.)
For la exbiuit torbioe ijrtUtn, nt work ii cIciiUted &om

M'iiti
+ H^comb ~ êaap + H'ioopi
wbere work done by tbe gu ei on tke piton it givtn by

wber T, I* tb ou tU umperature in tbt turbine for Ueitropic expaiuIoB u d
ijiurt i tbe tarbine effidtaey. W itb
deaoting unbjent pretiore, tbe turbine
work ootpat c u be wrtteo in tbe form
M'uwp
{pi-PiW M p,
(7.M)
(
u ibowa in Fig.7.S.
H'iliuk'
/
(?)
KUlb-
(7.48)
Ttble 7.S givc4 tbe pr{onnuce detiQi o f 4n e x b iu t drivea inpcrcbarger

engine, witb lU tbe exbtott prodacti flowing tbroagb the toibise. Tbe gain
10
C I E n flt SbavUtloa witk dltbtllc C om butloa
C om p a ttr SIiobIUoii o f C E aln t P ro c tu t*
T ibie ? .{
T .b le T.8
EIk of ope/tixii>f on Tirloiu enxim piruDttn

(|nr-dthf<a iaj>tttlirtr)
EfKt of igptixhirxisi os nriooi
la p u t con ditlona and p redicted r u l t s
Chinicilly corrttl mixture

Sptfd
1500 rpm
r
16.6
FHctioa and hent truufer neglMted
1.1000
Pl
ir
1
r'
)
li.
1
Ti
Ti
Ti
Ti
Ti
T
K
K
K
K
K
atm
Pi atm
P atm
Pi
p
re
i-1
i.
Jto
li
PlkW I
1
PI-Î latml
vi
niU
p'
V
I
l
t;
317.S242
964.3538
2920.9390
1970.3440
1360.7770
1360.7ni
60.0797
60.0797
7,9939
1.0000
1.2000
3.2546
1.3960
1.2425
1.0000
13.0984
J09.2019
M0.6609
2902.6280
1966.3790
1351.W70
1351.047S
65.2197
65.2167
7.6170
1.0000
1.1000
3.S157
1.3969
1 .2 7
1.0000
12.3116
1B.7038
45.5938
17.5B02
45.4824
l.SOOO
325.9474
986.619
2938.9660
1974.9880
13704310
1370.3314
64.9276
54.9276
8.4M2
1.0000
1.3000
3.2009
1.3951
1.2424
1.0000
13.BM7
19.8009
45.6939
1.4000
340.9414
1027.3920
33J.63S9
1007.5700
2956.8630
1980.2970
1373.7920
1379.7920
69.7813
69.7813
8.9292
1.0000
1.4000
3.1534
1.3943
1.2422
1.0000
14.6195
2973.8S40
1985.5200
1388.7940
1388.7930
74.5816
74.8816
9.3866
1.0000
1.5000
3.1104
1.3935
1.2421
1.0000
15.3540
20.8757
45.7885
21.9246
45.8660
power ontpat ii oetrly tke txme for tfce two lyitenu when tJl th xhuit
Hovcvcr, IVble 7.6 d ou not reprcaecC t trae exunple of u i exhioit tarbiao lyttcra b tiu st it b u been calcnlittd on the uiumption of foU xlioit
Soir (broQgb tb< tnrbiae. Thtre it tbe ticit uium ptios tbat tbe ra tu jce tbe
torbne offeri to g u flow cin b kltered by oroe meini, tbewby lttriag prlure p( npstreant from tbe tnrbiae. la tbeory thix could be tccompUihcd by
cKuignt tbe blude lettiag; bowever, in prxctice tbii wouU be diEBcull to do.
W btt cui be done t {Uaitnted tn Fig.7.0. The exiiiuit control n lv e determinet tbe qntntity of exbiut p iu la ; throsgh the tnrbiae, with tbe remimios
dlverted directty to the tmophere.
U &[rutloa / of the exhiuut pisstt through the torbine, the equition for
turbine work oatput now given by
=
/AfpCpy (T sTi) jiu/b-
PbU b d operatioa
ruel
C joH n
r
JOO K
FVictian uid bett truufer oeilected
Pi
1.6000
flowi throB|h the turbint,
IVjatb
1.2000
pu^mtn
(ezlitait drlrta topcrchtrpr)
la p u t coa d lllooa m d predicted reult*

F\l lotd operttion
Ftiel
C ioH jj
r
JOO K
TI
(7.S1)
Ti K
n K
r. K
r. K
K
r. K
n
Pi |m
Fi tra
PA atm
Pi
P*
r<
ir
p
ffM
+K)
1.1000
1.2000
809.2019
940.6669
2902.6280
1966.3790
1332.6730
1351.0476
55.2167
55.2167
7.8170
1.0255
1.1000
S.S157
1.3969
1.2427
317.8242
964.3836
2920.9390
1970.3440
132S.8850
1390.7771
60.0797
60.0797
T.9939
1.0505
1.2000
3.2546
1.3960
L2425
1.0000
P jk W )
1.0000
12.3796
13.2400
Pu f 1atm]
r;ib
17.6775
45.7337
18.9059
46.0864
Chenticilly corrtct mixtnre

Speed
J600 rpm
r
18.6
l.SOOO
1.4000
1.5000
325.9474 333.6359 340.9414

986.6198 1007.5700 I027J920
2938.9660 2956.8630 2973.8840
1974.9880 1980.2970 1985.5200
1320.4380 1316.1500 1312.4820
1370.3314 1379.7920 1388.7936
64.9276
#9.7613
74.5816
64.9276
69.7613
74.8816
8.4642
.9292
9J866
1.0749
1.0989
1.1225
UOOO
1.4000
1.5000
3.2009
3.1534
3.1104
1J951
1.3943
U 935
1.2424
1.2422
1.2421
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
14.0866
14.9223
15.74J7
20.1149
46.4186
21.3081
46.7369
22.4812
47JM03
Then in eq.(7.49), for

f wl tppew la th* dcnomlmtor o f the Mcosd
part of the expreuioD, with > reallu| IncrtiM in p*. The a tl effect on power
to detreie
(Fi|.7.5), th tn by decreulaf lh power outpnt.
T b t (n d u io t o f tbe fu to r, / n tb ttkuUtloa* doet not preieat u y
corapatUiontl diffcnlty, ralhtr th probitm ii Be o f knonring how reil
torbine opertte* U coajunctiott witb o exhtnit control v*Ke, which cn be
poiltioaed u we pleue. T b t vtive for / ii Exed in iccordance with the reUtive
Bow resbtince* of the torblae u d tbe control valve, and we htve a probiem
tn fluid tnechasiu dcUiag with divided flow.
Note that with increue in p, which wili occur with dccrctssg / valnes,
not oniy will Wu,tf be reduced, but alio when earricd to the poiot wherc pi
exce^dj pi, the islike maoifold preasure, the eaglne will no looger Kiveage
m idua] exhaujt gaie* completely. One of the deirabU featurei o f tapetcharged engiaei ii thea loat. AU thii measi that the tarblne mait be matched
lo tbe enginei and, to aoWe the proWem properly, power ca)culatioat requlrt a
73
C o a p il 4i Sim*tion o C t S ttla t P rocttttt

d e t 4Je<l k a o ] e d { t o t o r b u e d ia r a c U r itt k u wtU u cx}>w ut c o n tr o l Tahre
le o m c lr y .
E xerdse
1. Otvclop comtiaUr progm a to tmnUu u C1 a f b t U n tionU )' u{4>

rU d u d fo p rn liu fe d condilioM. D v (]^ h o w po*l<procc*ar for
CI ENGINE SIMULATION WITH

PROGRESSIVE COMBUSTION
piru a t c itadltf.
2. OUmI tii(U<a konntUy oj>rt o s d a il comboition cyck . Uody tlie
akowi progrun to ttke iato tccoost tbe coaituit T o h n c t a i co u U s t
pm toT* a d iib tik com butioB. T it a , com ptfi jr o v r a o lu wUk ijo m il
c y d e fla a lt iio a .
c,
B.1
Introduction
la Cbaptcr 7, the CI e c tu e lmaUtioQ u ctrried out for mtiir&Ily upirU cd
u d mpercbugcd ccoditioiu, U kin; ioto uconnt tbe concept of dbU ic
u m b u tio a . Tbc a n tuumplioii iu. thit im ljftii w u tbout tbe bcU releue
wbicb 1* AMUined to be t cou lu t-p reu u re. In actiuil cagkei tbii not tbc
c u e u d it will h m t >ignicuit effect oa tbe ptiform icce o tbe eagiae.
Figure 8.L computa tbe meuared u d cikoU ted power autpat for >.
Ingle cylmder reciprocttiag eogine
nttonUy uplr^ted conditiooi kt fall
load. It ii u e s tbit peak power occon troond ISOO rpm. [f IdeiJ C yd
SimolitioB (ICS) cm ied ontwitb idbatie combiutioD for tbe uaa eagine,
the oatput versus ipeed plot wl be u tliova m Pis.R.l, itriigbt Une p u iio g
tbrougb tbc origm.
O or imiaedute concera U not wUb tbe dtfference in valcej between the

two curves; tbe c&kulaled pwer u expected to excecd the meunred performm ce. The ibpe of tbe w eunred p w e r curve i< tbe feature of intrel.
AU natortliy' uplrtled engines exbibit a. power peak witb retpect to ipetd.
Henee, it is cleu tbt adiibitic combaition u t ly t ii miut be tr.odiSed b &
l ttb ls wiy to ubkve cloer tpproxiinatioo in order to itudy tbe bebkviour
o actual eagins.
(
(
c
c
r
(
(
ic
Witbin tbe metbod and tactic o f tbermodynamcj, modification* can be

attempted in tbe foUowing tbree pr^t*tt:
[i) tbe combuition proceUi
() tbe g u Mcbaoge proceu, and
(iii) the beat trm fer proceM.
We wilt ttJie up the firat modification in th9 cbapter and will cali it
prcgreuive combiution limulatios (PCS),
!C
)
).
C! Eailnt SlwaUlloa triti Profrtuirt Cbmbatlha
)
74
76
Cooputtf Simal!!! oC I Ent/o
8.2 P fo g re jve com buslon
In rtiJ coraprosioo-igoition caguei, tbe prvccu of hett tddition bttwrca

pomti 2 u d 3 c Fig.7.1 is to b rcplued by a $aitilik n l t of com bution
eâUioB. In u kletl CI eoglne, bigh comprtuiion n tio i brng the r to
high tcmpcfitore i t the end o compreMon itroke. FUel bjcction begint
nunedutIy, u d the quutity of fut ii)jrctd U idjiuted with the putoo
niovcment lo keep cylinder prtMsrc conitanl. Is thli ualytU comboitioB li
utnmed to begin u toon u inje<ldl fuel mak eontact with hol tir wlthoot
m y gnition deUy and contuaei in tbat manner, with no necd for a apark.
Howtvcr, it may be notd tbat ihii doei not bappea in an artoal eagiae.
HcBCf, we want lo examine CI tngine combuitioa ia greater detail, for
reuoni thai will becom* cvident thortiy. lo order lo achieve, or lo approximate, conitanl prtatort dnriag the comboition procesi, fuel muit be injectcd
and bomed over a fiil ipajt of crankihaft rotatioo. Dietel com bution ii alio
progreajire and can be aaalyied ia a limilar way, to tbat of a tpark-igailioD
enginc.
If mau frattion, n , of fnel buna while the piitoo moves throngh a
veame chaoge amonotiag to AK, the rcaultiag change in preaiore, A P , can
be given at
Ap
- P t ^ + {P 3 ' P j ) ^ A n
(.1)
Spad(tpm)
P lg .8 .1
vhere
PouKr eulpvt n tpetJ / an C tnp'ie
P]
b the ratio o f tpecEc heatj (Jt > c^ /e,],

b (be prennra at TDC, at end o f tbe comprcnion itroke, and
p}> b the prtn ort that woaki be reache4 f Ul the fatl burned
isatantancoajly at TDC (Le. at cooiiant volnme].
CotnbtulioD A ta actax] compreulon-ignition engise a nol iiuUntuieou.
The injeclloa itaxU well befort TOC uid combulion depend
oq
m u y fae
tn, ihc promintnl oaei btln*

() the iraount o fuel injected
(b) deUy period
The fint texin in eq.(8.l) repreaenti the prcaiure changc d ie to piiton

movement aad the a on d term b doe to combiution.
W len we Mi Ap > O ia e<).(l.l), along with p = p j, awume to be
conjtant dnring combnilion. Eqottion (8.1) cxn be integrated and can be
ihown to be
(c) the togise ipeed,

k
(d) the injeclor locUon,

(e) com b iu tiott ck im b e r lU e in d geom etry.
Thennodyaunk* laggetU wty lo deil wUh tomboliott that proceed U

tome Sttile rt, dthongh it hed no ght whiUoevtr on the centnl quatioA
o the rite itietf. ProgreMve combtuton u whit we jo in j to diCttt ift
th chapter.
In order to calcsUtc the net wol-k done by the |u btlween the ilrt
of ignition uid (he end o( combiution, iuUUUy, we hrre to deSne thete two
evenl* in the cycle in iddilion to the p-V Irtce dnring <ombnllon.
Firtt, il ii Beeejairy lo find the volume, V, of the cyUnder wh reapect
to the craak wgle, f. The relition btwa K and I U gwrerned by the engine
geometry nd neraitici. Th h u Uredy be<n dh with m Chipter S.
where Vj ii the votame at the lojlant when combuition b compteled and can
b< detennined rom
y,
V,i.
(8.S)
Equation 8.2 deacrbei Iht manner in which fatl mait be b jtcled and thea
bamed withoot any ignitlon deUy if conatasl prestar* i to b maiatalned.
Thennodynamtei makei oo dblisctlon between Injectlon and bumlag, whereu
in real tnginei, Ihere conid be a timt lag betwtcn dJccIIob and borebg.
C l a{ia SlmiUjoji irlth Prggreutv* Combulicui
TO
77
Compattt SlmaUtlot ol Ct Eaflai Pracatc*

N on ' w c u
e x u n in c th e tim e n t 4
b i u n i n i , rc p r tM o tc d by the r&tio
d n jd t, w r t ln i t h q n o t n t in tk c (oQ ow iot forn u
dt
d v d> a
(.<)
Qcrt, f dtnoU i eaiiac a u k u g U , kilc V "(), t t it U ciiiuge o f votame

wUh , wkicli rtprcM&U ibe fonctiond relUion btw tui cogne volune u d t.
Tbe &nt Urm oo tbe rg b t-b d >id< of the tq.(S.4) com a rotti eq.(8^ ) thxt
U, wc tu a m c w u d l i( with u tagiat deii^ned Of c o u t u t pr*ior
comboilioa, itartiat kt TOC. Th toUl q u u tity o f foel to b barncd xej
Vi, to tbt Knt tnn in cq.(t.4] a t y be treiCcd u c o u t u t . Aeeonlins to
c<].(S.4), Ibt tim rtU c batoiaf reqnind to cnstun e o o s tu i p r tu n n is
proportioo lo ogia ipMd u d iacn uM wiib $ m barning proMedi, lacc
V '( j ) b a poiitiv* oActioii. Figure (.2 illoiin tc* tbe m euuig of q.(8.4).
lucb thtt the mm imom allow^ble bansg rite rcu b od befar aS ie foel
b u be<B iai<clcd tnd b o n e d .-U tbi< condilvon b fixtAd to exst, lie n wc
kuoine tbU lU abe<iaeat bonng woold proccd t i tbe mudmam bnrnD(
rUe, BOt U tbe btm tn f n t rtqnirtd for conitint preuare eombtulioa, u
n eq.(l.4). We u a cxpcC, tbercfort, tkU if tbe mucimum bam inf rte ii
reacbed, tbe balance o f the combution proccM wtU not mtinltia eou tast
preaiare; iiutead, preaaure wOl faU olT aad witb it a decreaM tn work ootpat
for tbe cyde.
Witb tbe' abovc badcgroand, tbe detiik of tbe ptogreuivt comboitioo
IB CI eigioe* c u bow be ontlined. We begiu with known valse* for Pt
and T], randitioti* iX tbe ead of tbe compremoa itroke. The fne}-air n tio if knowa. We now compote Py, tbe prcMure u if tbe com butioa i* at
coiutaat-vaJiuzie at top dead centre, and tbeu Vj, from eq.(S.S), tbt vol<ime
a: tbe end of eoutant preunre combiutos.
Snppote tbe mximum barnDg rUe ii knowa or orne bypotbeticil vaine
j agreed npoo, we can fiad j, tbe crank asgle corrupoodtcg to Vj, and for
tKe gtYu ipeed, we can compute
c
c.
(
(
c
&om
Aj indicated in Fig.t.2, tbe manmom reqnired bomisg rate
oceon at tbe ead of combution. We tbonld compare it witb tbe maximom
aSowable busing n t c . If tbi* rate it Bot ezceeded, tbea we know tbe catire
com bution proceu wiU proceed U c o u t u t prcMure. We can cakolatc Tj
u in g tbe followisg eqaation:
(
(
l(
] p
(8.S)
Tbe w oti done oa tbe expantion ttroke &om

w .
ft (v ^ 3 -v ,)+ {W )-/,(r )}
(8.6)
Oa tbe otber baad, if tbe bnraing rate calcnlation indcate* tbat tbe
maximom wSl be exceeded, tbcn tbe com butun proce** m u t be foDowed in
a itep-wiie fubion. Suppote we cboote to carry oa com bution in N ttep*, to
tb it
1 ,-m
]Plg.8.3
Buranf n it ettnti fer a ieid tnjine

AV
la tlx Ggort, wc bav utum cd v b i l Mms to b u Ilogethcr rt u o u b le

xpM lU iM , B in u l/, IkU lhr ii an Upptr Umit to the kUawablc *Ad acbwv*
bl* banilaf ral, ia tima, wUdi cuutot b xcetdcd. Ai iadicitcd b Pig.8.2,
U ii tstrcljr reaioatblc to auun< Ibxt togint ip tcd cooJd b l ie d to vilue
iC
V '{)A
!c
and u loag u tbe mximum bomiog rate it not excecded,
An
AV
V i-V u .
(8.7)
J .....
78
C E ofls* SmalilJoa trlli P nfrtttlr C bo& utfoa
C c a p iU i Simtli-tioa o f Cl E nih* Procetset
Figure 8.4(a) ii aaother ray o f lookiag at tho lame caknlaCiatu.

Injection and combiution begu at T D C . At (ha maxnnm tUoirable b om ia i
rate increaae*, t !i reached latcr and tater m (he combatlioo procet*; tk to
tal cranluhaft pan
ntation for combnation decr<ate and carreapoodingly
power ontpat ako iacrtue* |Fif.8.4(b)|.
Once ihe bnniig rU rtaclc* the raiximnm allowibk, In pUce of .(3.7)
An
(8.8)
At
w tA
for U ttbMqacnt ncrmenti in lime. T b iit;ratioa completed (j.e. com-
IniectioB may b bUiated at ay cranl angl* of oor chok*. If

the crank angte at (he tart of inJe<tioa, (hea tft place of e<{.(8.4].
baittoD tj complete*]] wkeB
X ;A n
where the lomnutioD ip pliei for the ntire combnjtion p n x e u , and T j b the
)
hi
tcmper&ture *t the tnil o f com boition.
Figure 8.3 iliiutntei how the prtuure-volume trice of the CI engbe cytk
1 iltered when (he mudimim Uowable boming n te i reached. When the
mudmam Uowble bumln| n te Urge, ijr 450
it i> readhed, ia thi
c u e , jo jt befte the end of combiutlon; whereu a rate of 500
allowablc
boraing rate b reached early in (he combuition proceu, foUowed by i ih up
decreaie in preuore and in power OQtpnt.
60
CRsIJ
SpeedsISOOipni
50
,1-----3001/i
R A F U
|30
i?
E
0 .2 0
'
Ctsmbuttion poHx) ioijjcucd

b)f w I kI Uocs
0.2
FJg.8.3
ydn p -661.45 ct
TM-300K
.4 0
den oto
(.9)
4fld the work o f expiniion ctk u laiil from
.}
T0
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
Prciturt'totame Irocei for (uv om m c manrntm tvm in f mtti
Fig.0.4
Sffrci of
rete (a ) Ctiutnt prciiirt cm liu(in
( l ) P o v tr c ttfv l
( 8. 1 1 )
BO
C om j Ur SlmaUtiaa o / C l
C BafiaM Simsiilfoa witk P/ogrt(tirt Ooobul/an
PiocMu*
A j final commcnt, note tbat it J not n eeu u y to e<inip C1 eoginet witb

tbrottlei in order to control power oatpnt. Inalead, powtr can be controUed
by fac fiow. Tbe end o f combiution ii bxed by tbe anoont of fael isjected
wbicb can be vaticd over a wide ru g e of liroltj, down to loinetbing quite elote
to tero. Tbe npper limit oa fael (eserally el by tE* amotuil ai emoke Ch^
can be (oleratcd in the engine exbaaiC. Prtaamably, tbe appearaace o tmolie
ug|oU (He |>rtKaea o f anbnraed carbn, indlcating tbat tbe esgine tnay be
operating at the Umit of maximnis boming rate or at the Umit of avaable
oxygen, or botb.
Fi{ur S.5 illiutrUtft jnrt bow d n jtk tU y th prenare-voliunt U tct o tha

cyck cn ciita( u Ib* lUxt o th mjctioo is d u a ftd . WUli M iiy !nJctioa,
10* bU oR TDC, Uer n U lt s t i il |ua is p ocr boC U (he expense of u
tqoUiy la U tu it I iacTCM ia p>i prtuorc. On tJU oUitr h u d , b)' deUjJif
Ujcctioo ttnin 10* kiUr TOC. p u k preuurc ii redact cooiU trib))', bat to
alto U p w cr. H t karp c b u g u ia tli com b ojtiaa c o r v o v ith 10* l>for
T D C , u d T D C iaJactliMi, iadicU tbat (b e m m lma m a lW ftbIe b o r n ia f r t
h u b ees reicb ed .
70
Coatatk peiM
laJeaioabctiasM lOCbTDC
8.3
81
Com bustin m oddling
\ j^ o d b e li T O C
JO
e<o
In tbe prevoui lection we deaii witb progrcuive Datare of combnjtion.

Some general obiervation* abont modeli of cugine proceue* provide a context
for tbe detaili tbat foliow. In cnginea, the proceues tbemielvei are extremety
complex. W bik mncb it Icnown about tbeae proceaaet, tbey are not adeqaately
underatood at a fandameatal kvcL At pretent, it is not pouible to conitruct
modeli tbat predict engine operation (rom the b u ic goreming eqaatiou alone.
T h u , the objectivei of any modd development ffort iboold be cleirly defined,
and tht ttructnre and tbe detaied coatent of tbe m odd ibonld be appropriate
to tbee objectivei. It it impractvcal to conitm ct modeti tbat attempt to
describe all important atpects of c jg b c operation. Henee, limited objectvcs
aze appropriate.
[ajcojos bcfiiu tt l(T *TOC
C R -IU
Sjxola UOOiâ
vipaMI.45CC
m -X O K
RAF-W
r
20
10
--------- -
)
O
0.4
0.6
OJ
V_
f 2 .8 . (
Pniiurt-toU m c tracci Jor Ihnt injutet timioft
U ôriunitity, thennodyskmu doe* not proride nt wi(b (be mxUett

(bred of iacroution t(wdiag probable vaiuu /or (be mudmum b&rog rate.
Lu(ad, wt m u t (orn to wbttever cxpertmentil erideace may be availabte.
Tbe potat of trodacisc (be ootioa o f maximam allowable b t m is f rat
b u bees to dtmonjlrste'tbat U caa xerl a aifnificant ioSneiice oa CI engiae
performance. Of cootm, tbt notion of *one* maximnm boniing rate k a*
doabledly an ovenimpCficalion. It b more Iban liU y tbat Uj va]a cbanfci
u combusltos proceed, rtfiecting Ibe d c o t a u in Bomben o f avsilable oxyges
molecolei. l Itiii k lt - tbat rnumoiik buruAf n t d e o u f in vilue u
combiutioa proU tdi - tbca the tSect oa power, u y, nhich m a lu whea the
maniun b o m k i rat i* itacbed^ wiU be more pronouiced tbas b n g g a te d
in F i(i.j J and t . 4. Note tbat tbe isaxiaiun bsialag rat i* aot likely to be
rcaebed ia eUfioca openting at ,n d *n t iped *or ia engiacj operatiug witb
waal! fut S o w /jo tbat (be dontiou of con a ilioa b ibort, to bcgin witb.
Dae to tbe complexity of engine processes and our inadeqaate onderstuding at a fundamental level, most engine modeli are incoroplete. Emplrical reUtions and ad boc approxlmationi are often needed to btidge gapi in our
undentaadlng of critical pbenomena. SInce nodels wl continne lo develop
over a period witb greater eompUtenesj, the erapbatit Ln this cbapter ii oa
the batic relatiooships oied in engine proceu modeb ratber Iban tbe current
ilatus of tbese modeb,
Tbe progreive combustioa model we have dicussed in the prevous tection b a littie overîimplified. In tbe modem ilmulalion techniques, vaxious
modeb like tero-, one-, two- and multi- loae/dimetuional modeb are being
atlempted.
Fot the procesies that govem eagine performance and emistions, two
batic types of modeb bave been developed. Tbete can be citegorbed as
tberm odyiiam Jc or fluid 4 ynunJc in nature, depending on whether the
equatioM wbich give the model it predomiuant ttnicture u based oa energy conservation or on a uU analyib of the Soid motion. Other labeb gtven
to thermodynainic energy-cooservatioa-based modeb are: tcro>dimenxiona]
(lince in the absence of any flow modeliag, geometric featuret of tbe fluid motion canoot be predicted], phenomenokigictl (tince additional detall beyond
the energy conservation eqaations b added for eacb phenomenon in tum ), and
quasi.dimcasioaal (where tpecific geomctric featurei, e.g., the pul'ignitlon
)...
)
i
8}
CompBlw SlmoiilioB o f CI E n f k c Pn>ce**u
Cl Enjlot SlaaUtlo wlth Frputlr* Coabattha
B une o r ih e d i a t l fuel p r i / t h t p t t , u e id d e d l o the b i c th e n a o d y n u n ic
i p p r o ic k ).
0S
K a o v i o f the ttm p erA tore t t r t r y cruak u i ( U , the p r c w u ie at cacb e ru ik
F lu id -d y n u i e -b u e d roodel u t o f u n c t l k d m nllH n in iioD !
u i| Ic c u t it o be d eterm la ed b y the reU tloa
raodeli due t o llicir inhern t ib ity l o p m rid e d e l w k d f e o m r t c ia fon n U ion

)
mRT
--------- ----
Ott the flow field, b d on loIatloD o f tlie joY era m * flow e q n a k H u .
rinU y, n im p o r tm t tu n e is a u y o v trU l t n in o n w d tl b i li n c e a
com pltjQ ty in d d e t i) u n o s p t th p r o c t n lu b -in o d e U . A m o d d U no m ore
S b ct, a the lero-dneaiIoBAl model we c u tito tike Lato ifcooa t the l|aitioB deUy, tbe ifaitioa deliy period U dclcrmiacd by iate^rUtai the Wblferi
reUtios (Wotfcr, I9S9], whkb ia (ivea by
n w u rU e t h i a iU w e a k u t U ni. T h iu , c r ilic t l p h e n o m e o i ilio o ld b d t c r ilx d
i l c o m p r b l leveh o f f o p l B l i c i l i j n U> c U v e b e tte r re ta lt.
f:
)
V-
8.4
ZeicMlmenslonal combustin model
(8.16)
s
f.
)
).
In thU MClion w will dUcuu Ifct ieri>-dimenjioDtl modcl. Tht lotwwe

corretponding to both progm itv combatioa *i well m lero-dnemioiiil
mode kye btta incorporated In ike eompoUr progw a (ivta is ibt Aj>pcndix. In th lero-dimciuioBU modcl we klx> tale into accoanC tli< ifnition
( j the tim e u le c o a d j o r ia * C A . P { t ) u d r ( ( ) v e u i a m e d t b e q a u t l t i e i
w h ich v u y d a r a f c o m p r e u io a . la W olfer* rcU tioa
dcUy.
Tlii model b b e d oo tbe n l Uw of ihemodyBumc, The tiitni
potnl of be ihermodynimlc cctilUloa u tboten it the intint ti w hk tbe
2272.
-1 .1 ,
<650.
T h e a bov c raJud tre l o b o Gttcd tn lo cq .(fi.lS ) to get the fD tto n dd&y.
InUl n lve clotei,

The aeriy cquuioa for the clowd cyde period c a be writtea u
rf|V
(<u
'S
di
8.5
(S.12)
di
la eq.(8.12), ^
is the heit reltMe rtf. As already commeated, ihtrmodyatraics eu n o t ihed w y li{ht ia qautifyia( the n te . Heace, cae h u
to look into exptriracntil rtsnlu or mplricil tquilioa*. M u y ttCtm pU b m
E q u ttion S.12 i t i t e i t h i t the n t a o f ch u ig e o f ia te rn tl e a e r iy dne to Ihree

f u t a n v i* ., rte o f h e i t r t U u e
r i t e o h e l t r u u fe r ^
in d t l e t e o f
beea mide to ehtracterise the hett reeue pattera ia C] eagtae. Oae sach
attcmpt is by Wiebe (Heywood, 1988) u d this is explaiaed ta the foUowtai
cctioa.
Work t n a i f c r
A u sm ia f thit u is t faoctioa of temper^tnre oniy, rtpUcin( the rorli

trinifer ^ by
o r m R T ^ lad writing the hctt triw er rite in Itrmi o f
heit truufcr coefSueat A, v.,
8.S.1
Wkbe heal ftlesie modd
(8.13)
dS
The Wiebe heat relase pattera is biied oa the expoaeatUI n te o the

chemica] reactioas. la this model, it is assamed that all the fuel is iajected
before the ead o (aitioa delay perod itsel.
E q a U io a 8.12 b ecom et
1 d<?.
T
dS ' mC, d)
H e a t r ^ s c ond h u t transfer m odds
M (r -r ,)
mC,
crv '
S 141
The fractioa of heat released is ejrpretsed by the aoD-dimeasioal cqoallon
Thertfore,
1 - exp
h (^ )'
(8.19)
By dUTertallatiai eq-B.!), the rate of heal rtkased -r f r r t u be expreoed

Thtti, A differentUl equitioa of the nt order, reUting the tempertture.to the
c r u k tngle U every po'iat b obtilned, whkh c u b lolved DameriuUy'b}
Range-Kattt rotthod.
\m
CXJ
/
- \ M . )
(M 7 )
ti
C Eofint SimoUtha rjtl Profrewiv* Combujltoo
CoiapuUt SlauUtlon o f CI BAfint P n c t tt a
Bolii
SS
u d (B.tT) irc BOB-dimeasioiullic4 e q o t t b u . Eqaatioa <.17
c u b cxpnM td B tcm * o f K J/*C A u foDoir*:

m +n
(.18)
wlir
A .
durttioa o comboitioa ia *CA.
crvtk kotU
li
crwtk u|t U tke ttrt o f combniCioa
u>y u lu it
k<U rtlu d per cyck ia KJ.
Tkit U lli* p w n e U r whidi ch in cU riiei tbc coroplcteneu o f com>

biucloa. WUb u xtm ed Ssws ^ O.KQ ad , henee, a = 9.90S.
U ii tb puuntter cb u ^teritag (be r*tt ol combiution. Tbe

nuU vkluu for m roeisi hi(b rale t tbe be{inm n{ ot convbiution, wbile lirgt valuu o f m m euu U (b rt by tba ead of
comboitioD.
The ploU of tbe fuactioa x u d
(0 -fl,)/A 9
Fig.S.T
Heal nieatt n lt <u s fttrution of nlalitc ûrotion e f cen^ticn
fl-BO) for Mvrl
valoe* o f m t s t ihowu la Ftgf.8.6 ad S,7.
.Rowever, (b b b bcKer t b u (be progreuive eombaiCioa model ilace we c u

utculU e (be deUy period b tbii model from tbe W lui TeUlbo {WolTer,
vil. troca e<t.(8.15).
F iguc 8.S ibowi th variiXton ot brtke oalpsl wilb ipccd. It ij seta tbat
tbe Power peak occun it i ipeed of 2100 rpm._ Bowever, at OO
(he
power oatpnC fallt t* tees in Fig.8.8.
F ig .t.B
N u t n lc ie u / b c o o / nlaiet d u n tie n o f com itu lion
Tb bcU releue n U dtpcndt npoa over&U equivalenee rfttio. Kaowmg

lb fuel-air ralio, w c u fix (be miH o( ir dmitted. It ibould be &o(d
(b ( Ibt bove m odil eniio( (k c u t o f premed tad dinsive com butioo.
'S p ccd (rpm)

F ig .8.8
Effect of ipu on potatr onlpvt
....
86
C cm ptttr SlaalUha a [ CI E aflat P rvctM f
Tli the ditxicU nitic o iKe dia tl eogioe wlcb eonld not be prtdicted
by Ibe Fbel Oyele Snolitioa (FCS). Il fr*tfym| lo n o k tkU 1>* pre<lct<i
CMVt (tir t i dnpIicUinf the tetad tnjinc m ti* trend. Howevtr, t ti to
b cleirly W n o miad th u profrm ive comb<utioa ind eroMimeniionl
modeli m too liinptiEt*!. W iU llie Mthor Irie* to citbt}i tt Ihtl, nnderilndm i C1 eupne eombtutOB w d tnodllinf tb* tune wU b rwrdmg lad
by incorporlbjbltereom biution modeUbclttrprediclkxue* b obtiined.
CI EN Cm E SIMULATION WITH
GAS EXCHANGE PROCESS
E xcfdse
Develop a compnter proram lo limnUte prereMve combuition with barniag rt concept ksd fero-dimenionil, itngte-ione modcl Extend the beve
progrvn to nie twîone or u y olker better com butioa model.
9 .1
Intfoucllon
la the liit tlim chtpten w< k&Vi M<n tht fttp-by*itp npnnrtme&t In the
predicted perfonuMce chvK tcriIlct, itirtin| (rom ideil cyck u itlyiit to
profTctiire combnitton uiyti*. la tbii cbiplcr, wt wiU move cto<r to the
utn&l taftee by l t b i iato c o a a t Ibe roUo>iri| two pre<cM<*:
(i) f u exchui|c proceu, u d
i-
() hett traaifer proeeu.
Plirtker, w wtll ilio ttke frktloa lato accoaat u i n i emplrktl rclatioM.

We wil] cUI tbis uiU ytb actai] cyelc limoUtioa (ACS), u tlmoet alt the
procexMs are takeo Inlo ccoant.
)
li
9.2
The is ily iu of the exbatut and italie proteuei for fnll-lotd u d part-load
operationi (Chapter 7) w u btted oa the anomption that the putoD movei
vety ilowly doriog lattke and cxhaut itroke. Howtver, it my b aotcd that
in the actnal engiaci the puteo move* at Salte ipeedi, whicb can become Urge;
whtn Urje, their motion ezerU a coatroUini InBaeace on enjtoe petfonnaticc.
In th ehapler we wiU r-xunliit the b ta le aad exhaoit proccui (gas

eichiage proeeu) and develop ntw Khemet for foUowlng the progreu of
evenU. S in aU tbo of the g u exchange proctM b rather invohred in eomparon to other procetjt* in the engine. However, the efforl ii well rtwanled,
for thecakalated performance corve begini to daplkate rtl eagise operatioc.
i.
Gss uch sn ge process
Figwe 9.1 Ulttjtratei tbe gas tjichtflge proteu; a eoatrol volnme aoalyi
fita the problem easUy.
(
<
(
88
C Eatlat SUBoUtka wllh G u Exciuifa Proceu
Caapaltr Slatlitioa o C! Eafbii Ptxtctutt

dM
...i...
-d M C ,T
~i r
Fdf
Lin
<y
" T
F <JNiCawn>lVoIun.e
(p-po)Apdy
-(P -P O K ,
(
(
('
(>)
wbere Ap u the pton area and dy tt pottve as ihowo ia Fig.9.1.
During tne dt, let lorae air dS^ mole* enler the control volume bringing
io eneigy givea by
y \ ....
(.
()
Uavc* the coslrol volume, and the work done by forc " caten the coalrot
volume:
^ V .T .M
Dorng the tne isterval dt, energy
P-
P.V.T.M
80
lA|
|A|
pJp
V4dV
T*<rr
MdX<
JH<^
V+<JV
T4<rr
M4<M
K dN ,
(y.+Pow.)<A'.
(
U^dS,-p^dV
(
i<k
IIIIIIIII
'
Let lu aiume that no beal tranier occar acroM tbecontrol volume

bounduy.The enugy in the control volume at tne t + dt u
(W + dM )C , ( T + i T ) + U^dN,
UllilUJ
()
Now, according to the Uw of coiuervUion of eargy,
(O (O+ (o+ (') = ().
Ineerting eich tenn and inplilying, redueea the equation to

F ig . .l
ntlyt o tska*tt ta i mtal* iln kti vitk tlu pitUn mo*Kj a(
ipC
-p d V + [ C , - C , ) T d M - M C .d T
(
=
0.
(vi)
(
Ajjuming that the exhaust gaj behavcj like an ideal gas, we can wnte
Lcl o* fint coBdr the cxliauit tCrolce. F ifu c 9.1(} HhutriUs tht
dcU ib ar tb* reciprocU kf M pnt. Tht pUUa movt* feom botlom to top.
At lonM B fiai volom i
the xJitut | u b Pf, Tf u d
k l tk pfCMore, tcn p n ta r u d tke m tn of

reipcctivtly, uid k l theM n lo e i b kaowa.
At tLn (, k t p . / . T aad J / b tb prtunrc, volotte, tem pcrslon and

taasi of (he xhtttil g u , rtfpccUvebr, iniidc tbe cylmdcr.
(')
(.
Eliminatiag dT betw<en (vi) uid (v), we get

l dp
Al tia t ( + di, Ut thcM viluc* d iu g c top+ d p ,V ^ iV ,T ^ d T aad
dM
=
kfp'*'V~M
O,
(9.1)
U + dM.
C o u c m t b n of m an ri|a(rt that m u - d U k iv e i tLc cyUnder ia the
in tem l dt. (A j timt puMJ, U t a t u t t u d , thertfore, dU k neiative,)
where p
C^p/C^
Integratkin of e<].(9.l] yieldi
c
c
L<( po denote exhanit maaifold aad crank cate p r tu o n . A t tlm (, the

u ergy !a the control voloa * ii
tC .T
pw*
conitant.
(9.2)
(
(
t
;
>
90
a Batliit SimBUU wllk O u Etcktmia F rv cm
CoBjpotaf Snulto o f C TEoflaf P r o t
E>{uition (9.2) couU htvt ht<a writta dowa wthout toing thn>o|h tii
loiJj'iti, mertly by ncxing thaC tfae g u tbit remiu iniide the cyllodcr luderjx a *a du bitic, rerraibl e b u g e ol lite; wiethqf tht d iu it< li cutMd by
piiU>a mation or by f u flcrw or by ome combisUion o f tbc two u immitcmL
Since we wh io [oUotr ennlt u tb* putos uiove, we w tu t<i.(9.l) b tbe
form
dp
dt
/ 1 W
Tbercfore, tbe worklag Ibnn for tbt istake ilrob* ii
dt
T dt
Now let tti conikicr tbe inltJe >trok<; procctding in (he w n c ruboa, (h
MC.T+U^dN..
The <argy enttiat wilb m u i dM ( i poiitivt qauitity}
C^TJU,
fRT^dM
E.
di
^ ^
entr^y w tbe control volume t tirae t b
Y d t)
A more conveaient form can be
ld V \
91
pV \
d t ~ V dt )
(9.4)
Botb f<{.(9.S) and (9.S) reqiirt m u t Bowi ratct dMfdt, wbtcb are to be
obtainid trota tb c<)oatlon o f inid mecbaslca.
Wben a g u at p.T w itb a beit capacity ratio k 8owi tbroagb aa openlng
v itb as tffecttvt a m A (U . A b tbe prodtct of tbe actaal arta optning
roaltipGed by a id ta b lt diicliargt coefficUnt) b te a rtfioB at prctinre po, tbe
fiow mtut b couidettd to two rtfim n ; iabaoBic and lapenoic. T b critical
preuort n tio tkal deEaea tb two rtgiine* 1* called
and depend oniy
OD tbt valae of Jk of (bt gai.
where T , is tbe tmprtnre of tbe frb r in the mttkc pipe.

Tbe energy that enter* tbe control volm* u a raulc o the clioa o
t!
K;
-Fdv
- { p - po)itp d\i
=
PJtcHu
Wben p/po i>

ftven by
(9.8)
Air
i* <>t>*oi>ic and tbe m au flow rate ii
- ( p - po)tfV,
2fc
dji beiag pot(ve, u ibown in Ftg.9.1(b).
4y
( ^
forc F j
dt
puibed out of tbe coatro! volume by pUton movement uid ctrrei
/ p y * * >^
)| fir (fc -i) U
(9.7)
,u )
with it energy imountiag to

Tbe flow will be snpenonlc wbeft p/po tx u t PRcrtt ad dM/d i i gjven
/..(W .
( y . + pov.)<<^
y.JJV. + pocfV,
M
Tbe energy in tbe control volume at time ( + lit ii
(W + A/)C7.{r+<T)
|,
Combinmg tbeae termi into *n energy contervUioa ititement, cincelling

in d ilropping lecondîrdtr tem u, rcmlt* in
ll
4
if
C , p ^ c , { c , * y v
Here C , u d R ttitt to gues in the cytlnder, while Cp refer to tbe >ii Is

the ictake pipe.
T M
Now
^ = -
by
JXf
/ L /
\l*+>)/( - 0
x - V n r T T )
I')
Note tbat eq.(9.8) doei not coatain po> b lcb ti cbaractrtic o( inper*
loaic Bow; AdI mctttrt Aere (At fai ccmiitf /rom, sitiT not w&erc ti
yotaj.
Oa the exbaut itrokc, p b tha cylinder prtuore aod po ii the exbatut
m u ifoid pretiBrt. Os tbi btake itroke, p b tbe intaVe manifold prcaort,
and pe i* the cylinder pretisre.
Two oUervatloni concerainf ibe treitment of e<)i.(9.3j and (9.5) may
be osefaL Tbe Gnt ti conceraed witb tbe eveata at tbe end o f tbe exbatut
troke. With tbe pbton at TDC, tbe m an o f cxbaut in the working volome
ii
and repitient* tbe retidnal gue* tbat wQl remaia in tbe ecgice dnriag
tbe cext cycle calcolation. Tbt cylisder prenurt al TDC b gr<atr tbaa tbe
intake inanifotd pre*inre, p, or al tbe very leait e<jttal to p ^ . If tbera j
-K
g3
C[ Ebfiat SlaaUlJoii wHi C u E itciiaf$ Ftoccu
CcmptUt S iath iloa ( a SMfU* Procmtm

M OTuUppUf o ikt vtjvu , thea
txh iu il valir woold ]i*ve jiu t cloted
U TOC, umI u lh ptoa movei, tk* inttic vxlve will btfln to opA. TbU
voUmt iacrtkM wUl ctM k redoctioa la tiie p r e u s n m (kt workinf ip&c,
u i l U tkc u m time, *x^4Ut |* wUl low bwik Uto tkc intiJM mufotd,
d'MpUcni Ihc (rcib air. T b b deniified is fig.9.2 u Regin I. Tbe oatward
Eow ot citliuul vUi coalinn* ontil p u rcduced to p . . Wilb (urtlier pslon
isolioa, p wiU fU bcknr
u><t tk* 8ovr dirtctioB v l revene. Bzbxtut
t u wblcli fin t flowdi isU> tbe intaJie rouold wl rctuni to tbc cylder, u
cTdeat tn Refioa IL
iVeib atr will aot begia to CDlcr the cyliodtr notil tU Ihc exba.uit h u beta
Rliuned to tbe workisf ip u t. It n tttu u y to idea'.ify tbe ia s tu t wbcn
U = Mxit to get thc co m ct reiult from timulUioa. T b u coadttioa mwk* the
itart of tmK air flow ato tb cyiadcr. Tbe paipOM ot t detiled trtUmcat
ot thc Btak* itnik* k , Cor tbc u e o n t c eompatUion o f tbe mau o f (rcih air
ic tba ea fiat at Ib* itart of tbc compreuioB proccM; aad tbis ii cbievtd by
Iviu n ia j ap ib t ouU amosaU o f rcth air, A f, tbai flotr ia durog <ad) ittp
ia tbe cainercal iateiraiioB. !f ibe inininatioB b to be accurate, w m sit
kaow wbcn to coraneacc the ammlng ptoceu.
93
Tbe Mcoad commeot k wilb r {u d to tbc tccbniqne for lcgraliai

eqi.(9.S) asd (9.S). Tb roUoBt.procedvt iag(e<ted. Lt
/id w
ijy\
(9.9)
/R T .d M
'V T '- i T
PV\
y /
(9.10)
Now e<]i.(9.3) aad (9.5) taJu tb genera] form
Ap
Q t.
(9.11)
' Let OI define the nnjmnm allowable prtuore cbange for evtry itp ia
tbe iategraiion for tbe cxbanti and tbe iatake itn k e. Tbat ,
Apauc|<
P-Ptt
m
(exbaait itrok*),
(9.12)
Pn-P
m
(iatake itroktj,
(9.13)
wbere m i) a nomber u y , betveea 3 and 10.

Let ui deSoe tbe marimam allowable time interval for eacb itep lo the
integration. Tbat ii,
(
_i
(.
*
i.e. A (aun ! tbe tne for n degreea of craakibal rotation. We coold cbooee
n abo between, lay, 3 aad 10.
Now, eitber ra the exbaut or in tbe mtake ttioke, r>t caknUte A p . , . . ,
for the valae of p (cyltader preunre] tbat pievail],
Witk tbb Apatxi caIcnUte the maximam valu o f the flo*^ rate di{dt \w
Ing c<i.(9.7) or (9.S). Depeadiag pan tbe valu of Pileriu dV /di b calcalated
witb refect to tbe engine tpeed.
The valae o f Q u calcalated from eq.(9.9) or (9.10), dependlng upon
whetber it ii tbe exhauat proce or the ntake p rou u .
Oa ccamning e<{>.(9.9) aad (9.10), it b leen tbat Q ca be ejtber potitive
or aegative depending upon vhether dUfdi prcdominatei over / l or vice
Vina, k tbe Umit (and vtxy rarely) the xt Ierro [ (l/W ) d tl or R -T a
[dtj/dt)\ can beome exactly eqnal to the lecond term ta eq(.(9.9) and (9.10),
reipectivcly, o tbat Q cas itio.
Wth the vales o f Q and A p .u i
<* calcnlUed lutng eq.(9.11) and
tben compared wHh A t n u obtned from eq.(9.U ).
U*e tbe imaller o f the two a tbe determinant for tbat itep in the integration p.'occas.
r ig .9 .3
fartietU ri o/c<it(J in e tatlj nteie * n U
Figure 9.3 givei a flow'^bart of the logic tbat controb each ilep In the
iattgratiaa. It may be more ioformative than a verbal desciiptloa.
ic
ic
u
OI
O i
5i)a/At/ofi trtb G ms EkcJijige Piocets
OS
Coiupatt/S/fflTx/*tofl of CT
unountj, ttiai e<j.(9.1l) to compute the correipondinj At, nnt p bicorne*
leu thn pa (Regin ! in Fig.9.2); fter whicli Intt o f f u from the Intike
pipe wiU begin ind Fi.9.2 c i be pplied. Note th*t the Snt portion of g u
that flowt o Regin II ( b Fg.9.2) wQl be retnming exhaiut thit flowcd out
of the cyUnder doring Regin I.
It b 1 conunon pnctice to hive yJy evtrUp, i.. cloting of the exhw it
vilve tfter TD C and opening o f (ntik* n l n bcfort T D C . Tki) mty re<h for
the mo(t p u t in inproved Kirengiag tad Bcreud pcnrcr. The cUmenttry
theory dbciuted ktre c u be tppISed to nJy otrUp, ^thovgh the ctJcnUtioa
in' Regin I becomet more iavotved (rig.9.2). Witk cyliader preuurt p greiter
t h u exhattJt maaifold prcwurt, po> uid blet muiifoVl preunrt, p . , when
botb the Ytlve* a n open, jiaait g u wDl low ihroagh bolh the v ijre*. It
is neceiury to kecp treck of lht portkn of the xliauit whtch flowi tnto the
Intake pipe, linc* it wUI rctnm before freah alr cu i enter. If the cxbaoit
valve rtm alu open for a long period, exliaMt g u may ilow (rora the exhasit
manifoM throagh the cylinder and into the Intake manfold. When thu occon,
the engine performance will deterirate.
A complete treatment o f the g u exchange procen would take iato a ccou t
the velocity datrbatloa o f g u in the cylinder, alnce tt momentnm affecti the
Bow o f gas oat of the cylinder. Likewue, once the Bow h u begnn to cany
fretb air iqto the cyUnder, iti velocity along the Intake m u lfoid contribotei
to tht Sow n te . Simulation o f th a e faetn ti coaiiderably complicated and
wiU not be examined beyond the*e qsalitative rcmarkt.
Flg.0.3
f o chart for in ten tion of cit.(9.3) and fS.Sj [ite ti.(9.Il)}
However, orae forra of control mtut overiM the inUgrition, A nnifonn

Ae kC th lUp miy led to A P vilae lht rtduce cyllnder prwnre blow
po dming th eih nu t procea, or bove Pm duriog the inlike procm .
On the other hind, with i fixtd A P vilue. MCwivljr Urge Ai vJuet
jnjr rcull o overIiootDg the miti o puton tnvel.
The tcheme describid bove wUl work lU iifictorily for the ntire exhiuit
(troke, u>d for thit portk>& of the inttlie itrolu identified u Repon III in
Fig.9.2. Bul it my not work doring the eirly period of the intake itroke,
bec&tue if we lnlt pretiore cJiuigei to
ll
i
i
i
Apmt.
P -P o
p cinnot drop below po or, in other wordi, we uinot uie the relitioa
Po - Po
m
for the inttke itroke untUpbecomeskHlhxn P e Once TDC redied on the
(jchiust Itroke, the proctdtire ii to decreue p repestedly by emtU, pritrb
Now, let u deSne the term volnmetric effictency. It ii the ratio of the
votume occopied by the freih air drawg (ato the engine on the intake itroke,
meunred'at intake maaifold conditioni, to thi diiplacement volume.
The m au of g u in the eyUnder at TDC, A /ij, ii known. Bjr lom m inf np
the dM amoiinti o f freih air that enter durng Regin III, Fig.9.2, the mau
in the cylinder at BDC, Am, ii known:
Wbdc
W u l+ ^ d W
(9.15)
Then the volumetric efBciency ii glven by
.>f,
(M
u. r.
------------- ---------------- .
PoK)t.|.
(9.18)
In order to carry out cycle cakalationi that incorprate detai ofthe g u

exchange procesi, it b oeceuary to ipecify the variatlon o f the effectiye ralre
are A, that appean in eq.(9.7) and (9.B) u a function o f the crank angle.
Thii vahre aro calcolation depend opon the engine geometry and ihould be
ipeciGed by the reader.
CZ a fi fSImQ4tioi
C a m p tU r Stmal*toB o f C EcfUi$ F roeta tt
Uowcvtr, iimpl tchcma

in lv : A
Bore
ofu* U BDC, 1 0
tal^ki vUv
: A
Slrolce
p .l7 )
(0.0 nun
liO.O mm
U2.94CC
X u (lU #D ^
0P11J at TDC, - 180*
16.S
< lo . * t B D C .# -W ,
OperatioQ
FuU load
230.0 mm
Intake manifold preuure
la tm
t o b e Id ea licJ or both vJvm. G tn e n U y , th e zkwut I v e ire* b Urjer
Intaie manifold temperature
SOOK
(h u Ui ialtkt v vi tr tt (la c; (h e (pcctfic volom* o Ute exh isit { u i* m a d i
Fuel
C jo ffa
kiglier d u e l o iti U g li le m p t t ilB r a . T l i e* n U w i y u a y in e o r p o r tlt d in
Air>ad ratio
2.S
Valve-tiraing
As per e<i.(9.17)
Wide-open valve arias
3.0 cm*
E^xhaost valve opeas al
O*
Exhauit valve elotes U
554
w k e A M d i i u M* t k i w id e^ j> a n h e t r e n o r X , a d m y b m u m e d
ie limoUlioB.
Fiiure .< ihowi X /y w AAu
a k mgl* u per *<i.(9.17].
It my be noted (hU p r o v i^ a j rnoit b md ia th C om puter p rofn m to
incorporUt the reltvut k vir tioo'o Iko vlv* o tL* taste coacemed.
F lg.9.4
Vana(toii 9 t/ arto raiia j n er AfAx^ toitk eron onflt t
The E od lm rt<jaired lo eompleU the eyelc Icu litioa is Iftecp, Ihe

work tuocU led wilh lh cxhitul u d iaUke itroke*:
W,loop
where Ap deoole* Ibe ch u ge in prcusre ucompuiying ihe volume c b u je
AV'. The iuranutloB xUad* from ihe polol in th eycle U wUci Ihe exhiajt
valve optnj lo lb< poinl U rhich the inUke valve dote*. .
A Bumber o Ubk* iiave b n iaeludtd lo Ih chtpter to iludy Ihe effecl
of vviotu ea(iae p w u n e te n on powerontpnt whea the a cladcydetn tU iw n
is euTed oot. The m iio idea ia to prvide the reader with leta o resolta,, lo
ihat the profrua hea (omptled and execated ahoold give the aun idestical
reaalta. By thii, oa caa be aure that the projrim in (he reader'a compnler
is the tune u that ia tht Appeadix.
9T
Untess otherwiie tpecied, the tablea and figures given in this chapter
apply lo u i eagine with ths foUowing apecificaliou:
c u b m*d fiea btlow:
ckMc* 4t TDC, I - lO*.
G u x c u ^ 2Vocj
lolet valve opens at
527*
Inlet valve closes at
750*
Duration o f combostioB, Aft
50*
Combwtbn.model
Zeroîmensioasl
Injection advasce
27*bTDC
Speed
ISOO rpm
(9.19)
Figures 9 ^ and 9.6 Uloitrate the variatLia of cyllnder presture with volorne, durnj the g u exchange proceu. Figure 9.S elear|y Uualnlea the effect
o valv* area al conjtaat ipetd. whereaa Pig.9.6 dcpicU the effecl o f ipeed at
a particular valve a . It dearly thowa that th< work aiiociated with the
Kavenging proceas may sot be iniignificant, and aiso reveali the profound
eSect the aeaveogiag proce e x u ^ in the way of linitiag power oiitpat.
V
c
i'
. Table 9.1 Uastrates the effecl o f valve area on oatput power and volnmetrtc efficiency. It may.be ooted that the increaie in power or a larger
valve area li obtiined tnainly dae to the improvement in volametfic eScieacy
and comparatively redoced exlauat gai'dilutioa. It may be noted that the
Yolujnetric efEcieacy improvea som SSS to 99% io the CI engine and, i one
compare* the valuea or SI tngiae, one may find that the magnilude o vok raetric efficieacy is comparativcy hgher or CI eogioes ( r Table 9 . of (he
book on CempuUr Simttiion c f Spark-lfailion Enjine PToceii<$, Univenity
Press, Hyderabad, 1994). It s nainly due to the fact that in a CI eagine there
it no throllle and the Bow reatHclion is oot aa high at Ib SI eagine. Fnrther,
hgher compression ratio o the CI engine aulomatically reduces the exhaojt
( u dilutioa, which helpa in the improyement of power outpul.
(
r
98
Complff SlmoitJoii of C oie PrwroM

Cl Eaflat SlmtUtSoa wlli G u E x c iu g t P m ctu
Tb1e 9.1
E fft of v1yo . on powtr ind Yotaialric clEcknqr
[for tht
Spetd
Cemur
t
)
:
:
1500 rpm
50*
x/
Ti
Ala
(K)
2,0/2.0
2.6/2.S
3.0/2.5
S.0/3.0
J.$/3.S
3 .5 3 0
312.099
311.440
299.173
289.797
279.816
i.O/i.O
(le<ril>l by cq.(O.I9])
r
Start o f injection
:
:
N ..
I
5.116
90.771
0O.8S3
94.008
96.612
99. M5
Nu, + N.
0.980
0.9S2
O.9S0
0.950
0.949
0.943
18.
RAF
1.5
15J*
Power
(kW)
3.918
4.586
4.635
4.912
6.145
5.347
>7tk
28.882
31.458
31.744
32.413
32.938
53.220
i:;
)
I-.'
Fipire 9.S ihoiri tlit i( 1500 rpm, witk / ( *> /iu =* <-0 cm , preMurt
fUl lUuJily ifu r Ihe exhiiut vilve optni C BDC; whertM wilh 2 J cm* rlvt
m x , tbe puropmg b u U Itrfer u th rualt of compctia; cffect* of piitoo
movcmtnt ind 9ow golsi ont of tbe cyimder. Anothcr fcatsrt diipltytdi io
Fit.9.5 U Ihe dlffernce ia tbrottUo{ cffccU o ylve are n lo e i on th intakt
itrolK. With tbe imaUtr n lr e ixtk, tbe pumping toop u Urger. Tbe preare
uid tempertora tt tbe it u t of tbe conipreuioa ttroVe determine, b pirt,
tbe qa u tity of freb ir ia tbe cylindcr, whici in tnm, controti the powtr
developed.
lo
I'!
)
)
ri
'!
li
tdditioa to cbuigiag tbe vaJuei of tbe inlet u d cxbauit valve v e u tbe
exprestioQ in e<].(9.17] itMlf mty be iltered, imosntiog to chugig the valve

cun proEle ltclf. For bejt reialts the most deiirable combinUioa is q u id
opealni uid bigb lift vitvei, wbich wlU eu orc bett KiTenging of tbe exbatut
lod the I&rgcjt Litik of frejh lir. At for the thennody&mic u ily iis , u y
vilve urangement U permltted and niay b exunmed for itj effect en power.
However, i& prulice tbere are limitatioiu. Becanse of tbe isertia and dctiga
of Ibe valve cam, there are tmit to tbe rapidity witb wbkb a valve mty be
opectd or cloted, If eitber one is excestivt, tbe cm foUowcr will Iom eontact
witb the cam, rejultiaj in vaJve burning and, very probably, fallare of ome
piece in the valve.
Note in Table 9.2 bow Ti lightly de<reaie a* tbe eomprestion ratio, r,
ii incrtased. Tbii tligbtiy bigber temperature at knr comprtuioa ratio, vis.
12, i due to comparatively iocreaied exbautt g u dDatioo b icb reduce* tbe
amount of frejh air in tbe cylinder, accounting for a prt of tbe power decrease at lower compreioa ratios. The point to note is that the voluraetric
cIGciency remau almoit conttant lince variation of Tt ii very imall witb b creued compreiiion ratio, indicatmg compreuion ratio hat negligible effect on
Yolumelrk efficiency. The trend of thermal efBciency variation is as expected
due to the increaje io compression ratio.
i
) ;
tAe f u czckanjc f r t x o i
Effect of comprtsiloa ntio on pswtr asd tbcrmal fficlincy

[bt tb* afta* dttctfbcd by ).(9.|9]|
Speed
A i.
1500 rpm
SO*
*.
i
oa
Tkble 9.2
K ffctt of taJft ort
FIg.O.S
12.0
14.0
16.5
18.0
20.0
22.0
:
:
A M
Statt of tajeclloQ
:
:
3.0/2.5 em*
153
Ti
Powtr
(K)
(kW)
310.016
313.383
311.440
310.500
310.307
309.808
1.325
B1.152
00.883
90.800
90.478
90.244
0.948
0.950
0.950
0.953
0.955
0.950
3.931
4.322
4.635
4.770
4.904
4.984
R F
nth
26.778
29.516
31.744
32.786
33.778
S4.21
1.5
100
CI E ntU t SlmahthM witi C u E xeikat P n xtgt
CompaUr SlaalUoB e t C l E at*
101
TibU 9.3 iUiulrtU* Ihe tfftct ofenjint ptd on ihe powtr M tpot. Il ea
b ob<rvd tliU Ib* power b crtu e s wiUi ipc<]| bal tlie rU of uicr in *iKjJly eomtt down u)d d c c n u t i ifttr 2<00 rpm. Power p i i t pirticaUr
pN<i il Lunctcrtic o f tlic d icu i togine.
T k
l *
r
A i.
* . *
:
:
Spetd
(rpm)
1200
UOO
ISOO
1600
ISOO
3200
2400
2600
E A
16.S
SO*
S p
00 ? t m r
( f o r
Stari of bjectioa
Tt
(K)
29t.sei
J07.434
Slt.440
S18.09S
S23.419
343.844
S56J99
373.920
3S3.765
h
93.753
91.70S
90J83
90X06
81X97
85.133
83.345
74.933
73.097
dcribi br t-ce-)
;
;
3.0/3.5 cm .
153*
N
N + N ^
0.948
0.954
0.950
0.953
0.955
0.975
0.980
0,987
0.933
RP
1.5
Power
(kW)
ntb
3.997
4.450
4.635
4.835
5.133
5.184
6.307
5.049
4.933
33X08
33.284
31.744
3U 69
S0J31
38.683
37X40
34.985
33.233
c'
F lg.9.0
F i( v 9.6 UJu(lrU> preuun volume traca for two ipeed< lo r the enginc,
ipecitd by eq.(9.19). At ISOO rpia, preunr* dropj ripidly u oon u the
cxluiut viive opcoi U BDC u d r c m u elote to 1 Um d a r i th rcmiinder
ol tht xJiAUt trole* ifid tli lubMâint t ^ e sItoIm. At Mglier ipedj, vis.
3000 rpm, prtMurt c b u (< i p a d n il from BDC to TOC, revealis( how Sow
u d pbtoa mavamiat con p (. On lh iotalu (trokc, th* preMor dropt to
O.S Um, rticU ag iroosd 0.9 atm t th< (tirt of tbe compreuion atrolte.
Tb u p w (t) in th* fifure iadicUci Ibt potol in tbe intalM ttrole t
SOCO rpra whea (reih tir b e ttu lo (or into tbe cyU&der from tbe nttke
maol/old. B<Iwo b TDC u d tbe rrow point, t x b ^ t giJ flowi ioto tbe
iatake muUold u d tbea rctum* to tb* eylindtr. Tbe utow poeitioa is ibout
40* c r u k ogW rotuioa tfUr TD C. .
Al meatioBcd abovt, u d u ibowa in Table 0.1, tbe wide.opca vlv rea
may b* w ic d , u d th* ibape of tb* valvt arca c w * agaiatt thi craak u g le
may be alt*r*d dreiirdiag all tbe conpkxitiei o f tbe mecbanicaJ motion o
tbe valve traa mcdianUm. la additioBi Ib* pointi la tbe cycle wben tb vilvei
opto u d cloM may bt aUtrtd. Tb* Secti oT cbaaget in valve-timag can be
examised and art ib o ra in Tablu 0.4 to 8.7. A valvt-timiag diagram ihowing
typical valca for a 01 tagia* ii giv*p in Fig.0.7.
V/V^
Efftel c ipud on iht j u txcicujt fro cu i

c
L*t ni deaot by
tbe cru k u g le at wbicb tbe xbanjl vaJve begia*
to opea, u d k t f|a deaoi tbe craak u g le at wbicb tbe iataka valvt cloiet.
Lt tu cxprea
u d <<u ia t*mu of f , u
1>/
Aiw itn
in I
180+
1
(9.20)
..y .
i4{nal0
180
U O -li= i
Tbeae xprm ioni are cboaen for (implicity, ace tbey reduce to <{.(9.17) for
<=
O ud
fu
*=
(
(
UO.
. A* tbowa in Table 9.4, v}v-timing clearly bai itg ii^ cu t effct on power,
eipecially at Mgber ipeedi. T b ; reaioni are made vide&t by T ^ le 9.$.
Th nunben in bracketi ia TVble 9.5 rter to voliunetric eSciucy. Tb
preiattrt pj it.io atmoipKerti. Not* tbat tbe eogla* runntcg at fo b td ,
witb 1 atm preitore in tbe iatak* tnuifold, u d tkU for tome coaditioaj of
valye-tlmiag u d ipeed, Ihe preiauie in the.cyliader at the itart c compreuioa
c
<>
(
(
(
Cl Enxltt f/maUlioa Htk Gu
Pnc*u
103
E k I of TiT-llaUt oa pi u d rolgmflric KclBqr

at Tufou
T^blc 9.S
r
; 16.5
S.0/2.5cm EVC : 554* RAF : 1.5
A i , : 60* Start of injection : 153*
IVO . 527*
P l (atnu) and Volnmetrie effidency (?{)
EVO/IVC
(deg)
1500
1800
2100
2J00
360/720
0.996
(89.479)
0.990
(86.949)
0.96S
(81.687)
0,921
(77.311)
0.878
(73.961)
340/735
0.99J
(91.849)
0.993
(88.775)
0.993
(85.292)
0.993
(80.097)
0.977
(76.181)
340/750
0.993
(92.531)
0.993
(8.853)
0.993
(87.336)
0.993
{8U 79)
0.993
(n .9 2 0 )
320/750
0.993
(92.721)
0.993
(89.821)
0.993
(87.406)
0.993
(81.724)
0.993
(76.816)
290/765
0.993
(90,810)
0.993
(88.107)
0,993
(83.551)
0.993
(77.818)
720
Flg.9.7
Tble 9A
A iypkii *a/ct-mtij a;rotn/or a CI nji'ne
( *
Effect of nlve-linsg on povrer t m looi
li
r
: S.0/2.5cm* EVC : 554*
r
: 16.5 Aft/Ain
IVO : 527
ASc : 60* Start of injection : 153*
(
EVO/IVC
(deg)
Spted (rpm)
1200
ISOO
360/720
SO/735
S<0/750
320/750
290/765
i.
1800
2100
2300
Power (kW)
(I
RAF : 1.5
3.326
3.632
3.997
3.22
-
S.926
4.288
4.635
4.504
4.09B
.120
-.622
5.133
5.124
4.547
4.149
4.727
5.229
5.276
4.845
3,963
4.77
5.167
5.327
4.984
U t!(we lo lh miaifold prenure, O n BDC hw bn pued on the intie

t(raV, thc pbton motion lendi to mcreue the cyliodcr prtuure oppoeed by
floT out of the cjrlide bik to the intike mini/oId; w hid of the two prevuti
depend on the cru k uigle ind ipeed, u well u on the vtlve cv n pro&te
jiveB In e<j.(9.17). It my be noted thit uled of eq.(9.17), eq.(9.20) co
lio be ued.
The inIyj of vlve-timlng effecti on power uid other englne prmettr
miy be carrld itep further by alterin exhioit nive opening uid ntaie
vjJve clojng independe'ntly, m hown in Tbte 9.6 i&d 9.7. IVblei 9.6 nd 9,7
Speed (rpm)
( p
i n
l a
b t x k e U
1200
4 n o 4 <
n l r 1r1<
f l l < l c r )
(bow, im oD( other thinp, thit the combinatioa of n lv e trent* thtt prodncei
mudtnam power for a (ven ipeed depend mtnty on apeed.
In TWble* 9.< lo 9.7, the lataie valre openi at TDC u d the exhaiut Y]rc
cIo*e at TDC. In real enftnei, the intake yalv* U >et to open befon TD C whlle
the exbauit valve clcaei ater TDC. The period whea both vaKcj are open U
referred to u vilve overUp. The overlap perod may be modelled a ilo f the
pnciplet of tbermodyDamici and finid tnechaalca already dcKribed. OverUp
reqaire a aomewhal more cmplicated analyib. Durinj the ralv* overUp
period, one h u lo cloaely monitor the m u i Bow rale, not ooty throngh the
exhatut maoifotd bul abo tkrough the inUt manlfold. When ihe cylinder
prcuare becomei leu than the mani/old prcsiurt, whatevtr f u e ( that have
gone tnto the inlet manifoid wiU fint enter the cyliader, Howtver, If the
exhauit valve cbin g it detayed very m uci, ihert may even be iome kxa of
fnel throiigh the exhaoil valve. AU lhe detaili are to be talen into accouot.
With regard to computationa] id ie m u wth ubitrary viKe-timing, eu ly
exiaut valve opening doei not preaent any problem. Thb b not ao for the
intake procets. Early in the tslakt itroVe, the cylinder preuore p dropi b e W
the intake maniold preuure, p , and reroaini btlow pa oBtil BDC. At that
poinl,
Pi. - c.
A l the intake itroke costinnea, with intake valve or port optn, p will b creaae owing lo tbe comblned effetli of the inow of |a and ihe piton or
10<
Cl EalU* Slmalxtha witk Gu ExciiMft Pne*u
Compou/ 5Iiil*l o Cl Enjliit FtOiMut
T ib U .
T*bl .T
E ftcl of nhr*-Ual>( oa p o w d roluDiUk aScUncy

(.pl - tSOO ip s ]
Effect of nlv-Umiat a powtr u d voliim#tik Btlinqr

(ipMd <3 1000 ip a )
r
; 16.5 A../Ai^
; S.0/2.5 cm B V C : 5S* JlA f : 1.6
A i , : 50* Stirt of iaj<tk)o : lJ*
JVO : 527* Sj>td ; 2000 rpm
Brak powtr (kW) aod Volumttric efficiBcy (54)
t U J ..l i^
: 9.0/J.6 cm i : i 'C ; SS4*

; 1J
A f , : SO* Stirt o iajtcltoB : >U*
VO : S27* Spa : ISOO tpta
BriJc* power (kW ) ta d Volmacuic cS ck a cy ( ^ }
EVO (deg)
IVC
EVO (def)
560
(de)
270
300
300
330
330
360
720
}.410
(M.M9)*
4.M2
(M.920)
3.026
(86.949)
720
3.90S
(78.687)*
4.473
(79.275)
4.137
(79.053)
7J
S.61S
(M.77I)
4.352
(sgxue)
4.1S2
(88.791)
735
4.207
(81.963)
4.743
(81.209)
4.481
(80.903)
7S0
4.000
(S9.(M)
4.54
(t9.W l)
4.539
(90.097)
750
4.630
(81698)
6.194
(83.227)
4.939
(83.489)
t.0 U
(90.833)
4.937
(90.819)
765
(90.U)
5.209
(85.034)
5.703
(84.420)
5.396
(84.136)
4.4S2
(91.922)
5.056
(9I.M1)
4.957
(92.054)
780
5.347
(86.456)
5.916
(86.462)
.667
(87.014)
(deg)
270
,7S
70
(* Ifurr U bcMkcu <lmU ouluiMttk Hkkpcrl

rotr moviment. Al tne pu*c<, ( will dccreue, If tbe po[st o( th* intllce
vilvt doting b dcUytd for n S cicotly b a g p u o crtJtk*liac lo liiio n , p
will t y c B t a ^ xcetd p^. I b diieve tkii, bowevr, *bni(c foixt* ii rcqairtd.
TbU is, whn ( bamei iafSciently imall, ujr k w I b u 1% of pm tb calcaItiioo fhould be inUtrapUd aad p m w t b K t u :
p
IOS
p + <.
Thii will rev m t the dirtclioa o ow . Tbe flow o f frtsb r nd lid o * !

cxbauit out of ihc cylindcr willrcdBW p, wbiic Ihe putos molioo will incrcMe
p, (ince BDC b u beca paucd. Tbeie eompetag BfecU detumims tb cylicder
prtuurc al tbe iiutafit tb bIiJm valye eloM, or tbc iotake port a coverd.
7 b (Bgiae txtru a Uosg iaSusac o s powcr, u i* to be expc<tcd.
Wbil* cocnparing ngi* of diStreot iUe, powcr outpul to unit volume dU*
pliccmeat a coavcoicat siuare. Table 9.S compare* leom drcally limilar
CQgiM. In acb cu e , tbi.itroke lo bort ratio [^/B] and conscctlag rod lo
bor ratio [CRL/B) art a givtn la Tkble B.l. Wtde-po valve m a proportiooal to boreîquan. Siact com b u t a time
a a be auuinc<3 to b
fiu d , it k u ba takeo to b proporiiooil to tbe bort. In t<{.{9.19], a b o n of
(.0 cm U assumed wilb com bulion duration of 60*. Injectbn advaoc< li,
in all c u e t, k ( a( ooc<balf combulSoa duratioc. Other fealurts o Ihe engine
tbat ar indepeodent o f liie are 4 lUld bi eq.(9.1S). Large engine* ( b a geometrically iiralU ricriu} Jive tbe dutdvutage of poor volametrc cfficieocy
(* ifurci Ls
:C
dvaolc vliuaifie <&eUM]r)
and long-duration com buitbo. Tbey, tbereorc, ie<}ai vilve area valucf more
do*ly proportional to Ibe bor-cob, rUher thaa tbe bore-tquwe, iine* tbe
vohrae.o tbe ezbauit to be md ool proportionil to tbe borecnbe. la
additioa, mltiple injecton may rednce tbe combuition time. In tbcocy, lirge
eagine* c m produce tbe une power per unil diiplaceraent volume u imall
engine can.
The fin peionumce fijurei for tbe engine ducribed by eq.(9.19) i
gtveo ia Table 9.9, iboiring how tbe fsel-air rato a fecti tbe operatin. Rere Y
deaotei tk mole* o oxygen/mole of fael. lalake tauU old temperature, Ta,>
Vuumed to be conitant al 300 K, by deiga. Tbe dnrition of combution variei
accordicg to tbe empirical expreuion given below. Uowever, thii ticpreuba
i< by co meaai a complete ititemcnt. I'. ihould be uoted tbat die*el eaginei
oper&ie on leaa mixturas and, tbereore, tbe calculUion ibown ii for y > y .
U U u ea tbat wilh Y > 17,5. tbe jxjwer u we u tbe fficiency dropi.
A i.
<0 + 6 ( ^ - l ) . 1 6 6 ( ^ - u ) ^
iC
k
i<
i<
100
C Ealn Slwaltlloa wilh C u Emhutfe Procat
Compulf Slnioilfon ofCI Enfim Procatet
107
by tbe worlD| flaid in one complete cycle It (ivcn by

T b le 9.5
Vrition o ip cillc powet wUh ijin tlj

(|comtrlcU)r tlmlUr tritw )
CRL
Strolce
for exhitut v jv e
for blet vibre
|S.
Sptd
(cm )
Bnke
Power (kW)
A#c
(CA)
^tol
()
1.00/0.7S
2.00/1.50
J.EO/2.50
5.50/4.00
8,00/6.75
11.00/7.7S
0,862
2.645
5.241
8.775
11.683
11.171
25.00
37.50
50,00'
62.50
75.00
87.50
95.559
89.724
78.316
70.850
60.006
60.683
Bore
(mm)
AnIMa
40
60
80
100
120
UO
13
2200 rpm
R F
16.5
2.875 bor
1.375 bore
2 /W = 3.5/M.O 0.05S
a. 02 = 2.5/64.0 = 0.039
C on iv - 'Ion r*tio
r,
(K)
A'^ + Wx
0.948
0.953
0.984
0.980
0.982
0.983
- ^
The preusrt cbutge p dae to heat trjufcr it fiven by
P
where A,
A
T.
U
288.950
312.377
359.46
388.245
397.879
401j03
8
B
c.
X2
XI
MC,T.
heit trinifer coefScicot,

bterior mrfe tr tt of eogise volume,
bterior in tfu e lemperttiire,
m u of workmg fluid,
workbg Buid ipeclEc beU,
workiag fluid temperature.
The Duls problem with c<).(9.22) U iht cboict of proper vilae for tbc
b e a Im u fer coeSdent. The beU tm ufer betweea the w ork b f floid u d ihe
bterior tarfjLce b by foixed coDvecttoD, Md tbe vUue o f A, depend on the
g u vebcity at the inrtcet. A i littie t> kncnni aboat the | u motloD oiidej it
b common to s u lome empirical fo m o lie for CAkalatinf K,. Tbe fortnalic o
( i ) Alhley-Cunpbell, ( ) Sitkei u d RuiuntUb, ( i) Haheobeiti (ir) Pflkam
u d (v) AnAud irt widely aied.
Sltrt of injction - (tic = 153*)
Tbl .fl
wbcre Ap the prcn on chtnge tnile tbc cytiadcr u t rcfotl of pUton motion,
com butioa, lo v b to or oat of tbe cylider lod b t( truiifer.
M t o ]r-fael ntio od p6wr

[fot Ihe Bglnn ducribod by q.(9.19), O 1500 rpm)
(I) Aihley-Cam pbcll cquatlon

t)
i:
ComprcMoa ratio
16.6
Speed
1500 rpm
Stirt of bjeclion
RAF
1.06
1.13
1.19
1.26
1.32
1.50
j
)
k J /i
Y
16.5
17.5
18.5
19.5
20.5
23.6
Bnke
Power (kW)
Illh
4.118
6,001
5.714
5.312
4.996
4.121
28.265
31.344
31.133
30.623
30.177
28.277
Lh
61.57
65.17
58.69
63,07
66.96
78.67
where
B
P
T
Z
ri
cytiiider bore ia m,
cyliader prejure in ttm,
worktnj Suid temperituie in K,
worklng uid velocity tn m /f.
0.0< (1 + i)
9.3
K e a t transfer process
H t truufer t muit m !C oginn to miitn cylinder wtlli, cxliner heidi

and pitoa fice> tt J e optniting Umperttnm. HeU ii trutrerred from or
to the worklng finid during evry prt of ch cyde, ind th ntt work done
(9.24)
(II) Sltkel tn d Rjunaoal&b eûatloD
i!
K.
where b
KcJ/mh*C.
(9.24)
O - 0.03 fpr Heelinn-lypt direetion combuilion chunber,

O.OS - 0.10 for piiton chunbex,
0.1$ - 0.25 for iwirl chunber,
0.25 - 0.35 for precoinbuilioa chunber,
g u prtuure b tlm,
...
....... t....
C l Eaflat S iaalith mitb C u E x c iia ft P n c e u
103
109
Compuiw SlmaUtlat lC Etflu* F/aMM
Cm
Tf
d,
* m<ut pbton iptd,

g u U m prU u,
* q o iv iiu t dUmtltr o cylinder
(Ul) H o h ca b crg '* <]uUon
= <VA.
w h ere
--------y o - o i i u i - ^-
K,
c y lla d e r v o lw n r , (m )
=
n
p t tu o n (bar),
m u ( u Umpcrtsre,
m t u p iil a p t l .
fie
Reynoldi number =
M e u patea <p<l,
C
A lot of rcMUch b e b g cu rie j oat to Bod a. taglc cqumtioa to ait
all eagmet, ttlcis; inlo KcoDst the w i o a i Kk>.*. T k u U, indctd, t veiy
difficnll job u d (U! lucb u {au ioB t> urived at, oae b u to dcpcad Uriely
upou empiiicil fonnulM for tbt detamlnitkm of kg,
(9.25)
O for compmtion trokc o C1 e n ;u e ,

0.37 for oiker ilroke* u d 2.S1 for CI cnglati,
thtrm cosdttctTy of |u ia I c il h~ m *C "*,
K-
Tbc importanec o f beU lruufr in imoUtioB ti wortb a o tb g. H t

truufer rtdact* tbc powtr oatput, u U itdacei tbc cxpiiuioD rork u d c r t u tbe compreulon work. OuriuK lb txb&ut itroke, b l Iniufer from
tbe w orki flo wiU tul to u increuc ia tbe qats.ltty o f ra id u d f u c f ia
tbe eyimder. Tbe beU I rm fe r to ibt w orkkj fluid during tbe iatake itroke
wtU decreue tbe qntatity o f frab tir isbtled.
< )
(hr) P fla u m n ju tU o n
( '
(9.26)
V O T / ( C - ) K > / * * 0 .
Fricon calculations
(,
A p u t o f tbe powtr developed b tbe e ylk d a of aa IC engine U btcH^d

to overcome friction ia tbe viriooi compoaealt, ialet u d tbroltliag louei
u d ptttnpiag louei. Tbe cmpiricti reUtboi propo*d by LN.Bbop (i?X
IVatuulwBi, VoLTS, 19&5) bave beea u e d to cilcitliie tbe power tbtorbed
ia friction, u d tbe viriouj expretiioni are u gWeo below.
whtrt
/(C )
9 .4
Tk* pMItivt (i|B {| Mcd, if
(i) M e u effective preuure (MBP) lott lo overcome frictioa due to tbe gu

pretiu e bebiad ria p .
w kcxe
ff
Tf
S.0 m/i<
p r t u iir a
(U m ),
m ui ( u UraptritoK (K),
m e piitOB i p i ( m / i ) .
"incpl
0 .* 2 x (p ^ -p ^ )x
B
r
Fmtp
X 10
(9.27)
=
=
at
st
=
=
(9.2)
ttmoepberic pre*iure (bu-),

muTold ncunm ( b u ) , .
Itroke (ma),
bore (i.-jm),
comprexiioa ratlo,
meas piitoB ipeed (m/mia},
frictioa mcia cffeetive preuore (bar).
(.
(ii) M e u eeclive prttiure absorbed ia frictioa dne to w*U tetulon o f ringi
10 X
0.35 to OJ inereuing willi Inereued iped,
( ,
wbere
Plnf
s
kcil h m "* K " ^
x (0 .0 8 M C ,
(v) Auaa&d'a cqtiiiUon
w buc a
u d Ib* acgAly l(s b nt*d, if

Cm
O.S775npr
(9.29)
|(
|c
lio
C om p v ttr SimB/fJbt
CI Eoflat Slathlhe wtti Cm E x c iu t Procat
d j/ii P eoc
wbcre np, -
9.5
-i-mber oC rin ji.
111
Comprhon of simulated resutCs
(ii) MEP b o r M > frictioQ dae lo pUton and riagi

TabU 9.10 |iv<a a comparaoa f linalatd m a lta , u n g tbe inclkoda and
eqoatloni deacrbed in C baptoi t t 9, wbca ib t aotlvart gtven la tht Appendix ia joat n a . It ! avidcal, takbg alnoat all th proceaMi btto aecoaat
(Cbapter 9), how & can approacb actia] ea gb t itmalattoB. Howtver, it may
be caalioned hert Ihal the valaei prcdieted art oaly indicativt. More refiaemcalt o( varoiu m odtb ihoold be allempled b ic b , a the anthort opinion,
win be weU rewarding and theie art te(t to the reader. Kowever, tbe demon*
itration o f the capabilily o f the code validatloa with experimental data baa
been done and the detat are diienned in the foUomring aectiona.
(9J0)
whtre P,i putoD lU rt-leaftli (mm).
(v) BJow-by lo9
fatp*
V'P ~ Plia
0.121r' - (0 .0 3 + 0.00105Sr) x
(9.31)
whert / / = ped ia rpm.

(v) MEP lot in ovucoming inlet d itroUling I o
Pr
2.7S
I.
9.6
(9.32)
+ Pioif
rhew p, = <xhitu( bck preuure (bir).
tn order to valdate tbe compatercode (givea ia Appeadix) developed, ezperimenli ere coadncted oa a aingle^yliader CI eagine with a eompreation ratio
of 16.S, Meuarcmentt o f importaat parameten were made tuiag itaadard
initrameaU aad power cBtput by a nriaging fietd dynamometer. The detaj
of the meuttnmtnta can be foond ia Ram Reddy, (1093 b).
(vi) MEP absorbed lo ovirtome fnctioa doe lo Iht vK e ger

/
*N \
(9.33)
t
T*bert G
H
1^
=
=
number of intike vilve/cyUnder,

ntike Tlve dUraeter (mm).
Tbe vaCdation of the coda haa beca attempted luing the Iwo^soae modeL
Progmiive comboition and the lero-dinteaiiona) model caanot predict the
detaib acenrately lince they are emprica! in n U v e . Therefore, for better
predictioDj the two-ione (ombnjtloa mode] bai been aaed. Readen may iacorporate (iQI better corobnition modela for better predictioaa.
(vii) MEP lojt in pampig

(9.3H)
n tp l
VaMatton o the Computer code
(yj) MEP ibiorbed in beiring frklion

W
9.7
(9.35)
O.OSMX
ii
The engine performance dala obtained from the dyaamometer traib have been
cotnpartd with (he predicted reaolta ajtng the developed code. Elxperimeata
were cosdacted al full-load coBdilloat, It may be soled that even at falt-load
operatioBi in aa actual engine, the manifoid prejiare need aot be atmoipheric
due to reslrktiona in the flow pauage.
(i*) MEP bw rbd in ovtrtoming the combuslioa liunbtr ind wU pninping

! :
Engine performance simulation
tostel
(4 )
Tot MEP loil io frictOB, Fai^ ~ fmtvl + . . . +
Nt brake MEP Icdiciied MEP - FHclton MEP
Mi
9.8
Prssure-crank angle diagrams
MccituticU fficiency =
t;
tnjp
Howver, when ; u ucbingc procew is iscludtd, lomt of ihe frcllonil
losMi cut be neglecUd in frklion cileaU liont. Tbe tbove bise iou ci ixt only
indkalive, uid ihould b ipplied with ctulvon. The xprcuioni m giviea
ia ord<T lo makc thc retder fu n liv with frction cakciUlions. A uptratc
iiibroutine in the Computer prognm ibould ( i l e care o frction caJcuUtioo].
f.
i
i ;
Preiaure biitoriea for the experimental and leroîmeniional u well aa

two-ione model are plolted b Fip.9.8(a) and (b), for tbe rated operating
condilioDa. In the ingle tone modtl,tbe cylinder lemperature and e<)ivaleace
rallo of the mixture are asaumed lo be aBiform tbrougbout the cylinder and tbe
lingle Weibe'a heat correlatioa (Miyamoto t< el., IMS) ia ued. The deficiency
..-4
(
. (
C7 ixls( SJisiililia wiU Cm xdiu( Pnct*4
113
C a a p B U /S t o a i.t b .< r f C /a ) x
T k bU t.tO
o( under prtdtcttoB for tlie prtmixed &d ovupttdxtioa ia iLt difloiive mode
u t rcvcaied. So it nuy be coaclOded tbU the bm of tUs typ of model ti
limllcd lad w t f d oaljr for iakUl caleoUlkiu.
Corapukoa el v u io w ilmsUlloa mtlhixi iai Ib o [ls*

dueribtd U ^.(9 .19) U nUthi* k!r-fo<l na, JiA-F l.CO
In P i(.9 J (i), tbc compaUd prcMUre bteric* for tb< (x>-ione tnodcl U
lito preM0td for compirson witb thc cxperimcnUl prtuurc bUtorea. In
Ib u k ly t doabk Wcibtt b4t rclcu* coircUtloa ia t , wbick >de<)at]y
b u d lc* prtnxtd tsd difftulve corabsitboi. HeU I r w f c r u lcd M io a i u c
bttlcr 'la tbk model, b ea oM tbe borsiog loae u d tbc aon*bttraia| loae
tcm p en tn m we icpiratcty delennioed. U u obccrred tbat tbc compatcd
preuurei talijr weli witb tbc expcrimeatil valuei. It b alio o b jc m d tbat tbc
computed peak prcMue aad it* occurrcnce gn c Wcll witb tbe expcrimeatal
valod . Tbe p n n tin ploti u tbowa ia Fig. 9.S(b} or tbe two oac modeli at
ISJ cocnprtxiioa ratio, alio tbow tbat tbete b a reaiosablc leve! o f afreemcot
betwccB tbe computed and expetimental valse*.
u d cat^C ntto, Kr S.7S.

VkrUbl**
es
1.000
Stt.SS2
SOO.OOO
s o .u t
3S.872
g30.MI
50.831
WJ.771
e jo s
S(8.fi02
190S.20
771.M
SiO.127
S O iM S
0.000
9M.5S2
12.057
B4.eiS
POS
1.000
5SU92
S14.8M
U .S U
9S.72
Ma032
(a a ii
122.M1
W I .W l
I.IK
5S8.S92
1981.S90
LOGO
35.672
1347,986
800.218
507.306
444.901
0.000
937.813
1L723
40.220
PC3
LOOO
58&S92
3 ltM 3
50340
31.672
059.139
50J42
112.363
2S72.06S
6.56S
586.592
1751610
LOOO
35.872
1218.472
70S.191
307.485
43ft69f
OOOO
8JT.675
10470
43.943
-
>}vol
f^m +
irwp [bi[
iiTup [bw]
tp [kWl
>?klk
q
1.000
0.986
17.217
17.217
12J>57
S<j613
16.739
16.739
11.723
46.220
100.000
100.000
IIS
AC3
0.093
U8.693
314.669
18.845
72.638
728.0S6
77.765
114.091
2S24.910
4.061
588.593
1153.188
0.989
45.820
S12.465
G00.8U
267.M1
463.190
23.301
673.050
8.413
38.562
89.663
0.9U
0.959
950
1X.S77
R.'807
36.966
&4.123
12.013
9.661
6.766
31.012
80.422
o f th corrtUlioa U (hU ic c4miot hui<il< thc prmed u>d diffeiivt m odu

o combuslioa. So tbc model b u cd os (Iie iM cm ptiooi, ntiag tingle Wbti
hU rteu modtl, aa<icr>pricU (ii< prcM vei {xru lsijig lo tLc prm Lud
modt u d vtfprtdicU, o ihe tatcr part corrapondU.{ to the diffu iv mode.
T b trad ii c j c v ) / o irv td io tbU
trutf< r by ladiatica bot
coasidend in (b b modtl u (b< burong lone UmptnUtn u aol cooipated ia
llii5 modeL Fôcn Fi{.9.t(b), for comprcssion ratio of 1S.S, t lin lv (rend
(
(
{
80
r > l 3
ipatm liOOrpa
n f .lJ
^
Spl.|jO a.pa
1
1/
* /
*\ \
|40
A *
e
|20
SUikicoe
----- Tm b m
140
160
ISO
200
240
Cnink Mgles (degtet)

FIg-O-S
140
C
K
*\
SintkBJoe
* EipcnoKOttl
-----T m m e
220
Â
160
ISO
200
220
'
C
240
CnaiangtesCdegree)
VsnatMA e/ cytmder prtutre vii erani u fU jt t an'oiu moitlt
c
V
(
9.9
Brake m u n efTeclivc pressure

Brake mean cSccttYc prcuore ia oae cf tbe impoiiant paraineten in determining tbe perionnance of tbe engine. Figure 0.9 abowa tbe predkted aad
experimeatal m atls of imtp witb retpecl to injectic timiag. The ctasdard
injection timlng of tbe experneatal eagioe b 15i*, Le. 27* bTDC. lajeclba
timiagi are raricd 20* te ttody tbe effecl on tmep. I( b leen tbat aJcction Ktard (m om g cloter towardj TDC) reduce* tbe imtp. A* expected,
it cas be abo cea tbat a two-ionc model predio* detalla better tbaa tbe
' uro-dimen*ioBal model. It it to be empbaaed tbat firtber reSnemeat ia tbe
eom bution model b necemry for obtalning better prcdlctioBJ.
c
c
c
c
(
c
;C
;|C
l!(
).
)
)
n i
C Eaiint SmtUtha witb C u EMcht[ Proctu
C onjpu(/Sm ufitioB o fC J E o/ * Proce*
IIS
)
)
9.11
CR0 I6-5
)
Mechanlul efdcncy
Spoedo iSOOrpra
nniS
Fifttrc 9.11 tkowi tkc vanUioB ot inKktaictl tfficltncjr ritk retpcct te is]*c>
tioo timint. Ezpcrifficsti iliow iktt mtdktaical tfScitncjr ii
it mudmom
frhm the enfin* optxiUt U lUadird {ojKtioa tlmlag. Howevcr, on ih e r
c'de of the ttu d u H Injeetioa tniai ihe m tcliuik) tffidtBcy fti. it m*y
be tn thtt netther of the modcb predict Ihe detUli well. This 1 dne to the
mpinctl e<inUu>nj w d io frictioa modtl c a k a lu le u . Henee, proper frktion
model tpproprUe to the eofinc thonld be tncorporaed for better prtdktioni.
)
3
x>
a
)
X
* EKpenmu]
- ~ Tworonc
---- , Single ytfie
130
140
5 0
160
170
ISO
Injcclion tming (dcg CA)

Flg.9.9
d)
t:
)
r:
J
)
ts
9.10
Efftct of {njcctiot tming on iroA mean c^cl*e ffMiirt
130
Brake thermat effidency
140
ISO
160
170
ItO
ti(l<ciio*d<ih((dftCA)
Fijure 9.10 ihow the effect of injCtloB timiag on brike ihermil elEcieney. It
u ttta Ih il mudnwm b r i^ ih e m il efBcitncy occan
ilm d v d injection
tirain*, vu. 153*. On iOjer ikie of tb ttuiaira injettion timinj (i.t., 20*)
the thtTroU ffickncy fiUj. A l ca b etn, th two-Jone tnodct prtdicta ihe
w u t io n bttter cotnpwred to the lero-dimeuioaal modcL Pnrther refinemtnt*
Efftct efinjnteh timinf n methtnl tfftcKCf
9.12
Volumrtric efdency
io ttie combtutioa model b a moit for bcter predktioiu.
Ip
^34
C K -16
Spc<dl50arpai
riVlJ
^32
0
5 30
Fifore 9.12 ihowi the vu tion of votametric effideflcjr with itipect (o b jectioa timBf. It may be leeti thit injectioo timinf h u littie effe<t on votnmetric effidency. A i ihown in the fijure, volnmetric effitieney ii almoit
eoiutuit. Both the modcb predkt the detls wetL Howevtr, it m*y be ooled
th u combojtion modeb hve very littie effect on the prcdktion o f volamttrc
effidency.
28
i
ri
[i
24
fT li
20
130
i{>cr(ncnul
* EifCfteaul
- Tvouac
-----, Single ywt

140
150
160
170
180
IK
P lg .9 .1 0
ESc<t of njccfvon h'mny orv ^roie lAermoJ tgicietuj
140
IM
160
170
180
bjtioa tia( (*1 CA)
Injection ming (dcg C A )
l!
----------- Twoione
lil
kf
26
1!
C X -I6J
Sfccd tX < n
Fig.9.13
Effect o f injtctioK Kminf en toltm ctric c/ficiency
JXO
Cwapattr S lm tlitha ( C Eaflat Fn<4tt4*
9.13
EtTect o ipeed on paom ance

Figur 9.U
lh viiUtion o p*k prMure wUh ra p e ct to iajectioa
timini. It b Mil tliil the two-one model prdieti the detfl belU r t h u th
xcTO-<limiu!aaiJ modal.
&S
CR- 14J
Appendix A
Spttd-I500c}
n f-1 .5
75
e
65
ti
3
UnlU and thcrmodynamic properties

55
Experime&ul
- - TwoxQoe
-----SatltzoK
45
35
In tbe SI nnit lyitem (Syetem* Interaatioiial d l/n itei), tba baie aila ar u btrariy tbown. Tbejr are; leogtb, melre (m); time, t n d (i) tm p a ta ft,
KeKio (K ); amoont of labttance, mole (mol}.
130
140
150
160
170
180
InjEcton ming (d cg C A )
F lg.0.18
The derived uniti are a* folkfviri;
Efftct c j injtclion itminj n ftak pmturt
nn> it p fon n u ee picdietioni u d tke cxprmea(i corapuitoa, it ii

(B thal Ibe dtveloped co<l witii tke Iwo-fOM comboilion model predicU tbt
variou p u m c U n reu oa ib ly eU. Bowcvcr, a ort rcGuemenU i n n<iaTtd
for till btUcr tgrtmot u d thts lu k it k it to tli rder.
Note tbU with tbii cod &Djnbr of p u vn etrk itodies c u b mkde. It
tbe doir* of tb( katbor Ibat lh aader-gnda<t, poat-Knda4t u id doctortl
itadent4 u wcU u p n ciltm f ugLoetn n i y om tlu< eode xtcu iv tly for
v ilid u b f ibcir 0|!n* datk. Tbe autbor b u prorided ooly a braad Ibeoictical
(ttup for lb( bltr>(d tadeali aad m aibcni to work on birtbir. Siace,
(ource code fiv<n aad it alio is tbe (Inictw td fonn, any modlScatioa
rcquired for furtber r&BcmeDli can be doa< wtb aie. It Li Uf< to the reader
to altcmpt w io u i poaxible modificatioM ad ia tbis, c o l / (be ky i tbe limltl
The N e w t a (N ) is tbe forc that accelerate* a maM of one kik>grani at

tbe rate o f one melre per (eoad.
The J ou lo (J) ti tbi work done wbta the point of applkaion of ose
newtos i dplaced fay a diitanee of one melre in tbe direction of the forc.
(Tbe joule i relatively o a ll qnastity of esergy. In tenni of day>to-day
cxperence, ose kilojoate li tbe eaer^y releued by bommg one atrike>anywhere' kitcben match.)
Tbe W * tt (W ) ii the power that givei se to the prodaction o f energy

at the rate o f oae joule per lecond.
The P u c a l (P * ) i the preunre exerted by one Newtoa diitributed oer

one iq a u e melre.
c
(
In the SI nait lytlem, NewlODi aecond Itw doe not reqatre a dimemioatl
conventoQ factor.
In tbe ideal equation, pv =
vhtre
.JH kJ kraol- K -* .
Tbe foltowing are more coavenient A vaina h e e dealin; wllb engine:
2.06
cm* atm
mol K
c
0.0820e
litre atm
m olK
\(
r
I
lis
AppiadlxA
Coo)p(rSliaEUta OC xla* FrocM*

Tbc m o le it t&c unosat af a obitu ice o f i $yitem tbit conlaiiu u m u y
tUm<atU7 (ctU io u tkcre we cirbon
m 0.Q12 k| or 12 | of cu-boa 12.
The du nen tu y tnthia m u t be i]>cSed and tEey roty be atoms, moUcol<,
k>u, tkcCroa*, otbtf {>articlet, or ipecEed |Toup o( incb parikies.
110
Internal energy and enthalpy are itroag fonctiont of temperatore:
u (r )
r c .jT + u iT o ),
(A.e)
J r,
In th SI sait lytUm, tbe mole repUeti the p a n mole ((m ol).

The nQmVer of estitie* in a mote ii 6.022 x 10^, whkh k alio known u
M r)
r C,dT + x>{To) + RTo.

Jt,
A v o fu b o l c o o it u t .
(X.7)
1 Biol o f 0 } h ti a mau o f 32 g,
The temperatore Ti and u{7o) or /i(7o) may b* aaiigned arbitrarly.
1 mol of H} h u a m u of 2 g,
Entropy a more compUeated function and ii derived from the Ent law,
1 mol of K } h ii a mau of 28 ( ,
1 mol o f O hai a mau o f ISg, etc.
The n ( three are known aa molecolir wei{hU and the laat U known u
atrale weight.
which c*B tikc aajr ene of tke oUowdj Ihrte forma (for pV m /JT);
The ntcrnal enerty, u, and enthalpy, h, are rtlated by

lif
C.-5T + A - ,
lA.l)
ti + pV.
it
m
(X.2)
u + JtT.
'T
For ideal (aaei, we can alio wrte
Inlernal eoerfy u d enthalpy are deGned by
dt
(>1.*)
p
p
In lrod ocb i a function ^(T) deGned by
du
= C,tlT,
dh
(/l.S)
= R.
(^ 4 )
(/1.9)
the entropy diferente between two itatea 1 and 2 can be writteB u
C ,-C .
2 -> i
^ (r ,) - ^ (r ,) -/b >
The ratio o f the pecific heata t deiipiated by k, given by
{A.10)
Mi
= I-
i\
M
II
H
The heat capacitita Cp and C, ar weak fonctloni of pretisre but itrong

fuoctioni o f temperatore. The valuea of C , are tabnlated tn Table C.2. The
inperacript * meini that the valuea are for 1 atra preuiut. l^ble C.S gWei
coeScienta to calclale C ,, for gaao normally eneoontered in internal coraboilioD engine calculitlobj. The expreuon ii of (he fonn
R
If
II
C,
a + ir ( k J /k m o lK )
and b vad for the temperature rangc 298 < 7 < 900 K.
The Ubalated valaca o( ^(T ) are Uited in Table C.S (lee Appendlx C).
Since k |e<].(A.S)| ii not a itroag functloa of temperature, c<|.(A.S) may be
integral^ treating Jb a a conitant;
pV
conitant,
coiutant (i = conatant],
r w * -'
M - ii)
coutant.
Equalion (A .U ) will glve qnit accurate vales for Urge temperature

rangei. Eqaation (A .10) ii, of courae, more preciie lince the fnoctioa ^(T)
taket Ato acccuDl the temperature variation o Cf.
130
pptadlx A
Cowfattr SlmaUth e lC l Saglet Pn r mtm

la k mixtar o f fWM, U b , 4uoU a| > mole aambcr ot g u
131
Uie
loU l moU Bmbr f i* f i v by

c;
laUrnU w riy U, tsUiUpy JET, is d tsliopy ^ o f mUtni* w

obtuatd b f u ld io f tkt cOBtdbatioiu bom ick cou lU acst | u :
y (r )
B[T)
SPiT)
(A.12)
X ^ N W iT ),
(.4.18)
ud
nhttt tb i parta! p m m ft b
c;
fi
E -
T k * iB U raa l B w o r, a tb a lp y m
7 la t r o d a d i i f
oU opjr o m txtwrt p < f m ota o f m tx-
Under certn clicnm itucei, tb< Mcood ttnna b eq>.(A.18) u d (A.19)

may b aabatuitUlly larjer t b u Cp ind C,,
The molecnUr wcigbt of t mixture, Mw i* aimply rtkted to the molcular

wjbta of tbe coBititaent guei,
U a b u U I t k o b * { , f i n a b}-
c
W,
l.
(D
MD
(>(.J5)
In the regioB o f amall apecific voltunt, the ideal gaa cqaation a modified
aad appeara ai
5 3 . < (p .r )- ,
lh proptf noiU ar J K " Of kJ K . Wben writtco wlth km treua e,

=
X^Ciî
C,
lh p r o p n a iu m J mol"-* o f ralxtate K "* or KJ mol"* o mixtura K "*.

EqaatioB* (A.IO) *ad (^ 1 7 ) ipply onlx ( mixtarea witb fixed conpoai'io&i.
U tt>a compoaitioa cbta|a u rcaoU o f cbtnc reu tios, tbca tba btU
u puitiea u identificd by
aAd Q u d ar< fom olited from tbeir b u k
dfialllott:
(A.20)
A* a genertl rute, whea the composltbo of a mixtore of ideal guea a coa*

itaat, aaj property o f the mixtore, per nicle of mixture (when approprixte), ii
derived ^ wcighlng the eomjpoading property of each cooitituent accordg
to eacb mola frMtion.
c
(
(
p (v -6 )
Wbea Iba be&t cipaty t t mixture o f (u ca la wiitUa witb u p iU l C ,
Cp
M -M )
u d thea
*(pi31
(A.19)
V 'eoajtu it.
c
(> (. )
Iv a M a b M p n a *l I
C. + 5 3 i ^ .
Le
tT,
(
where R >9 atill the aniveiial conitant and b ii the ca-tolame which takea ato
accoaat the vohme occapied by the gas particlea themietvea. Valaca of i are
ahowa to be oae-third the critical apeEc volume and henee var)' amoag gaaei,
aa the follovag valuea ahow:
Gaa
b
cm /moU
Air
CO
H,
N,
0,
COj
UgO
SO.S
51.0
21.7
so.o
24.7
31.}
18.7
c
(
c
(
For a mixtore o f gaaei, the valu of l cas be approximated by
(
(A.22)
c
(
(
(
1J3
CcapiiUr SmiUtha o t C E a t l f P eocoff*
The ppnudmt chu icltr o tq.(A.22) ca bo obMTved by notinf tbit

u r h u k lirger i vilse tbui botb O ] tu N j.
Aii- coaiitU ot BtrogeD, oxyf en tad tmtU unoiuiU of tcverkl other |ut.
Fot CDtmecnni ccnUlioa, the lilU r my b 2nort< the mote frict'iou
Htfned to nitrogen u d oxygen v t u foUowt;
rji,
The rtio U z n ,f x o , =
0-79;
*o,
0-21-
Appendix B
thn, eh axygen molecale i* accom pukd
by 3,76 nittogea motecnle*.

WhOe d e tl t with the fiow of fu e i, it i* tuefo] to inlrodnct tbe coBctpt
of itagnation Itmpcralure lad to dbtnguUh it from tlrtam Umpenlun. The
formee U meuartd with a thermometer thtt ii itiitioatiy with reipecl t the
movlng g u , while the Utter meuortd with u iaEaitetimklly im tll thtrmomeler th u tnoYei with the g u . StkgQitbn t m p n t v u trc ijidickted u
T*, while T deaotei the treun tempentore, For i ( u moviog withvel<xity C, the relttioiuhip betwceti the two temper4tare U givea by the enejiy
eqoitioa
MT) + 5cr>
M n.
(>iM)
Solutions for r ( T )
Solotioni for F{T) O cta be oblUatd ia 4 ruSely of wayi. Two limpie u d

weU-known methodi tr dcacrbed her*.
Id o rd e r l o produce a m c e s i f n l a lgorilh m , lo m e th la g m u t b e k n ow a
lince the kinetic tnugy ii converttd b to th em il energy u the finid dtctltrites to lero velocity when it irapieti a g m it the ititloaiy (hennooieter.
Eqaition (A.23) c.;ntalni eathilpy termi per otiit m u j. Wrting them u C^T
pmdacU, v e ti
^ "* (0
a b o s t th e fo n n o f
F{T). The
m ore we know , tb e e u l e r it wili b e t o write
the a lgorith jn aad the b etter tbe chan ce that it w l b lu c c e u fu l in all l i t o w

t io n i. When ÎT )
O anict lo th e rm o d y iiu n jc a a i l y i b , w ith T rep rtM n tin g

tbe a b io lu te te m p e n to r e , w know a o b c that w* are coD cem ed o n ly w ith
p o ilttv e T ralaei and th a l F(T] m <ut b e n g k -v a l e d . The f o r m i fo t f (T)
enconntered & e^ enlly, and p rom in ea tly , u e t a e r f y eq aa tioo* m cli u
A i m eximple, for lir C , = 29.2 J mol"* K"* t room tem pen ton , or aboat
1 J g~ K ^, lince the molecaUr weijht 2i 28.90. Thni,
F(T)
H ,[T )-H r {T ,)
or
T+
K.
with O ia (m /i).
CooK<iuentIy, At a vekxty o f 45 m /l, the diffutnce betwecs T *nd T*
unoaati to l'C . Wheo C become* Urge, the virixtioo of C , with T moit be
ttken mto kccoant to reich u i iccorite vilce for the tem peritnn differencc.
f(T )
(B.1)
V ,[T )-U r[T r)
or iientropvc changa of ilaU from 1 lo 2, for whlch

/ (f)
5 (p i.r )-% T ,)
Of
(fl.2)
= s(Kr)-s(/r.)j
la both c u e t, T I* nanbiguou; thert ii only one lohtion, lo that a the

range of Intereit, 7* poeitive, F[T) it a liagle-vained functioa. We know more
than th u . In the cu e ofeq.(B .l), we know that T i greater th u T where T,
rtpreienti the initial tempcratore of the reactanli. Whcn e<).(B.2) deiaribei
an expanabn, then wt kacrw that T m u t be leu than Ti. lafonnation o f thii
lort limpUfie the conilniclion of the program.
(
(
i
i
lll
ComptUt SimtUth t f c t E a ^ t P to c ttf
A ppttdU B
126
Newtoft-fiaphion kerton lechnique
(
(
t r u c f y o f tbit Ucratioa tc<luii(}ae liulrttMl ts Pig.B.l Coiutnsct

ib t U a i u i l o the enrv U Tt- T he t u g e s t ia U n cc U w r> u d t T j, t a i
bjf dcfialia lh lopc U 7i U
(T i-r ,)*
(flj)
wWdi cm b oWed or T lo gvt

(
(
Ta
[BA)
T ,-
wbicli U kntwn u tbc rtcontoa tqaition for T j; & IxlU r ppradnution t

tk* Miatioo i h u T| MB bt compn(d firom Ti. By itpatd tppUeUion of
to h llo a UA b ppnelid u cloMly u we dtiire.
r;
fot coei carvts
fij
fir CDiuMvt cu n a
initia fiu n ean te at or B
initicl f s e i f otJ J ie a l
F i g ^ .2
A'(vla-i2opAion t^raCton
c
(
I TO. ERROR tnd DELT bwwa I
c
c
PCD
T=TOj
c
T2 TI
TN E W T.F<T)/Fm
U T N E W >400?
T o T -D E L T h -
fftv t o n -I t a flu o U nH on
U ordcr to um tbe Newioo-IUphwo hcrstioa stb utnrad incctf i. For

ooe tbiai, f l T } m w t U difiiutAtUbl*. T bii b Mldom 4 probkm.
Figtitt B ^ illiulnXt* lb lott o f probtemi wbkh may wm; bowiver,
*^<1 u ia Fig.B.3(b), tbe c o m b coackve Qpw*rd, tb u latu n c u be fouad
^ U y ilu tln g T vilo. NoU tb it tbe lolation U pp<acbed from abonre;
n c c iiv ( approxntliou m etch im tller.tliu tbe prectdAg valae. TVoable
b rr.TNEW<ERROR7~|
T-tN E W
^ a (aerU rale, Vke Newtoa-lUphioa iU n lio a eoavtrga more n pidfy

Ibui tbc otber a c l b c ^ . But w ned to know more tboat the cbiracUr ol
co N ra u E
Fig.B.8
nv> <hart Jar icriiion-IUpho iUratian
c
(
c.
.c
c
(
(.
(
r
(
136
ki
CompBUJ-S/aufitfoii oC l Esdi Ptocattt

lu rb in Fi*.B.2(), where llit cnrrUurt ii toncive downw*n. we rtrt U
B, h r e u a p k , (ie tiopc U th*t poiot m iy be tadt m lo c*h k the tuiftat
lo c(cn ccl (omrwbert oa tbe scgUrrt T -ax. U i^(T] co n u lu k>{(7^, u
tbe CMC o t, h u d ^ foiictiou, the pro{run kodd ibort. Tbli c u bt
voided by atartf t A, u d (be ohtioD hostd be pproaclied from bttow.
Sincc the tbcnnodynunc ronctio&i are compvted wUb cxprtuiooi IbU u e
not viltd betow 400 K or ibove 8000 K, T viluei osUide theM tniu m ut
be kvoided. (ActuaU), tbe U|lfteperUQre limt ti eldom ret probWm.)
Figure B.3 Acmt fiow cb u t for the NewloD-Ripktoa iteration. The cnr
cbirt is im m jed to ctrrf tbe ctkuU tbni to a olatioa for ny Ta, provided
it gnater t b u 400 K, by fyitemticUy rtdada| T by DELT sutil (be
rtcnnion exprtuon prodacet ui tcceptkble vtlae.
But tbere ire circimutuice* nodcr wkicb the flow c h v t ia Fi^-BJ wH
not coaverje. Thii my otenr f tbe derivitive f ( T ] dt>* nol b creu e oc
d em tM oni/onniy w d coBtmnouily with 7 . When (hli condition ii not met,
F[T), irhiJe inono(oajc, c u y be S-ihaped. la thu ctte, lome cu alpsiitiooi
ux rtjaired to dicover a isitiil T vilue thit wlU faariatee coaverjence.
Appendix C
Agebfalc expresslons for thefmodynamlc functlons
For huid caicUtioiif, the labsUted valae* of Cf, tbe conitut-preunr* htiit
capaclty, h, the eothalpy,
the tempentore portion of entropy aod K ,, the
reaction coM tast, are adeqvtte. Por compaler pro{rami, a ljcb n k expre*lioiit are re<}aird. ThSi caa be accompUihcd b lertra] wiyt.
The fooctioai are reU(ed by
I
A (D
c^dT + hiTo).
h,
m
m
(C.l)
| * | r + ^ ( 7 'o ) .
and for the reactioo

4
V ,A i + V , A ,
ViAy + V,A4,
n|
rao't Hoff i eqoation providei the valae of K;
I?}
iti
f
in
iff
li
f
ii|
V|A| - ViK
R r
(C.2)
With experimenlally delermined valoe* o f c , . onnerly dtvtloped from

calorimetrc data aad more receady from analyib of ipectroacopic m euoremenU, taboUted valu* of (be enthalpy and entropy functios can be preparcd.
For the porpoee of linalation, (he foUowis{ cxprctiioB b u been choMO
to repretat Ihe enthalpy a thb book.
A(T)
A + flT + C b(T )
(kJm ol-*)
' D
i b
i *
CoffieS*aU
. 1
f o t
X , - *p [ i +
t k s U
t l o n
Raactioa
Ha + tO a sa h , 6
C O + JO a*C O a
2 H -H a
20 O a
2H + O HaO
O + H *=*0H
C O + HaO
COa
Oa + Na
2NO
2 N -K a
TWbU C .3
t l i
t l o
K ,
t l M
q m
k t l e a
k n k aait cS atao*pK*rM
( * + j ; ) la ( r ) + ] fn<l far IMO < T < 000 K.*

T '
.U0740
0,7422
OJWM
^ .0 1 0 0
^J181
-0.131
1J182
^ .8 9 3
-1.7440
a
42460.0
9S806.0
33687.0
6T12.0
104702.0
442ie.O
Ha
-a48.0
-14000.0
108142.0
"
-2147.0
1 J
3327.0
SM.O
1480.0
1298.0
2312.0
-1376.3
-3658.2
3.261S
-10.6730
-20.8083
-10.3201
-26.8073
-13.1303
-19.8264
9.0080
0.6960
c ; { km^r* K"^) for f*ei

r
m
300
400
500
0 0
700
800
000
1000
1100
X2U
1300
1400
1600
2000
2600
3000
3600
4000
4600
600
6800
0000
29.14
29.34
29.79
30.44
31.17
31.90
32J8
33.19
33.71
34.17
34.68
34.03
35JJ
30.25
30.84
37.23
37^
37.72
37.90
3S.00
38.20
38.33
u
20.79
20.79
20.79
20.79
20.79
20.79
20.79
20.79
20.79
20.79
20.79
20.79
20.79
20.79
20.79
20,79
20.79''
20.79
20.79
20.79
20.T9
20.79
tb ,
37,21
41.30
44.01
47.33
40.68
61.40
63.04
64.37
6S.60
60.44
67,24
67.92
68.63
00.08
01.09
02.94
03.60
04.25
64.76
06.21
06.07
00.1S
Ha
28.86
29.18
29J0
29.32
29.43
20.01
29.87
30.20
30J8
30.00
31.42
31.80
32.30
34.29
36.83
37.00
38.13
39.00
39.07
40.79
41.66
42.20
HaO
33.68
34.26
36.21
30.30
37.48
38.72
39.09
41.20
42.46
43.67
44.03
46.04
40.68
60.24
62.53
64.03
66.01 '
66.08
60.17
60.67
60.00
67.34
N
20.79
20.70
20.79
20.70
20.79
20.70
20.70
20.70
20.79
20.79
20.79
20.79
20.79
20.79
20.82
20.97
21.28
21,82
22.60
23.46
24.60
26.00
- m
...
Na
29,12
29.26
29,68
30.11
30.70
31.43
32.10
32.70
33.26
33.74
34,10
34.63
34.85
36.09
30.05
37.07
37.38
37.01
37.80
37.07
38.13
38.28
29.85
29.97
30.60
31.26
32.04
32.77
33,43
34JX>
34.49
34.90
36.26
36.60
36.82
30.70
37,22
37.68
37 JO
38.10
38J2
38.63
38.73
38.93
O
21.00
21.48
21.20
21.12
21M
20.08
20.04
20.01
20.89
20.88
20.80
2 036
20.84
20.83
20.85
20.94
21.09
21J0
21.66
21.80
22.06
22.29
H"
29.87
20.00
20.49
20.61
20.05
29.92
30.27
30.68
31.13
31.69
'32.00
. 32.62
32.9S
34.70
30.04
30.93
37.72
38,33
38,87
30.35
30.79
40. i8
rV's/^jutr.igiîs^.,
'
...
V
/~N
-S
29J8
80.11
31.09
32.09
32.9f
33.74
34J0
3.88
36,31
36,08
JflXW
S0.29
30,60
37,78
3S.92
39.90
40.84
41J
42.09
42.49
42.79
43,0]
>
'p
&
ST
55
2^
SZ.
SZ.
I
a.
a
I
T k U C.S
Epr*km for tb *p*clSc het cf k'm* b<1 vi.pouri: e, = o + i T (kJ kniol ' K~*)298 < T < 900 K
&
27.H0
28.80
28.30
30.60
27.60
27.00
27.60
20. XO
62.30
25.30
38.40
3S.10
8.37
18.B0
27.20
Gu
CO
COj
H,
HjO
Nj
Os
Air
ca ,
C ,H
C ,H ,
C (E ti
C ,o H
CHjOH
Q ,R O H
C H ,
nibl. C.4
t
{k Y
298.16
300.00
400,00
600.00
600,00
700.00
800.00
900.00
1000.00
1100.00
1200.00
1300.00
i4 o a o o
1S00.00
2000X0
2600.00
.WX).00
3600.00
4000X0
4500.00
6000.00
6600.00
6000.00
MolecoUr wei^bt
28.00
44.00
2.00
18.00
28.00
S2.00
28.97
16.00
30.00
44.00
114.00
142.00
32.00
46.00
78.00
b
O.OOS8
0.0280
0.0019
0.0103
0.0061
0.0079
0.0067
0.00S2
O.IMO
0.1620
0.42?0
0.0560
0,1260
0.16S0
0.2180
h* (U kfflor*) for gu<
CO
283764
283807
286729
289684
292694
29S775
298930
303165
305443
308788
312182
315620
319096
322604
340499
367154
377309
396000
414806
433713
452704
471769
490903
COj
9364
9433
13367
17688
22269
27118
32172
37405
42769
48262
53860
69543
66301
71124
100974
131662
162907
194566
226547
258798
291288
324009
356919
H
363212
363260
366329
367408
369487
371666
373645
375724
377803
379879
381958
384036
386115
388194
398587
408980
419373
429766
440169
450582
460945
471338
481731
H,
290540
290593
293499
296421
299346
302287
305241
308214
311217
314257
317335
320456
323620
326828
343493
361039
379373
398076
417383
437160
457340
477926
498C79
AIk , h*
h* {G d C, 2 0 a .l K ) = 5#5 i<0 ( U fano").
rijO
57316
57376
0773
64252
67836
71667
76399
79363
83425
87610
91911
96321
100835
105446
129722
165485
182117
209392
237073
265039
293225
321609
SS0186
w
365894
365932
368011
370090
371974
374247
376326
378404
380483
382562
384640
386719
388797
390876
401270
411671
422114
432667
443433
464520
466024
478015
490537
N,
16780
15834
18761
21691
24674
27717
30827
34004
37245
40543
43892
47287
50721
64190
71929
90101
108539
127166
146906
164760
183705
202732
221837
NO
106865
106907
109895
112084
116006
120421
122400
125709
129079
132504
135973
139481
143022
146590
164740
183229
201931
220793
239785
268891
278102
297416
316829
{At. Uqoid Oa, 00 K ) -
0
256109
.256149
257061
260452
262570
264678
266779
268876
270968
273058
275147
277234
279320
281405
291821
302238
312682
323180
333783
344494
3S5331
366293
377379
OU
195948
190003
198975
201926
204880
207834
210811
213819
216868
219958
223094
226277
229506
232779
249731
267449
286713
304394
323411
342715
362274
382060
402054
4 SIS {kJ W l - )
0,
17200
17254
20225
23284
26444
29699
3J036
36442.
39904
43414
46963
50547
54161
57804
76394
96569
115294
135501
66108
177025
198176
219501
2409S4
Ro
Ie
E
8-
TkbU C .S
208.10
500.00
lOOOXK)
ISOOJOO
2000.00
3C00.00
3000.00
asoo.00
4000.00
4S00J
5000.00
SSOO.OO
eooo.00
e j ^ K alMolau atra^ t 1 tm (k j kmol * K~*) fcr fSMi-
co .
CO,
187^10 213.840
213 j0O 234.780
2S4.7W 289.181
2 4 .v n 292.098
m .9 6 7 S09.2S8
27.125 322.*48
2TS.74 334.334
2T9.3 344.098
2 M .M 362.ftM
289.115 S80.23S
293.110 387.081
298.781 S7S.318
300JOSO 379.052
H
114X11
126.357
139.784
148.192
154.172
168.810
182.800
185.804
188.580
171.028
m .3 l8
175.199
177 JXM
>
13a590
145.840
188.122
178.752
188.327
198.151
202.797
208.591
213.748
218.401
222.855
228.579
230.225
H ,0
188.720
208.480
232.708
250.491
284.433
275.907
285.825
294.032
30L424
508.011
818.950
319.381
324.333
N
153.195
183.941
178.348
188.778
192.758
197.399
201.208
204.459
207.M
209.944
212.388
214.853
218.831
N
191.490
208.830
228J)8e
241.778
251.978
280.083
288.805
272.545
277j a i
281.993
285.98S
289.811
292.438
NO
210.820
220.140
248.404
282.579
273.018
281.28$
288.084
293.898
298.970
303.471
30T.C19
311.200
314.578
0
180.954
172.091
188.883
195.147
201.140
205.789
209.597
212.835
215,885
218.188
220.471
222.581
224.490
0,
205M0
220.810
243J0S
257.997
288.68S
277J38
284.427
290.855
298.158
301X184
305.541
309.808
313J39
OH
183.830
198.980
219.822
232.494 .
242.235
250.137
S58.794
282.552
287.830
272.177
278.298
280.069
283.548
i i
>
*0
C
Ch
5<*
.-v
_y ~ " 7 ^
f'
..-^
) )
1J 6
C o n p a l * / 5 /in c Iit f e a o C l E a o o
pptodU D
P to c a ta
............................... ........................................................................................ .
C
SDUUnOK OP 4-BTBOKE CCJffHtSSIOS ICKinON EKQIKE
................................. ...................... .
8L0CI OKU
................. .............................................................................. .......................................... ..
C
IH THIS ffUBROUTIKE VALUES VHICH AfiE KOI UKELT TO CHAKCE ASE
C
orVEH AS DATA
REAL U,n>.Kli,KC.KHP.KH.l(O.WJLin?.W,K.X.HH.HAOHAX.KKO.
#
i!
KP.KPO.KX.KBR
UTEGE EVD.EVC
LoaicAL n>ma.iPRi(rr.i6UPca,iswET,HT_iKDEX
CHA8ACTEH.10 XV.YZ
COHMOH/OEOV/B,CT,C8I..8,VBDC.VDIB?.VI1VBI>C(T20) .VOLHE(eoO),
ii
f
VTOC
C0KN0H/THEW</aEP,K0LiriP(B),Pl,?2.P3.P,Tl,T2.T3.M,TE,T6.TA,
V1.V2.V3.V4
COHNOH/CHEK/KA. KP, KR, H(S ) , KA. XADHAX. JfKO. KP, WO. KX. RKE, m .
I
KC.Ha.KO.R,UJTAT.MEC.Y,TCC.tK,PKOI.VT
COKMDH/CPCOEF/CV.ACPP,BCPF.ACPA,BCPA,AL{6),AH(E).
I
BL(E).BH(E),CL(E).CB(E)
COKXOM/IKDEX/IPTTHR. IPaUfT. HCYCLE. HT.IKffiX
COI0/aE}i/CB(40.<) .A(10.16) ,C{E) .D(E) .EZTAfl.EAP.P(B).
PPM.FV,0(B).KEP.PIW.P01fEK.RPM
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
CQKKOH/IKEXH/rVO.IVC.EVO.EVC.AEY.AlV
COKMOH/UPECH/EfOCOH.EFOTOk.lBOTCH.lSUPET
CQKXOK/COXBUN/YCOXB.BRKAX
CQIO(0/IDIE8/PA, VS, BTSOKZ
s
)
6'
b:
r
i
f
e
t
#
CQKVOIt/HTMOD/KODFBT
COKMOK/VALAM/M .BETA.kDDFVA
COKKOd/OVm/PID.OKEOA.DmX.CAINT.AM.BDCKAS
COKKON/PS8A/CPR. DT. DTHDDT, IBC, lECPC, IKC .OAKAS. * COHP. m P . KCECa.
Vm.VtOOP.PSPS.KL
COKOH/ABC/TT. C O m . CPA, KK
CQKKOH/raiCT/P D ff, PEHF. PSL. KPa. m p
COKMOH/PRPHOD/HODPEP
COKMON/ABCD/DK. ITETA. IIETA3, L
COKXOH/TFCOK/COKDUR.M
COKHOH/HAX/PRHAX. ICAXAX, JCAMAX
COKXOK/COXOD/KOOCOH
COHHOH/BWOD/KODHR
COKHON/PRms/XVde) ,YZ(32)
DATA
XV/ I1{K) . n(K) , *T3(K) *, '1 4 ( 0 *. TStK) , 'P2(ATM) ,
P3UT) .'P 4 {A T )0 '.* VR
KR .* KP . HADKAX',
P01fEa','^TAB ,*KEP(A'n()'.* ITRI8
7
DATA
Y2/-PKIC8C) *. V! (CC) *, 'Tl(K) *. PJCKSC) *. *V2(CC) *, T2(K) ,
'PKAXKBC)*,
V3(CC). -IXAXCK) , ^(BAR) *, -VCC) *. T4(IC) .
*PB (aA R )'.*V 6(C C )*,*T E W . 'PC C B U )'. V6(CC)',

i
' I 6 { 0 ' . irEXP(J)'.'VCO)(P(J)\ 'CO)(B(J)*, 'VIjOOPCJ)*,
iniTCJ)*. 'p o m (m t)* .

'y o l. r r r . ' ,
t
*ADKAX . DffiP(BAR)\ BXEP{BAR)', 'BPOreidnO .
'BRIHOT", KECHEPF' /
GIVE MOLE KUXSm DP CARBON. UTBROCEN. k QXYCEN
IH THE r m . VALUES CIVEN RERE ARE POR DtESEL.
(C10H22)
DATA
KC
.
KH
.
KO /
10.0
.
22.0
,
0 .0
/
HEATIKO VALE{EBP) OP THE FUEL 18 OIVEK HERE.
HRPP 18 IX rj/DTOL. CIOHJJ
DATA HRP/-0.62613E07/
COEFPICIEXTS POR THE CALCUUTIOK OP THERKODrXAMIC
PROPERTES OP THE EJtHASI OAfl C0K8IITUEXTS.
THE VARIOOS EXHAUST CAS C0K8TITUEKT8 ARE
CO
,
C02,
B20
.
M2,
03
COEFPICIEXTB POR LOY TEWERATURES <400<T<1600)
DATA AL/2M180.00, S6B36.00 , 88M 3.00. 3131T.OO, 43388.00/
DATA BL/
37.8E.
M .2 7 .
40 .38.
3T.4#,
4 2 .2 7 /
DATA C l / -4BT1.90.-1155.00. -7940.80, -4SSfl.30, -663S.40/
COEFFICElfTS FOR BIOH TEKPERATUE8 (1600<T<6000)
DATA AH/S09070.00. 83048,00.S4670.00, 44639,00.127010.00/
DATA BH/
39.29,
68 .E8.
60.43,
39,32,
4 6 .2 6 /
DATA CH/ -6201.90,-16979.00,-19212.00.
-676 3.40.-18796.00/
ACPA.BCPA ARE THE C0K8TAT8 TO EVALUATE 8PECIPIC HEAT OP AIR

DATA ACPA.BCPA/2T.6 ,0 .006 7/
HOLVP 18 THE KOIECULAR VEIOT OP PB0DCT8
CO
C02
B20
N2
02
DATA KOLVTP/ 28.00.
44.00,
18.00,
28.00,
3 2 .00/
R
: SIVERSAL CAS C0N8TAHT,
C
C
RLITAT :
PID4
:
C
C
IST
WIVERSAL OAB COHETAHT IH LITRE-ATKOSPHERE.

PIDIVIDEDBY4 (I.E . 3 .1 4 /4 .)
data
R ,
ILHAT ,
PI04 /
8.314, 0.082060.
.8B3980/
PPK AND FVK ARE KUtTIPLICATIOH PACTORS POR PRES8VRE k VQLUKE
DATA PPH,FVH/10132B.O.O,OOl/
DATA STROKE/4.0/
C
C
C
ENGIKE DETAIL8. CBAHCE THE DATA FOR YOR EKOIHE HERE,

HOTE; B0RE(B).8TR0(S),C0MHECTU(0 ROO UHOTU(CRL) ARE U KX.
VR 18 THE FUEL CUT-OPP RATIO
DATA B,8 . CRL.VR/eO.0 .1 1 0 .0 ,2 3 0 .0 .3 .7B/
CIVE THE C0VPE88I0K RATIO OP YOR EHOIint RERE.

DATA CR/16.6/
QIVE IHITIAL PRESSURE A0 TEXPERATVRE VALUES BERE.
X38
C o m p a U r S lm a U o a c
itppudix D
E a f ia t P n o M
180
DATA CAINT,AM/6.,4./
MOTE: p azssu iz IS IH ATK0SPBZS28 k I D l P E a A m Z M E L V I H

TA
PA
TI
DATA
Pl
9 0 0 .0 0
1.00
3 0 0 .0 0
1
1.00
C
C
C
DATA W j l . t /
KCEXG : NUKBER C OM STm JU nS IN TBZ EXEAUffT SA8.
C
C
DATA CI>A,IIZ.IICEXa/30.0.0.,e/
B U U Z 18 K A X IM W A 1U VABL8 BUUlUO KATE (L m e S /S )
TB 18 18 m i e z j w ) ro p u k k e s s i v b c o x B u m o H mooel.
C
C
DATA B B K A X /W O .O /
ac
U
18 THE CKAMK AMOLE AT VHIC8 F U a 18 liIJECTEO
U* 18 TEE C08TANT USED Dt VIEEE'8 BEAT KELEASE EQUATIOH;

n 18 CENEEALLY DETEBXIllEO PROM P-THETA DIACUX 05TAINED
PIDM TEE ACTUAL ESflIKE
DATA K/3.00/
COKDUK Z8 DUIATION OP CONBOSTIOH IH KCBEE8 CUA)nC AKQLE
n KAY BE ASSUXED B S n m 40 n 80 DEOKSES.
DATA CaaxiK/SO.O/
VT 18 THE MOLECUUE VEIQHT 0? TSE PUEL AKD.CONQT 18 COKBUSTIOlf EPFICIEMCr( HOJUALLY BETVEEH 0.8 k 0.9)
DATA lfT,COKEFP/142.0.0.a6/
P M 0B E 8S IV E COJfflUSHOK W )D E I.(k O D a 1 )1 8 8ED THEH IBC-IBO
DATA I B C /1 S 3 /
DK 18 A COMBTAMT CBQ8EX BETVEZJi 3 0 i 6 0 IK P S O O m S I V E COMBUS
TION KOOa. TO DETEUlIKE BUAU. IMCBZUUrtS DP CSAXK AHOLE.
C
C
C
C
DATA D N /E 6 .0 /
IPTTIUl 18 7UE OMLY TO IDEAL C Y C U ITB SUFEECHA&OES
DATA I P T T H K , I P l I l l T / . P A U E . ,.n U E . /
ISUPET U
.n U B . rOJl EZBAUST D U V E K SUPEMHAjUKK.
isiipca u
.n u E .p o ji
c o u f b z s s o k d r iy e ic
suPEscHA&aan o t
oeak
CPSIUX 18 KAXIWM ALLOVABLE PtESSUKE E18E BATE 01 ATX/DEC.CA

DATA PBXAX/IO.O/
C
NODCOK IS THE COMBUSTION XOOa USEO.
o aim
I ? AXy OXE 0 7 THE ABOVS I S TBUE, THEM I P T i m 8E0UU) BE . T U S .
POS ZE0 DIKEJISIONAL COMBUSTION MOOa UQOCOH -2

PO PaOOBESBIVE COXB8TI01I MODEL KOOCOH -1
DATA MOOCOM/3/
MODBE 18 TEE BEAT RELEASE HOOEL USHO
DATA K i a W i /
KOlVSP 18 TEE XOISL POS ENOOIE PKICTIOK
SPEED. OP TEE ENQIKE
DATA K OO PSP /1/
DATA I6 U P E T .IS U P C H /.P A L 8 E ...T W 1 E ./

DATA I S U P E T ,I 8 U P c a /.T S E .,.F A I B ,/
DATA E P K /1 6 0 0 .0 /
DATA IS U P E T .fS P C H /.r A IS ? .. .P A lfiE ./
EKO
EPOCOM AMD EPOTUl AAE EPTICIEMOIES OP C0KPBE8S0K k T U E B Q S .

DATA E P O e O N ,E P 0 1 V I /0 .9 ,0 .9 /
-C
C
NAIK F K O a U X
AEV 4 AIV A lE HAZ. A U A OP O P E N U O QP GCEAUST i INTACE

VALVU U
SqUAIE CM.
DATA A E V .A I V /a .O .a . /
VALVC 10111108 I
DATA E V 0 .E V C ,1 V 0 ,I V C / M 0 .5 S 4 .I 2 T ,7 M /
CP t CV A U
TES 8PEC1P1C BEAT AT C O m A X T VOUlXB
AND COUSTAVT P U 8 8 U U lESPECTIYELY (CJ/KXOL)

DATA U , C V / 1 . 4 , 2 . a 9 /
PiKP t PENP m
ULET k m u jsT KAvzpou) n E sso m .
P8L 18 TUS PI8T0M B K U T LEVOTa k KPS 18 THE VOHBEX OP

PISTOK u n o s .
DATA P D t P .P Z X P .P S L .K P i /l .O .l .O .f l .O .S /
KODPBT IB THE EEAT TUMSPEB MODEL V8ES U
THE 8UBU3UTIKE
EZAT TSANSPEE (STKANS)

DATA K OOPHT//
KOOrVA 18 KOCEL POl VALVS AEEA lED IN THE SUBaOUTXXE
VALVAE.
SFECIPY E m
COMMaM/GEOK/B. CE, CU.,(.VBDC,VDI8P. VDVBOC(T30). VOLUXElBOO),

VTDO
C0MK0H/OEN/CB(4O,4).A(tO,16) . 0 ( 5 ) .D(6),EETAH.KAP.P(E).
I
. . PFM,PVN,a(6),MP,PID4.P0yB,RFM
C0M}<0H/THElW/HSP,M0UfTP(8),Pl,Pa,?3.P4,Tl.T2.T3.T4,TS,T6.rA.
I
V1,VJ,Y3,V4
OPEK(UXIT - 11, PILE - 'CIMJMM.OT*)
VEITE(,*) EKTER C0KPSES810NBATIO
:*
ZAD{,*> CR
m i E ( , ) EHtER SAP
KAD(*,> RAP
,
T tE C .* ) EKIER Pl(ATX)
, EEAD(,> P:
DI k BETA IP KODPYA 2 IS U8ED.
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
W ITEC*,) EHTER
BEAOC*,*) EPM
SPEEO (RPM)
..
C
C
CALL e s
IN t a i s SUBBOUnNE AIS STANDABODIESEL CYCLE (ASOEL) IS
8IMUUTED, .
.
. ...I ,
I ,,,
DATA HOOPVA/l/
CAIMT 18 TES CRAKK AMOLE IKTESVAL - I AX IS AKOTSU

PACTOI.
T V m AlE V m IN SWROUmB OSa JUO
THEU VALUE8 6B0UU) BB BETVEEJI 3 t 1 0 .'
......................................................
1^0
CompattfSlotUtha oC! EniiaoPratatt*

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
II
R)
M
N
N
N
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
pptadbsD
IT CALCinUlTCS P,V,T VALUES AT STATE P0IKT8 TO 4 IX

C
c
c
C
THE CYCLE.
mSKIKO K E M W IS AE8UHB0 It) BE AIR 1TH COHSTAKT C?
AMD CV VALUES.
THEXH 18 KO PESSUHE XISB DUSDO.COMBUSTION AXD DHLY
CUT m 8ATI0 IS TO BE QIVEK.
COKBUSTIOK IB ASSUKED TO BE ADIABAHC AHD AT COKETAIT
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
CALL P R i m
T8I8 SOBROUriKE P8IKTS OUT RESVLTS
ALTEBATI0N8 KAY BE KADE TO OET THE PEIKT OUT I
THE IBJUIRED SrfLE
CLOSB(UHIT - 11)
STOP
EXD
PEESSURE.
SUBROUnKB es
CAIi. FC8
IN THI8 6UBR0TIKE FUEL-AIR CYCU (FC8) 18 SIHUUTEO.
IT CALCUUTES P.V.T VALUES AT STATE POIHTS O TO IH THE
REAL U.KP.Kt.KC.KEP. KH. O, WJLVTP.IIA, K.MADKAX.IKQ.

HP.KPO.HX
CHAKACm*10 XV,YZ
UX5ICAL IPTTHR.IPRIHI.IBUPCB.lBUPET.PVPRJfT
COKK0X/0E0K/B,C.CRL.S.VBDC,VDISP.VDVBDC(72O),V0LXE(8OO),
VTK
THE CYCLE
THE IfCRKIKO KEDIUK IS ASSWED TO BE FUEL AKD AIS WIIB
VASIABLE CP AND CV VALUES.
P82SSURE CUAUQE DUE TO COKBUSTIOK IS CALCUUTEO USIHQ
THE AOIABAnC H.AHE TEXPESATUBE CALCUUnOKS.
THE CDKBUSriOH IS ASSUKED TO BE IKSTAJTAJEOUS AKD AT
COKMOH/TKERM/HRP, MOLYTP(6 ),P1.PJ,PJ. P4, TI. ra.TJ, T4. TS.T6. TA,

Vl.V2.V3.V4
CONSIAKT PHESBURE.
COKMOX/CKEH/EA, KP. KR, K (S), HA, KAIDIAX. m . NP, KPO. NX. m , m .

CAa PCS
THIS SUBRQUTIHE SIKULATES lOEAi DIESEL CYCU IfITH PROCRESSIVE
HC,KH,KO.R,RUTAI.MIX,T,YCC,YNIN.PMOLlfT
COKMO/C?CCEF/CV.ACPF.fiCPF.ACPA.BCPA,AL(6),Afl(6).
BL(5) ,BB(E),a(S),CB(S)
COIOK/ARRAY/DELV(r60) .DV(T60).PCBOO) ,DEU((800) ,DELP(800).
THETA(800),V(800)
COHKOX/OEH/CB(4 0 ,4 ),A(10,1 6 ) ,0 ( 5 ) ,D(5) .EETAH.RAF,F( 6 ) .
F P H ,m ,0 (6 ) .KEP.Pm .PO m .RPK
COKMOX/IOnS/FA. VR. STUKE
COKBl/STIOH (PCS)
IT CALCUUTES P.V.T VALUES AT VARKWS POIHTS O? IHTEREST
AKD ALSO VALUES OF PRESSURE k VOLXE POR EVESY DECEEE
CRAMK AKCLE.
THE lOBJflHC KEOrUH 18 AKSXEO 10 BE FUEI. m
AI VITH
VA8IABLE CP m CV VALUES
COMBUSTION IS ASSWED TQ TAKE PUCE OVER PERIOD 07 CBANK
AKCLE ROTATIOH ANO THE PRESSURE SIBE DUE TU COKBUSTIOH
18 CALCUUTEO USIKQ PBEORESSIVE COKBUSTIOK.
KEAT
T IU N S F E K
EFTECT
IS
COKXOS/PSSA/CPR. DT, DTHDDT,IBC,IECPC.IEC,QAB)(AS,WCOKP. nJCP. HCEIO,

VKET.IfUWP.PSPS.KL
COKOX/PRIKT8/JV(16). YZ (M )
COKKOH/ABC/WT.COKEFP,CPA.HK
IU C L W K D .
STATEKEHT FUHCTION CEPUtlTIOH FOR THE CALCUUTIO* OF

'
VOLUKE AT VARIOUS CRAH AKQLE8.
VOL(THETAS)-VDISP*(CR/(CR-1.)-(t. -C08(THETAK)>/2.
CALI ACS
141
THIS SUBROUTira SIHUUTES AM ACTUAL DIESEL CYCLK (ACS).

IT CALCUUTES P.V.t VALUES AT THE VARIOUS POIHT OF IKIEBEST
AHD ALSO VALUES OP PRESSURE t VDLKE AT VARIOUS CRAKK AKCLES.
THE VOaXIHQ KEOIUH 18 ASSUKED TO BE FUEL AHD AIR VITH
(CRL/S) -. 6.5(JRT( (3. CRL/) J-(AB8 (SIH(rtETAI))) ?))

WITEdt.SSS)
65S
VARIABLE CP AKD CV VALUES.

PROGRESSIVE COKBUSTIOK 18 ASSUXEO AHD HEAT TRAHSFER
EFTECT IS IHCLUDED.
PROVISIOMS ARE KADE Tt) INCORPORATE VARIOUS HODELS FOR
COKBUSTIOH. KEAT TRAKSFER ANO VALVE AREA CALCUUTIONS.
CAS EXCHAJCE PROCESES IB INCLUDED AND THE E m C T OF
VALVE OVERLAP CAN BE STUDIED.
F0R)aT(20X.'8DWUTI0H OF AIR STANDARD DIESEL CYCLE',//JOI.

1 38(B-))
IPRI-0
PVPRKT-.TRUE.
PSPS-RPN/120.
IF(BTOKE.EQ.2.)PSP8-RPH/60.
VDISP - PIMB*B*8*l.0E-O9
VBDC C/{CR-1.)*VDI8P
VTTC - YBDC-VBISP
:(
143
CoaptUr SimuhOf el Cl <b freceiw

va
V
Vi
n
pftadbcD
- VIDC
- VB6C
- V3Vt
- T i a (a - i .)
{(
0 (2 3 ,1 ) - 0.0
'(
ca(33,i) iran
0 ( 2 4 .0 - POVEB
0 (2 B .l) - ECTiH
T4 - n*(V3/VB0C)**(U- l.)
P4 - P9/((V 4/V9)**u )
C8(37.1) - 1.0
0 (3 8 .1 ) - m
0 (2 0 .1 ) - WP
0 (3 0 ,1 ) - POVEB
0 (3 1 ,1 ) - ETAa
0 (3 3 .1 ) 100.0
TO 0E7 P-V VALOS SKI PW M r -.lEUE. IS THIS BUBEflirriHE
IP(.K07.PVPm) 00 TO 108
ITE(11,600)
VU u m
K
(
0 ( 2 6 .J ) - 10000000
KUKBa cp kxou ik tbe c y c u .
coxp - cv*(n-Ti)*iu
VC0K8 - K *(n - n )*iu
.
vaof - CV(T3-T4)IU
m r m p * vcoxn - coxp
B T M - (l.O - ( T 4 - r i ) / ( U * ( n - T 3 ) } } * l ( . 0
p o m - raT*P8Pi*.ooi
KEP - mT/(VDISP*PrM)
as
c a ( 3 0 ,l) ' VCOKP

C S (3 l,l) -HCOQ
ra - ptcx**u
n - vi*ta
- pa
KA - (Pln'K)CVMC*m)*lOOO.O/CTl)
14>
iF(iFU.Bq.o) n x n iii.x )
pouuT(y/a,7a(iH- )m . 'cb* .ex, -tio .bx. 'l a u ) ,6X, 'l a m .n .

l
*14(0 ',ax, M ETaJ/KOL) * ,*X. OmH' ./6X,73{Ut-))
n m d i . u } c K .n ,n .n .T 4 .r a T ,iK r ia
so
n m .x ( j s x . r 6 . 7 . 4 X , n . o , m i . 3 j i 3 .i , r u . a / / s x . 7 3 i B - } )
n m (U .40 )E E T A l
40- P3m T(//SX.*AIK 8TNDAU m T lC m C t lS DIESEL CTC1 - ,n .3 ,
X 7 /)
133 FDm T(SX.Tn0.3)

C 8 (l. - Pi
08(3,1) - VBOC1.0BO
C8(3,l) - n
a a (4 ,i) P 3
CB(8,1) P VTDCl.0EO6
O ( e . l ) - T3
CB(7.1)- P3
0 ( 8 , 1 ) - V3*1.0E*Oa
CH(9,1) - T3
CB(10,1) - P4
CSdl.l) " VBOC*1.0EOa
C8(13,l) - T4
CB(13.1} - 10000000
CB(14,1) - 10000000
C8(ie,i} - 100000000
CB(16,1) - 100000000
(
(
(
(
600 POEJai(8X.AllOL'.8X, PUS8UI ,6X.*V0LE7,

I
6X. Dea.*,8X,' UTO) * ,M , (K3) '/)
PH>*3.1416926/ia0.
XKCa-io
v(D-voL(pn))
P(l)-Pl
DO 700 1-1,178
THBTJUl-(I*l)*Pn)
v (m )- m (iH 2TJUi)
P(I+1)-P(I) (V (I)A (I+ 1))**U '
700 CONTUlUE
I 800 > 1 .1 8 0 ,
K-J-1
m T E (ll,7M ) X,P(J),V(J)
Boo com njz
VSXrB(11.7S0} X,F(180),V(1B0]
P(I80)-3
V(180)-VOt(lO*PIO)
DO 900 1-180,369
IHE7Ail-(I+l)*ID
V(I*1)-V0L(IHCTAR)
p(ii)- p(i)/((v(ifi)/v(i)) **>:*)
(
r
c
c
c
c
BOO COHntlWt
> ;
cB(ir,i) - loooooopo
cBda.i) - 100000000
CB(19,1) - VOT
DO 1000 >180,360,ixca
mTE(ll.7fi0) J,P(J),V(J)
1000 CQKTIKUE
760 P0mr(SX.I6,6X.F10.3.6X,F10.8/)
m T E (,*) 'A U 8T0. DIHSEI. CYCU OVER'
108
EZTURI
ENO
(
(
(
i(
Jr
Com pattr SinoUlfcia
oCIJEc/a Ptactua
pptadUD
li6
IFdSUFET.OR.ISUPCS) TA - SCO.
SUBROOTIK? FC8
IF(ISIJPET.O.ISUPCH) TI - T A * ( ( ( P l / P A ) * ( ( I l - l . ) / r ) - l . )
/EFOCOH!.)
REAL M.ICP.KR.NC.HEP. XH, MO. KOLirTP.HA. It.KK.HADm.KHO,

1
CUmCTER*lO XV, TI
C0K0H/GE0K/B.C.Cia.B.VBIC.VDISP,VVBDC(72O) ,V0UE(8OO).
................
VTDC
COKKOH/rKEM(/E8P.MOLlfr7(S).Pl.P2.PS.P4.Tl.T3.T3.T4.T5,TS,TA.
c
C
C
C
Y
ECRESEKT8 ACTOAl, 02/FUn,AnO.
Y <YCC KZAK8 MCH MECmi!.

......
y >YCC KEAJfS U A HIXTVIH.
....t .
YviH i m m X T f l MIMIKUX 02 KQUIREO.
YCC - KCO.J5*KH-O.E*KO
YKIK - YCC-.6*KC
Y - YCC'RAF
AFR 4.rSY
C
C
* i M ..
V1.V2.V3.V4
COHHOH/CHEH/KA.KP.a,X(6).A.)tADKAX.KHO.)a>.HPO.KX,RB,m.
t
KC.Ka.KO.B.UTAT.UdX.Y.yCC.yMM.PMOm
COHMOK/CPCOKP/CV. AC?P .BCPF. ACPA, BCPA, AI.(B), AH(6),
BL(6].BS(6).Cl(6),CH(S}
COKKOH/IKDEI/IPTTHR. IPIKT. SCTCU, BT.IHEHC
COK0N/OEH/CB(4O.),A{10.16),C(5),D(6).EETAH.RA.P{6).
f
rpx,m .o(6),KEP.PiD4.pom .sp
COKXOH/BUPECH/ETOaW.EyOTUi.ISUPCH.ISPrT
COKHOM/IDKfl/PA, VR.STUKK
COKVON/PSSA/CPR, DT, 0THDDT, IBC. lECPC, lEC .0ASKA3. ItCOKP ,EXP. KCEXC,
(
NET.UI0P,PSP8.XI,
C0KM0H/PRIKT8/XV(I6).YZ (32)
COKHOH/III/nTCO
C0HN0N/AmY/0aV(76O) .DV(TM) ,P(800) ,DELH(800) .DELP(BOO).
cAionjmoK o? Aii-rua m tio.
C
C
IF(8T0KE.IiE.2) VI - VBDC
IHITIALISE KX-0.
KX - 0.
KP,KPO,HX
LOOICAL I P i m . ISUPC8. ISUPET, t P m t . BT.IKCDC
C
C
C
C
C
CALCUUTIOX DF TH(?mTUK DROP DVE TO THE

VAP0R18ATI0K OF FUEL.
Cl.TAT(IKOF)-HFOF(IB)F)/(ArR.CPA(ACPF(II(DF)tBCPF(WDF)TA))
IFC.KOT.IfOMOP) TK-TA-DaTAT(IKDF)
IF(.KOT.KOWU)P) Tl-T)l
TV-300.
YKIX-YCC-MC/2.
IP(8TE01CE.KE.2.)Ga
V128 - VI
VO - 2.*V0I6P
TBETA{BOO).V(800)
BTATEXm FVXCTIOH DEFIMITIOX POR THE CALCUUTIOH O?
10 8
TI - TA
* * .* *
VOUflffi AT VARIOira CfUU AKGIBS.
VOL(THETAH)-VDIP*(CR/(CR-1.)- (1.-COS(THETAH))/2 . *
l
(C8L/S)-.6 6(J8T((2.CRL/B)2-(ABa(SI)((IKETAH)))**2))
m>co - 2
*
COHVEMIOX OF BOKE AD 8TE0KE INK E i m .
SE - i . 2
W - O.CK)lB
SM - 0.001S
RCa - CR/CC8-1.)
AREA - PIMBM*BM
EAKEA - PID4*4.*BH*S*ECa
C
CALCUUnOH QF VAMOUS V0UIKE8 '
VDISP - PIM*B*B*Bl.E-06
VBDC - CB/{CR-l,)VDISP .
IF(8TE0E.Eq.2.) VBDC - (C!t*SE/(raCR-l.))VDI8P
VIOC - VBDC - VDI8P
IF{8TE0KE.Eq.2.) VI - fRtVTDC '
C
IHITIALLY KB IB ASSUMED ID BZ 1.40
KX 1.4
reo REPRmUTS CHEXICAlir COm CT D2/FUEI. lATID.
EZ - l./CR-l.
C
C
H(l) TO H(5) rpRESEXT THE EXHAU5T OAS COKSTITUEHIS.

......
H(l):COi K(2):C02: K(3):H20 H(4):H2; K(S):D2.
N(l) - 2.(YCC-Y)
N(2) - 2..(Y-YNIK)
K{3) - MH/2.
H(4) - 3,76.Y
K(6) - 0.
101
ii
1 - PA*(V1-VTDC)/(RI.ITAT*TA)
II
- PA*Vl/RTAT
COKTIKUE
IP(Y.CE.YCC)00 TO 101
KPO - K(l)+H(J).)l{3)fH(4)tN{5)
CO TO 102
K (l) - 0.
N(2) KC
K(S) - KH/2.
N(4> - 3.76Y
H(6) - Y-YCC
140
pfitadcD
Coapatu Siaulitiaa o Cl Eafia Pnatt*/
5P -(HIP + M(i)*2Weoo.o)(i/(o)
c
CAtcuunol OF n u s u m u q KErroH-iAFEscii xm o o.
itrnui - o
W O - V (O t)l(3 )* )I(S )* ll(4 )V t((E }
103
COmMUS
C
CAiCULilIO Or AVZMCE KOL. .
ATO 0A8 COMSTm.
T - 300C.
tata - i.(K 4 .r6 *Y
tsi
HA. - PlVBOC/(U.ITATr.l)
( NA A /in
iFCrraoKE.Bj.a.) ma - p ivi/{a u TA T.n )
15
SUN 0 .0
DO es I - i.iccca
BH m su * > ( ! }
108
** CALCUUTiail OF IKDZX FOt EXFASIOM

. FOi TBZ EEUTIOH P*Ym KP - C.
CPF - CP(T3)
EP - CFP/(CPP-)
**
c
C
C
C
O
e
c
c
C
c A u u u n o v o r ikoex m co)s>B8sxati(n)
F U m KBUTIOK F * V * * 0 < .
T - n
IF d T N T l.E q .l) T > n
CP7 - ACPf(MDF)BCI7{IHK')T
CPOa - ACPQ2*BCP02*T
CPV3 ACPN2acri(2*r
CP - (CFftYCPW*a.76 Y*CP)l3)/H0
cpi - (crmK>a(cp(T)^)>/(n<*ia^
a
- cpi/(cp-)
.......
P, V. T VAUJW AT BlkXt POIHT 2.
n - p i c i a
va - ynw
c
T2 - Il.C R ..(a- l.)
CAicunoH oy qp
c
C
i? {Y .o i.y c c ) QV - -inuP*jw/j(KO
(
(
c
(KP)
p , V, T VALUES AT 8TATX FODIT 4.
1F(I?TTHZ) P6 - P1
3F{I8UPCH) P6 - PA
C
c
***
CALCUUTIOH OF HET VOUC (UTFUT. lEESMAl EFFICIEMCY
***
axd kean e f f e c t i v e f t z s s m .
VtOOP - 0 .
lCOW - (HA*ia)*(CPR-B)*(T2-Tl)
C
C
CH - U(/IO(0KX/n>0
KP KPO*CK
UBPr - 10Pr{I>iDF)-K2fi8.*(KFO-)IKO)
.
IP<Y.U,YCC) qv - -{UMF+3.*(YCC-D*28UOO.)*MK/IWO
P4 - P3/((VB0CA3>**KP)
V4 - VBOC
IF(m OIB.B}.2.) V4 - VI
T4 - T3*{V3/VBDC)*(KP-1.)
P6 - PA
NxsNia - )iH/(ia(tia)
****
pqikt s .
C
C
a - c p i/ ( c 't )
c
V3 K P .Iim T I3 /'P 2
V V3/V3
VI - V0OC
CPR - ACPABCPAn
CFR > (CPt*IU*ia*CF(ri)}/(KA>KZ)
c
C
H'(ABSCl-nEl).LT.O.l) 00 TO 19
Z F d i m .a T .i o o ) oo to 16
T - rm
CO TO ISl
comwffi
p. V, T VAurea AT m t s
coKTiniK
AJOLW - OTM/8M
K O
ClfCll - O
KCYCLK > > n C U i
X
- * !
m r - TI
- T-(C1(.(HP(T)-HP{I3))-(!P)/CP(T)
tJ - TB
PJ - P2
EUM > 8UX
K U > K/AXOIVT
im
KITM - M T lItl
J - o
l - o
8N - 0.0
es
UT
UPT3 CX HP(T3)-B*NP*T3
UPT4 - CH*HP(T4)-E*HP*T4
VCQKB - (PJ^FP^^CVS-VJJ^FW
reXP - UFT3-UPT4
CALCUUTIOMS FOK SUFERCHARCED EMQIMES.
.
BOTB OEAB OaiVEM CCKF&ESSOK i Em UST
DmK euFEacuABom ase consioeszo.

IF(.XaT. ISUFET) CO TO 200
Ras - (l,+KACPR*(Tl-TA)*(P4/PA)*({IP-l.)/KP)/
(C?PT4*EF0roil))
*
P6 K7EfEiT TUZ EXHAUaT OAS PKEfiSURE ENTERIHO THE TURBIHE.
P6 . RHB*<KP/(KP-1.))*PA
VLOOP - 101.32S*(Pl*P6)VDISP
{
(
(.
('
c:
c
('
f
/'
V
(
( '
c*
'
c
(
c
c
r ,
c
149
p o a p a t i SlauUth o( Cl
ppuitx D
PrT>c<#
KST - tEXP COHB - IfCDKP VtOOP
200
00
TO 300
CONTIKUZ
m r - cowj i r m - vcoxp - looop
IF{.ltOT.imjPCH) 00 TO 300
VfiPCB - IU CPa*(Tl-TA)
VLOOP - 101.33S(P1-PA)VDISP
m r - wcoKB ircxp - vcokp - vspch n c o p

COHTIKUE
EEIATH - (WHZTHKO)/(-HP*HH)100.
rS - T4*(FB/P4)**((KP-1.)/KP)
XFCfiTOIK.ME.a.) CO TO 18
TI I4*(PA/P4)**((ia'-l.)/KP)
rS - TA/(l,-(TX-TA)/nEXP{EE))
VS - Vi
V6 - VBDC
VO - 2.*VDI8P
VB - V0/{V1-V2)
n X1*EXP(EB)
TS28 - TA/(l.-((IX*TA)/n)*BO'(EE))
HI6 - PA*Vl*EXP(EE)/(Bimi*T5)
MAS - PAV1/(RUTAT*T6)-KX6
300
888
T8
KAl - (MASPA(VBM-V1)/(U.ITATTA))/R
T62fl - (0(AStHXS}TS28tPA.{VBOC-V12S)/(RLITATTA)*TA)/
1
((MASHXS)tPA*(VBt)C-V128)/(W.ITATTA))
)
)
KXl - KIB/B8
T6 - T62S
T128 T628
m P 2 8 - (HP(T3)-HP(T4))C
C0W2 (KA1+HX1)*CP(I2)*(T2-I1)
18
yC02B - 101.325*VCC28
VHET - EXP38-CQKP2-lfCC28
comnuE
KEP - KET/{VDISP10t.52B)
.........
P8P8 IS THE KUHHES OF POlfER 8TB0KES PER 8C.
PSP8 - RPM/120,
IP(8TM!(E.HJ.2.) P8P8 - RPK/60.
*
KOTE: m r IB IK joinxs.
P O m - WET*P8P8*0.001 .
IF(IPrTHS) T8 - TE*(P1/PS)**((KP-.)/KP)
C - P1*VTBC/(RLITAT*TB)
IF(IPTTHB) HX - PAVTDC/(SI,ITAT*T6)
HA - P1VBDC/(ELITAT*T1)-J(X
HADHAX - KA/(HAtKX)
A(K,2) - T2
A(K,3) - T3
A(K,<) - T
A(K,S) - T6
A(IC.6) - P2
ACr.T) - P3
A(S.B) - P<
A ( ,9 ) - n
A(K.IO) - n
A ( x . i i ) - n>
A(X,12) - MAOITAX
A (x .i5 )
A(X,14)
A(K.15)
A (K ,i6)
109
YCC2B - P A *V 2*(C R -l.)((V S /(n -l.)X ((V H /(V S -1 .3 )**(rE -l.))
n'(STM K E .K }.2.) HA - KAl

I?(Sn01CE.Eq.2.) KX - KXt
IF(rPTTH) 00 TO 888
TKKP - TA/TS-T6/TS
TI - C8*TA/(CSP6/PlTDa>)
YLOOP - (P5-P1)VDISP*101.32S
WET - lfCOHBtraP-COXP-U)Op
EZTATH (raTKVO)/(-Klll>*KM)*100.
IF(KCYCLZ.Eq.l) CAU VKITEl
i F ( m o n . E q . 2 ) n - tsjs
A (K ,i) - r m
- pora
- ESTATH
- KEP
irn
trC.HOT.IPTTBl) TI - CTA/{CR-1.*(TA/T5))
IFCI8UPET .01. I8UPCH) GOTO 109
IF{ABS(T1-TMP).OT.O.OI) 00 TO 108
I7(IPRIKT) CAU IT E 2
cB(i.a) - ri
CB(2,2) - VBOC/rW
CB(3.2) - TI
CB(4,2) - P 2
C 8 (s,2 ) - m c / m
CB(6,J) - 12
CB(r,2) - P3
CB(8,2) - V 3 / m
CB(9,2) - T3
C0(1O,2)
CB(11.2)
CB(12.2)
CB(13.2)
CB(14,2)
CB(JS,2)
C0(16,2>
P4
VBDC/FVX
T4
PS
VTDC/rVH
TE
P1
140
X50
ComMtu SlmtUtJoa o Ct Eart,.
p -------
C 3 (i7 ,a )
C8<W .a)
cs(is.3)
< 3 (2 0 ,a )
CBCai.2 )
0 8 (2 3 .3 )
ca(33.3)
c 8 (2 4 .a )
inoc/Fvx
- T8
. n xp
- co
- coa
- WLOCP
-m r
- m a
cB (2s , j )
e s (3 6 ,a)
c a (3 7 ,3 )
C B(3,3)
CB(39,3)
cB (3 o ,3 )
C 8 (3 i,3 )
- ErxAra
> lOOOOOO
lA O m
- UZP
- va
- poina
- m m
A ppu ilx D
m T E (U ,T 6 0 ) J.P(J).(J).VDVBOC(J)
COHTIJ<UE
DO 000 X ITBETU.SSS
IHETAK - (I* l)P D )
V (Il> - VOL(THETAB)
P(I+1) P (I)/C V O I,(IIE t)A O L(I*PID ))*SA
TOVBDC(Itl) - V(I)/VBOC
eoi
W ITE(ll.TEO) I+l,P(I+l),V(I+l),V D V BD C(I*1)

900 COMTIKUS
760 FOaKAT(6X,I5,X.F10.3.EX,F10.B.6X,K10.8/)
I T E ( , * ) 'IDEAL D i r m CYCI2 o m '
KETUM
EXD
C 3 (sa.a) - lo o .o
00 l a i IB - 1 8 0 .0 ,3 6 0 .0 .0 ,6
o m r - 1M(V0L(TH.PID)-V3)
i F ( o i r F . u . o . o o i ) ra m
THEIM - TH
OOTO laa
. UO0
laa
600
comriKUE
r n n ( * .* ) r m u - *, thbts
m iz (u .6 o o )
W m T ( / // 6 x ,* A ) i o u . ,3J
f
.y jy jjg . /
a c - 10**
V(1J - VOLCpid)
P(l) - O.B
DO TOO I - i.xTO
'nSTAK (11)*PI0
V(I*1) VOtClHETii)
700
800
(
(
SBROlfTDffi PC8
PIO - s.u i$w 8/ieo.
u i
161
OOKTUIUZ
00 00 J - 1,180
nu'^ ^^ ' < (J>.V(J).VDVBOC(J)

$
V3RATI0 - VDL(IHnU*P10)/VBD0
nH K Tt - UaTHETJU)
M 0 W - iei.lTHBTA3
PJ) - P3
V (J) - V O l(j.p iD )
VOVBOC(J) . V(j)/VBoc
KAL KP.K.HC.KEP, KR. KO, HOLTO.M.HA.HK.HADXAI.KXO,

KP.KPO.KX.NECHEP
a r c c a i evo. w c
LOOICAI, IPTna.IPRIKI. HT.IKDKI
CHAKACra*10 X V ,n
COUl(0H/CaX/B.CS,CRL.8,VBOC,VDlSP,VDYBl>C(73O} .VQLUME(BOO).
VTOC
C0KX0ll/IHEaK/flSJP,M0Ufn'(6),P.P3.P3.P4.n.T2.T3.T4.T6.I5.TA. .
Vl.Va.V3.V4
COKKON/CHEH/KA, KP. n , K(E ). KA. HAOHAX, NKO, NF. NFO. NX, m , m .
MC.KH.KO.R.EUTAT,EMU.'lt'.yCC,Tn(IX,PMOLn
CaiOOH/CPCOEF/CV.ACI7.BCPF,ACPA.8CPA,AL(6) ,Afl(B).
BL(6}.BB(S),CI.(S},ca(&}
COJOOM/IHDEX/IPITHI, IPRIKT, HCYCLB. BTJKMOC
Ca)0K/OEK/CB(4O,4),A(10.16),C(6),D(6).EETAE.8AP,F(S),
FP.FV)(,0(5).KEP,pm.PCnER.RP)(
COHHON/IMEXH/nO. IVC. EVO, EVC. AEV. AlV
COHKOM/COHBUH/lCOWI.BmX
C0kH0H/IDIE5/FA.VB, STSOXE
COMKON/BTMOD/KOOFBT
COKHOHAAUSE/Dl.BEIA.HOianÂ
CQKMOH/OVm/PID. OKE&A, OntAX, CAINT, AN.BOCKAS
COXMOH/PfiSA/CPK. DI, DraDDr, IBC, lECPC. IKC .OABMAS.VCOKP. IffiXP. HCEXO.
KET.WjOOP.PSPS.W,
COHKOH/AKRAY/DELVTSO),0V(7E0),P(BOO).DEU1(800).DELP(800),
THErA(800),V(800)
C0K)(0H/F&C0/CK.BR,F3O
COKMOH/ABC/VT.COKEFF.CPA.MK
COHHOK/HEATSA/ASEA. BK, RCB. 8 AREA. . TK. VP
COKOH/FEICT/PIMP. PEXF, P a . KPB. FKEP
(
(
(.
(
( J
/
i )
(
m
"(
162
CompotttSlmalitoactC Eiiilf Pcocattt
pptoibt D
p o m - KETPSPS*0.001
EETAB - OfHCT*lO3)/(-HRP*K)O*10C.0
leP - m T/(VD ISP*101.32S)
CAU FKEPC
BKEP XEP-PXEP
CflHXaH/FRPHDD/HODPRP
COKHO(l/ABCD/OK. ITEIA, 1TETA3. L
CflKXOII/PRIKTS/XV(16) .TI (32)
COKMOH/III/IFPCO
COMION/STtJRE/PaEBOO) ,TD(P(800) .BRaCaOO)
COKMON/ANQLE/ICB. ICE.IKX.n)
COKNON/I7CO/CCmm.H
COKMOM/m/PRHAX. ICAXJUC. K iM X
COKMON/COXOO/HODCOW
COHKOH/HRKOD/HODHH
C0HK0H/HATWt/cmO(8OO) ,PES8(800) .V0L*AT(800) .TKPK(800)
H P O m - BKEP101.32S*VDISP*PBP8/I000.0
KECHEP - BKEP/XEP.ICO.O
BSTHE7 - KECEET'EETAH/IOO.O
I7(M0I>C0.Eq.2) n C - ICB
CB(1.3) Pl
CB(2.3) - VBDC/FW
CB(3.3) - TI
CB(4.3) - P(IBC)
COMKO/COKB/PHAX.TPKAX
m(THETAS)-VDISP*(C/(C-l.)-(l.-COS(IHET))/J.
l
(CRL/8)-.BSI}RT((2.CRl78)2-(m(8IK(THEIAR)))J))
111
AIBC - ru)AT(nc)pio
CB(5,S) VOL(AIBC)/m
CBC6.3) - TEKP(IBC)
ira iiE .*)

ireiT B (*,o
V8ITE(*,*) ENIW IBC VAUJE F08 PEOQRESSIVE COMBUSTIOK*
v s m ( . * ) POR P.C MC IS 170 TO IBO DEQ C.A'
READ(*,0 n C
USP -6274940.0
lFCO - O
KOBCOH - 1
HT.INOeX - .FALSE.
O U IfRITEl
10. - O
HX - 0.0
CB(16.3)-T5
Ti - 300.0
Ca(16,3) - 1000000
CB{r.3) - PHAI
CB(8.3) - V0L{ICEPn/PVM
1T(K0DC0K .EQ. 1) Cfl(B.S) - V 5 / m
CBC0.3)
CBdl.S) - VBDC/FVK
CB(12.3) - T4
CB(13.3) - PS
CB(14,3) VTDC/FVH
ca(ir,3) 1000000
ICTC - 1
COmKUE
c m . PRICAL
. CAIX COHPIUI
CALL COKBH
CAU, EDCPH
iF d c y c .Eq. 1) CAU w i t e i
l a c - ICTCM
lEP - TI
P4 - P(EVO)
P6 - PA
TS
HX
HA
KK
- r4*(P5/P4)*((KP-l,0)/ICP)
- P1*VT0C/(W,ITAT*TS)
- P1*VBDC/(M.ITAT*TI) - KX
- KA+HA/(4.76*T)
TI - Ca*TA/(CR-1.0 (TA/TB))
17(AB8(TREr-Tl).OT,0.05) 00 TO 111
IF(IPilIKT) CA a PRIKTl
P5PS - EPK/120.0
J.
')
- TPHAX
CB(10,3) - P4
CB(18,3)
CB(19.3)
CB(20,3)
CB(2i,3)
CB(22,3)
- 1000000
- VEXP
- VCOKP
- VCOKB
- 0.0
CB(23,3)
CB(24.3)
CB(26,3)
CB(26.3)
CB(27.3)
CB(28.3)
CB(2fl.3)
CB(30.3)
03(31,3)
CB(32.3)
- \fMET
-POm
- EETAH
- 10000000
- HADKAX
- KEP
- BXEP
- BPOm
- BRTHEF
- KECHEP
m T E ( * . ) 'IDEAL DHEL CTCLE VITM P.C OVEJl'

RETURH
EXD
IES
16<
pftax D
Cwa;>ut(^ SlmiJaiDa o f C aU ProcwM

C
HT.1KBEX - ,I K E .
............................. . . . . . I
HL - O
E U B U urm AC8
K - 0.0
TI - lA
P1 - PA
UUL CJl.IP.ni.KC.KEP. KB. KO. W)L1fT7..ia. K.KK.MACKAX.lOtO,
KP.KPO.KX.KECHZF.KU
I P U l -
DITEaiX EVO.XVC
LOOICAL IPTTU.irUKT.HTJXDEX
C0KWJV/(20K/B.Ca.CU..8.VBI)C.VI)I8P.VDVHl>C(T2(J) ,VOUMB(800).
t
222
riDO
COKXOK/THHW/Hap.mirnts) ,Pl,P3,?3,P4.Tl,Ta,I3,T*.IS,I5,IA,
Vl,V2,V3,V4
cou>io)(/CBS(/a.n>,n.ii(6).iiA,iuD)ax.n(o,i(P.iiFo.KZ.ua.m,
f
W.ffl.MO.I.UJtTAT.IJin.y.TCC.YKDliPWLlfT
COJOOW/CPCOZr/CV.ACPr.BCPF.ACPA.BCPA.AKS) ,AH(B).
BI,(S),BB(S).a(6}.CX(E)
COMXOH/UOEX/IPTTHB.XFUXT.KCYCU.BT.Iim
COW(ON/OEII/CB(40.4) .A(I0.16) ,C(S) ,D(S) .EETAB.BAF.r (S),
f
n>M,rYN,0(6),MEP.FIM,F0m.U>U
COUHOH/IXEZB/m.IVa.ZVO.EVC.AEV.AIY
COKXOM/COMBUX/VCOXB.BUOX
COiUOK/tOIES/rA.VS.ffTtOia!
COKUON/rSSA/CrR.DI.DTBOOT.IBC.lECrC.IEC.OASXAS.lrCOXP.VEZF.XCm,
f
f
16S
KOUVT - O
CQKTiniE
TBEP - I I
CAU P&ECU
CAU, COKPU
CAU. COXBl
CAU. EXPH
CAU. GASEZ
(
(
NA - Pl*V0IJE(IVC-ri9>/(HUTATTlM a
KK - KA*)U/{4.T6*Y)
KOUHT IOUKT+1
IP(MUJII.0T.20) COTO 223
{ '
<
IF(CAB8(Tly-n),GT.0.6hOi.(KOUMT.Eq.l)) 00 10 222
223
VNET,VU)0P.P8P8.Mt.
COMMON/AiBAY/OaVCTU) ,DV(7S0) ,P(BO) ,DQJ((600} .DOPCBOO) ,

TEnA(800) ,V(800)
COKKOK/FUCT/l'DK.Paa'.PSL.m.raP
COMKON/ABCD/OX.ITETA.imAS.L
OOMKON/XII/IPPCO
COUH/8TOX/PU(BOO) .TSa>(80O).HU(BOO)
COXXON/ANaU/ICB. ICE, u a , 10
OOUMON/TrCOU/CQXDUK.K
COUiOK/MAX/PIXAX, ICAKU. JCAXU
COKKON/COMQO/KQOCOU
COKUOII/nUtOO/KOOBI
COtO(OK/)aTU/CKAkO(800} ,Pm S{800) .YOmT(eOO) .IVPSCSOO)
COMMOM/COKB/PKAK, TTKU
COXMON/OAS/?t(eoo) ,V0U)(B00) ,1E(S00) .KY.T.PSVC,TDUF7
CAU. W O T X
IF(rPIUlT) CAU. P R i m
ttIPaiHT) CAU PUKT3
HET - IOI-fU)QP
p o m - mr*P8P8*.ooi
{
(
EETAfl - WET/(-H?*IO(/MKO)*100.0
KEP - m /(V D I8 P n 0 1 .3 2 6 )
CAU. FKEPC
BMEP - UEP-FNEP
MECHEF - BMEP/NEP
BPOWER - BKEP101.326*VDIBP*PSP8/1000.0
BSTBEF - KECBEr*EETAB
CS(1.4) - Pl
CB(2.4)
CH(3.4)
CB{4.4)
CB(6.4)
CB(5,4)
CB(T,4)
- VOUECEVO)/FVM
- TI
-P(IBC).
- VOUB(E(IBC)/FV
- TDO>(IBC)
- PUI
W ITE(,*)
VUT8(,*} 'tNIEK IBC VALUE rtU ZISO'OmNSIQHAL KOOZL'
U TE(*,) *?0R Z.D.U D C 18 163 DZO C.A CFOt THIS EVaiKE}*
nc
EP - -63r4MO.O
P8P8 - PK/IJO.O
CB(B,4)
CB{9.4)
CB{10.4)
C3{J1.4)
a ( 1 2 .4 )
CB(15.4)
- TOUBffi(IEC)/m
- TPJUI
- P(EVO)
- YOUBffl(HVO)/FVM
- T4
- PEVC
DTCO - l
CB(14,4) - VOUE(EVC}/FVM
CB(15.4) - T6
KODCOX - 2
J t
ai
pptxdb D
150 C o a p ttr SliciiUthit c f C a(loi P to c tu a
)
)
)
)
>
>
>
S
}
)
I
;
1051
COKXOK/III/in CO
COMXOK/COKOO/HODCOK
COKKON/HRNOD/XOORR
PID - 3.U 16 92 7 /1 8 0 .
UP -9274MO.O
COKVERSIOX OK BORH AMO BTOjn! IK KETER8.
ff(KL.KE.O) GO TO 999
U. - HL1
m - O
CB(16,<) - 1000000
CB(IT.4) - 1000000
CB{18.4) - 1000000
c B d s .t ) - m p
CB(20.O - WCOHP
C B (J1,0 - ttCOMB
C8(22.4) - LOOP
ca (2 J .4 ) - WKET
C3{24.4) - P O m
C B (26,0 - EETAB
CB{26.4) V0LEF7
CB{27.4) - HU>m
CB{28,4) HEP
CB(29.4) - BKEP
CB{30,4) - BPOVEK
CB{31,4) - BRTHEF
CB(32.4) - KECBEK'ICO.O
I?(.HOr.IPRINT) CO TO 1091
COHTIHUE
RETURK
EKD
6R - 1.2
BK - O.OOHB
SK - 0.001*8
RCa - CR/(CR-1.0)
AREA - PI04BX*BX
SARA - PID44.0*B)(*8K*RCI
cALcuunoM np v a rio o s n m a s
VDISP - PID4*B*B*8*1.0E-08
VBDC - CR/(CR-1.0).VDIBP
VTDC - VBM-VDIBP
CAU VOLCAL
iM n iA ixr n i i s absukzd to be 1.4
m - 1.4
IFdBUPET.OR. IKUPCH)TA-300.
F(ISUPET.OR.I8UPCH )Tl-TA*(((Pl/PA)((KR-l.)/KR)-l.)/EPOCO)(tl,>
IP(8TR0KE.KE.J)V1-VB0C
CALcuunoH CP A iK -F m u n o .
SUBEOUTIKS PRECilL
REAI. ICA.KP.ial.KC.KEP.HH.NO.KOLVTP.NA.H.KV.KAflNAX.KXO.
HP.HPO.KX.m
UXJICAL n-TTHE.IPRINI.ISUPCH.IEUPET
COHMOH/QEOH/B, C i. CBL. 8. VBOC. VDISP,VDVBDC(720). VOUWE (600).
YCC REPROTHT8 CHEHICAIXT CORRECT OJ/TUEL lATIO.

T
EPm T8 ACTUAl 02/rU tt RATIO.
Y < YCC m u s RIC8 KUTURE.
Y > YCC KEANB LEAN KECTUSE,
YKIM REPREEHT8 KIKDflW 02 REJUHEO.
YCC - KCtO.aB*KH-0.6)(0
YMIN - YCC-O.S*HC
Y - YCC*RAP
AFR - 4.T6*Y
n'(STROKE.KE.2.C)C0 TO 8
V128 - VI
VTDC
COHNDH/rHEKK/H8P.KOtVTP(B),Pl,P2.P3,P4.Tl,T2,T3.T4.TB.I6.TA.
V1.V2.V3.V4
C01WOM/CKEH/ICA.KP.Ka,H{E),HA.KAD))M.NKO.KP.)a>D.)IX.R)<R.m.
HC,XH.HO.R.W.ITAT,llMIX,T,YCC,WIK.PHOm
COHHOH/CPCOEP/CV.ACPF.BCPf.ACPA.BCPA.AL(6).AH(6).
Bl.(S).BH(B).CL{S),C8(6)
COlwbll/IHDEX/IPnHR. IPRINT, KCYCLZ. HT.IKDEX
COKON/CEK/CB(40,4).A(10.16),CCB),D(B).EETAH,RAF,F(6).
TH.rn ,0 (6), ffiP.PIM. p o m . RPK
COKKO!f/8UPECH/ErOCOK.ErOTUR.ISUPCH.I8UPKI
COKNOH/IDIES/PA.VR. 8TE0KE
C0)tM0K/P88A/CPR. DT. BTHDDT, IBC. lECPC. lEC .OABHAfl. COKP. T O P . HCEXC,
VNET.VLOQP.PSPB.W.
COKNOH/ARRAY/DaV(TSO) ,DV(T60) .P(800) .DELN(BOO) ,[LP(800),
THETA(800),V(800)
COXHOH/PRmj/CH.BR.PJD
COtWON/HEATRA/AREA. BK, RCR, 8ASEA, 6X. TV. VP
187
VO - 2.0*VDI6P
TI - TA
EE - l.O /C R -1.0
K1 - PA*(V1-VT0C)/(RI.ITAT*TA)
XI - PA^VI/RLITAT
8 COKTIKUE
IP(Y.CE.YCC).00 TO 101
X(l) TO N(5) REPRESEKT THE EXHAUST GAB COmiTimiTS.
K d ) - CQ : H(2) - C02 : K(J> - B20 { H(4) - H2 X(6) - 02,
^ptoibi D
168
159
Ccmp,UrSm*UllmoClEaiin*Ptoa^
IJV - -{URP*H{l)28UOO.O){Hil/KHO)
CAIXUUnOK OF 13 USINO HETOU-RAPHSO KETHOD.
HITEN - O
I 5000.0
(1) - J.O(YCC-Y)
{2) - a.O(T-UUJI)
V (3) - KB/3.0
> (4 ) S.76*T
THEW - T -(C H (U P (T )-U P (I 2 ))'Q V )/C V B (I )

MIIEN IF(ABS(T-TKE).LT.0.1) 00 TO 16
151
H(G) 0 . 0
UFO - I(X)*N(2}>K(3}KU}X(6)
00 TO 103
IF(KITU.OT.IOO) 00 TO 16
T TMEW
00 TO 151
COliTIKUE
101 > ( 1 ) - O .o
W
M} - KS/2.0
16
JU) - 3 .7 6 *Y
P. V.
T3
P3D
P3
CPP
( i ) - y-Ycc
UPO - l(l)*JI{3)X (J)*J(4)+V(6)
102
CONTUVE
c i u u u n o a or i v m o i kol. vt. ano qxs c o H s r m .
rao - 1.04.T6*T
KP - CP(T2)/(CP(Ta)-E)
1IT E {.) PEECAL OVEi*
KTVSK
ENO
NA ri*VBOe/(ILnAT*Tl)
U( K A U /m
i r ( m a a . E q . 3 . ) na - r i* y i/(R U T A T m )
N - 0.0
T VALUES AT BTATE POIHT 3.

- TlffiV
- P2*(T3/t2)HP/(NA+ia)
- PJ
- CP(12)
c**
8UM - 0.0
SUSBOUTINE COKPaN
DO 66 I-t,NCEZa
IK - >N*H(I)
TBI2 SUBELOUTIKE CALCULATES THE VASUTION OF P&E8SUfiE

AKD VQWME FOR EVEEY CEOSEE CKANK ANCLE TAXIXO BEAT
TBANSFEB INTO ACCOUNT F&OK THE 8TAST OF C0KFRE8S10N
TO THE STWT OF COKBSnOH
NOTE ; OXLY AN EKPIRICAL FOENVU HAS BEEN USED F0&
KEAT T8ANSFEX.
UN - 8UKN(I}*Hm.VT!>(t)
es COHTtIUE
PXOLVr > IU4/8N
l o iv r -
(KA*3<.OaIU*PKOin}/(MAfm
u o x - v n B ir t
m
9M
- I/INOLVT
CONTINUS
NADNU - NA/(NA*NX)
CP* - ACPAtBCPA!!
CPI - (CP*NA4NX*W(Tl))/(NAtKX)
a - CPK/(0>t-S}
P. V. T VALUES AT STATI POINT 3.
n - p i* u * a
va - YTDC
R TlCB**(a'1.0)
c
c
c
c
c
c
C A Lcu u n oN op qv
t-ap FOa C10H22 l (JIVEK m z , VUP - -274940.0

k-HZli FR0EE89IVK COKBmON NOOa 18 USZO IN 02DEB 70
CALCVatE 'fSO* .CONSTiUtT V3LUKE tD U U n C COMBUSTION
COMH0H/0E0K/B.CR.CaL.8,Vi:DC,YOI8P,VDVBDC{72O) .V0LUXE(8OO),
VTW
CQ)aOK/THKJ</HHP, KOUTP(5), P1.P2, P3, P4. T1.T2. T3. T4. T6, T6. TA.
Vl.V2.V5.V4
CO(OH/CHEX/KA.KP.KK.K(S),NA.NADHAX.HHO.NP,KPO.HX.PJtt,m.
f
NC.KH.MO.R.Wam.EXIX.Y.YCC.YXW.PKOLVT
C0KX0H/INDZX/IPnHR.IPBIKT.NCYCLE.HT.lHC2X
CQK)(0N/i:EN/CB(40,4} ,A(10,16) .:(E ) ,D(S) ,ETAU,EAF.F(6} ,
F P H .F V X .O (S ) .H E P .P I M ,P O m .R P M
COKHOH/INEIH/IVO, IV C .E V O ,E V :, AEV,AIY
FZ0CES3 i s v m m u n c o m m F t z s s m d i s t ic
c o m n i o M . m e e <v t o b x c a lc u u t z d in s t e a s op qp.
ex - NX/jnOhVZ/NFO
NP - NPOOl
BUL KA.KP.KR.KC.XEP.XB.KO.KQLlnF.lU.N.NADKAX.NHQ,
NP.NPO.NX.m
IHTEQEE EVO, EVC
UWICAL IPTTHa.IPRIHT.HT.INDEX
CONXC.f/IDIES/PA. VE. 6TR0KE
CO)OiON/PS SA/CPE, DT, OTKODT, IBC, XECFC. lEC .GASHAS, VCOKP, VEXF, NCEXG.
VHET,LOOP.PSPS,HL
(
(
c
c
(
31..
160
Apptadlx D
Computer Siattliha o( C E o/ic P tocata
COKOH/CEGM/B.CR.CiU..B.VBI)C.VDIBP.VDVB[>C(T20),VOUflaj(800),
COKKOH/PROC/CH.BR.PJD
COKXON/Amr/DELVTSO) ,BV(7S0) ,P(800) ,DOJ((800) .IJELP(800).
THETA(800).V(BOO)
IIO(Q/ABCD/DX ,1TETA. ITETA3. L
COKXOH/III/IFPCO
C0>aH/STflRE/PEil(800) ,TEW(800).HK8(800)
CfSKXS - (P1FPH)*(VBDC FVM)/(R)(U*1000.0*T1)
f
*
>
)
CO!WOK/OEK/CB(40.<).A(10.16).C(S).D(5).EETAH.lAF.r(S).
PPH.FVK,G(6).HEP.PIM,P0rai,W)(
COkXON/IKEXH/IVD, IVC.EVO.EVC, AEV. AIV
COKKON/SUFECB/EFOCOH.EFOTUK.IEUPCy.ISUPET
COKKOH/COKBUH/VCOKB. BtWAX
COXKOM/IDira/PA, V i. STROKE
COXKOH/HTKOD/HOOPHT
COXKOH/VAUM/Ol. B H A , HODFVA
COJOO'J/OVEaL/Pn). OVEOA, OTXAX. CAIHT. AX. BOCKAB

COHNOH/PSSAyCP. DT. DTHDDT, IBC, JECPC. n C .0A8XAB .VCOKP. m P . KCEIC.
f
VKET.VIOOP.PSPS.KL
C0)01/AJAT/DELV(760) ,DV{760) ,P(800) ,OEUI(800) .DELP(800),
TH nA(800),V(800)
COKXOK/PBOG/CN.BK.PJD
COK0 H/HEATKA/Am . BH. RCR. SA M A . 8M. TU, VP
COHKOH/rBICT/PDff. PEJff. P5L, HP. PXEP
COKMOM/FtPKOD/KOSPItP
COKHON/ABCD/OK.ITETA.ITETAJ.L
COKHOU/III/IFPCO
CO)0<D/8TORE/PM(800) .T E W (800). m ( 8 0 0 )
COKHOK/AJfOLE/ICB. ICE. IKX. ID
COMXOH/TFCOK/COXm.U
COKMQN/MAX/PEXAX, IC U U X , JCAKAX
COHHOK/COKOD/KOOCOM
COHKOH/HIWOO/KODHR
COHH0N/HATUycaAKC(8O0) ,PHEBS(800) .VOLaAT(BOO), TXPRBOO)
COHQJ(/COKB/PMAX,TPKAX
COKXOK/HEAT/HR
DIHEH8I0M m ( W O )
VOL(TETAB) - V D IS P *(C R /(C a -l.)-(l.-C 0 8 (T E T A ))/.
(Ciy8)-.B.SQT((2..CRL/S)..J-(ABS(8IN(TETAJl)))2))
VD(TETAR) - 0.S*V0ISF*{0.6*8IM (2.*TETAl)/(8qI((2.*CRL/8)**2-
BUBROUTIKE COKBX
..................................................................... ..................
BEAL KA.ICP.KR.KC.KEP. KH, MO. KOLn?.HA. H,)(ADMAI.KKO,
HP.KPO.HX.KOEL.m
LOGICA!. lPrrKR.IPaiKT.ISU?CH,IBUPET.HT.INm
Bt,(S),BU(S),CL(S),CB{S)
COHXOtf/IKDEX/imM.IPRIKT.HCTCLE.T.IKDCI
ELEE
PH - 0.0
ENDIP
P (m T A * l) - P(ITETA)(VOHn(E(ITETA)AOUJ)ffi(rTETA+l))*KK
P(ITETA*1) - P (im A l)+ P H
PRS(ITETA) - P(ITETA*1)-P(ITEIA)
roffdTETA) - T1*(VBDC/V0LUKE(ITETA))(KR-1.0)
HRHCITCTA) - 0 .0
C
RITE(*,*) ITETA, P(ITETA), TEWdTETA)
1000 CONTItUE
VRITEC,*) 'COKPRESSIH OVER*
BETUEK
EHD
............................... ..
MC.ia.)0..U.TTAT.I)<U.Y.TC0.YM.PK0Lrr
COHHOH/CPCOEF/CV.ACPF.BCPP.ACPA.BCPA.ALB),AH(6).
P (U P(ITETA)
F(2) - OT
F(3) - CA6HAS
F{4) - Tl*(VBDC/VOLUME(ITETA**(a-l.)
F(S) - DELV(ITETA)*FV)(/F(2)
IF(HT.IKDEX) THEN
CAU. HTSAX8(F.PH)
V l.n .V 3 ,Y 4
COMKOtt/CHEM/ICA. EP. Kl. H ( S ) . MA. N A O m . KKO, KP, IPO, irx, U a , m
DT - 60.0/CaPX060.C)
JJJ - nC-T19
IF(I7PC0.E1.0)JJJ - 1
P(JJJ) Pl
TEHP(JJJ) - TI
PRK(JJJ) - 0 .
HRR(JJJ) 0 .
DO 1000 ITETA - JJJ.IBC
OELV(ITETA) - VOHmE(ITETA+l)-VQUE(ITCTA)
me
COKMOH/THERK/aiP. XOUfTP ( S ) . P l . Pa, PJ. N . T i. n . T3. T4. T . T6. TA.
rzxp - 0.0
CVR - CPI -
TEHP(IBC) - T1*(VBDC/V0UE(IBC))**(R-1.)
OKP - {KA*NX)*CVR*(IEXP(1BC)-T1)
101
11
(ABS(SIK{TETAR)))2))-SIK(TETA))
PIO - 3 .U 1 E 927/180.
CO TO (11,12).K0DC0K
coHTimra
THIS KO D a IS BASEO ON PROOREBIYE COKBUSTIOH
'
n .
(
(
1B3
fp tjiju D
Comput/SlmîUoa Cl EagUt PncMMt
a
9
V5 - Y Il)C (l.*(P 30-?J)/{K P*P 2))

ITETA 1
IF(AB8(VOLW(E(ITOA)-V3).LT.E.E-OJ) CO 10 1
ITETA
ttXP - PI3-UPT4
w a u o - P3*PF1C(V3-V3)rm
ttC - ffIX(TETA3)
lECPC - lEC
DO 1 ( ITEU - aC.IEC
P (n z tA ) - F(Q C )
rxiTA+l
GO TO 2
jr u r e n
TETA
TBIA3
P (m A S )
TOTAI
DTH
. l t . i b c ) oo d
- rUIAT(ITZTA)
TETA
P(IBC)
- TEU*PID
- (8PK *360.0)/60.0
DT
- 1.0/DIH
144
20
(
c
(
C am N U E
v m - VEZP * VCOMS - ycINF

CO TO 330
CaKTIWffi
o a r a - (TKtA3-PL0AT(nC/DM
(
f
(
L - o
TBTA - FIOAT(IBC)
TETAR TETA*Pn
m
4
- p(iBc)
VOEL - (VD(TKAi)-VD(IBC*PID*DaTE*PIO
r r X .LT. ISO) OaTAJt VD(1STAK-FUlAT(IBC)*PIO)*OaTE*PID/
k (V3-YI0C)
5
6
98
97
PH - 0 .0
DiDir
P3 - P3*PH
99
T3 - (Pa*VJ)/{UTAIKP)
es
SUXK - 0 .0
COKB - 0 .0
DthsoT - B.O<PUMBPM/eO.O
BK - VD{TBTA3*PI0)*PTHD0I/{V3-VTOC)
I7(IBC .LT. 181} CO TO 3S
DO 30 I - 181.IBC
ITETA - I
TETAJt - PUIAT(I)*PIB
lE T A lJ - PUUT(I+l)PID
PH - 0 .0
icor - rouKT+1
P ( o m ) - P(ITETA)*(V0L(TETAJl)A'0t(TEIAljO)*n>
PUOIWI) - P(1IKTA*1)PH
TEKP(nETA) - n /((V O L (T n A J J ) /
V 0L (T K IA JI))*(rP -l.O ))
PP - P(KOUKT)
TT - IZKP(ITETA) :
n> - C P (n )/(C P (T T )-)
30
COKTIKJK
36
COHIIHUE
U'CB&.CT.BSXAUGO TO 30
0 (1 ) - P2
0 (3 ) DT
0 (3 ) - OASKAS
D (0 - n
0 (S ) - DELV(ITCTA)*FVM/D{2)
IF(BTJMDa)
CAU UTSAK8(D,PU)
ELSe
14 - n 'V S /V B D O ^ tP -l.O )
UPI3 CH*HP(TS)-*a'T3
. UPT4 - CK*BP{T4)-R*)ff*H
DttTAY - VaL((ICTA+MLTE)*PID)-VOI.(TETA*Pn
BS - ((VD(TCTAK)-V0(IBC*PID))DTHDDT)/<V3-TTDC)
IF(BB.C 8.Bm X) 00 TO 6
lOEL > AB8(VDZL/(V3*mC})
GO TO 6
NOEL - BEMAX*saTE/DTa
IF(IC.LT.180) CO TO S8
BUXN - BU10ltABS(KDEl]
00 TC 87
EUMN - BU)l*AB8(DELTAK)
COHTJMUE
TETAR TETA?!!)
IF(IEC .LT, 180) CO TO 7
POEL - -PRS*KPVDEL/VOLfIETA]l)
k
(P30-P2)*VTDC/V0L(TETA)*AB8(KDEL)
CO 70 99
PTEBXl - -PaS*KP*DaiAV/VOL(TETAE)
PTESK3 - (P3D-P3)*Vn>C/V0L(TETU)AB8(DEI,IA)
POEL - PTEEMl+PTEta
CONTXKUE
D (l) - PRS
0 (3 ) - DI
D(S) - GASKAS
. 0 (4 ) - PE8*FPK*VOL(TETAa)PVX/(EnC*aAfiKASIOOO.)
l
(
(
(
(
,(
(
(
D(E) - V0a*FVK/D(3)
IF(H?.IHDEX) THZH
(
J il
I ...
IM
A p p ttd lx D
C om puttr S fa olilion o l C Eagiat Prt>ct$sti
P(l) - P(ITETA)
P {2) - DT
F(3] 0ASKA8
P() - Tl*(VBOC /YOUE(lTnA))**(iat-l,)
P(5) - DELV(ITSTA)*m/I'(2)
ir(HT_lTOEX) THEX
CALL HTRAK8(P.PH)
ELSE
PH - 0.0
ENDIP
CAa HTSAS(D.PH)
)
ELSE
PH - 0 .0
EHDIP
PDEL - posi.pa
pas PRa*PDEL
COKB - ltCtWBt(PHB*PDEl*O.S)*VDEL*FPK*FVK
)
.)
)
)
ITZU - ffECCmA+DELTE)
FCIIU ) - PRS
lHPEH - PKS*FPH*VOL(imA*PID)*FVM/{CAMABRXU*lOOO.)
L - L+1
P(ITETAtl) - P(ITETA)(VOLWa(IirTA)AOUn(Z(mTA*l))ni
T(P(ITITA1) - Tl(VBDCAOUJ>aam Atl))(n- l.)
rU N dM ) - 1.0/(0.00044*P(ITETAM)(-1.19)
EXP{46S0.0/IEXPaTrrAl))6.0PM)
6UM - 6 U X * (m (I )* m { M ) ) / 2 . 0
IPSUX.OE.l.O) 00 TO 100
r - i i
ITETA - ITETAn
CAKOa) - TETA
PRES8(L) - PRS
VOUAT(L) - YDL(TETAH)/VBDC
TPR(L) - TO ffQ
lr(8 U (.G E .l) 00 TO 8
TETA - TETAtDELTE
m ADDITIOM
TETAR - IKTA*PID
00 TO
lEC - IFII(TETA)
PKAX - P(IBC)
P m - P(IBC)
T?WX - TEKP(IBC)
DO 222 I - IBO.nC
PKAX - AAX1(PKAI.P(I))
220
222
221
224
223
12
lOO
TPHAX - AHAXl(TPKAX,TEKP(I))
P(3) - OASHAS
CONTIIUE
DO 221 1 - IBC.IEC
1 P (P (I)-P (I*1 ) -CE. O.Ol) 00 TO 224
CONTIIUE
lECPC - :
'COKBUSTroH ovek ( proohzssive
EETUKK
F(4) Tl(VBOC/VOUWEaTCTA))*(l-l.)
F(S) - DClV(ITETA)rYM/FX2)
cohhustioh
IP(HTJKOEX) THEH
CAU HTBAHSF.PB)
ELSE
PH - 0.0
ENDIF
P(ITETAtl) - P(ITETA)(VOLUKE(mTA)/VOUJHE(mTAl))**KR
P(ITETA*1) - P(1IETA*1)*PH
PRAdTETA) - P(lTETAtl)-P(ITCTA)
HRJl(miA) - 0.0
K o o a )-
COHTIKUE
THI8 18 ZERO DIKEH8I0HAL GLOBAL KODEL
PBUY m O D
V8IH0 TKAPE20IDAL RULE.
18 CALCUUTED BT IKTECRAnNC TOLPER S EELATIOH
C
121
SUX - 0.
H) - O
I -
HETA -
)
200
m i(I )
CO 10 200
COSTIIIUE
ID - ITETA-nc
ICB 1BCID
DO 121 ITETA - IBC.ICB
DELV(ITCTA) - VOLUXE(ITETA*l)-VDUn(E(rreTA)
F(l) - P(ITETA)
P(2) - DT
ib
TEXP(rreTA) - Tl*{VBBC/YOUWE(mTA))*(ICll-l,>
ITCTA, PdTZTA), TEXP(ITETA)
COKTINUE
CVI - CPR-
T - TWP(ITETA)
irCOW (lfAHX)CVR*(TEKP(ICD)-Tl)
l . / ( . 0 0 0 4 4 * P ( I T E T A ) * ( - 1 . 1 9 ) * E X P ( 4 6 5 0 . /T m ( l T E T A ) ) *
ICE - ICB+COKDUR
VCOMB - O,
6.*R PK )
DELV(ITETA) - V O L U K E (im A n )-V O L U E (IT E T A )
IOS
......(
r
lea
pp*Jidlx D
Cfflpglv SlxaaUtha o C Enfa PtoctMt

DO 2flO I - ICB.ICE.3
IPTPKAX'TBPd)) 300,300,20.
TPJUX TDP(I)
JCAJUC - I
CONTINUE
rttTA - ICB
TEXPCrrert - t b p c ic b )
lU tK E -m T i KETHOO IS USH) TO FIltD TBPmiUBES At VARI08
aun
300
AMizs
44
T - TD(P(nETA)
II
- ia /3
COVTUUC
390
12 - a
K I I E (* ,* }
u i - ia*m(lTETA,T)
- I2*m(lTZTAXl.T*O.B*U3)
CeUdlETAJ - P(IIETA)-P(nBTA-a)
P U (im A ) - DELP(HKTA)/I2
IP(PU(ITCTA).OT.PmX) CO TO 600
XPCP(ITETA}.aT.PMX) 00 10 600
BB&CmTA) - BX
voa VOUJKE(nBTA>a)-VOtUXE(ITBTA)
600
COMB - COKB(P(ITnA)O.SDnP(ITETA))*VDn,mFVM
IP<ITWA,flE.ICE) 00 TO 600
CO TO U
ITETA ITETA-2
s a - nzTA
KOOm - 3
T - TDff(im A)
00 TO t{
600 CONTIHUZ
If(ITrA.OT.lCZ)
x a - niTA
xa
- nsTA>3
PKU - PCICS)
TO pura uxauu ?usmju

DO no I i c a . m . a
ffFRAX-Pd))!,120,110
130 PXAJC - P(I)
ICAJOZ - I
110
COKIIMUE
e
TO pura KAiDuv TB prn im
TPKU - TBff(ICB)
,/
;r
'COKBU5TIOM OVEA (ZERO-DIME COUB UODEL) *
(
(
l
SUBaOUIINE EXFH
BZAL KA.KP,a,KC,KEP. UH, MO, m VT?,N A. H.KADHAX.NHO,
rvx)
KAZJXIM AUZnABLE rtEBSOJSZ IB AB8WSD AS 0.6 TINES lEE

FBESmE VHICB VOUID HAVE BEEM TJAXm JF COMBUSnott
TACES ru ca at comstant volums.
n a 0.6*P30
C
C
C
.(
c . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1X4 - I3*TU(ITCTA*U.TUCS)
ITKTA - IIETAtJ
TQlPdTETA} - T(U CU (m Û9)*3.*EX4}/6.0
P(ITCTA) - TO<P(ITETA)(m*(UmS*1000.)/(FPH*V0Un(E(nKIA)*
. (
KETUax
EHD
........................... ........................................................ ............................ ..
s u - u * m (irn A tii.T *o.6 *u i)

m
167
KP,NPO,KX,m
INTEOEB EVO.EVC
LocrcAL n>Traa.n>RiKT.BT_iNDEX
caKK0N/aEOM/B,Ca,CaL.8.VBOC.VDI8F.VDVBDC(T2O} .V0UniE(8OO}.
(
(
VTDC
(.
C0KM0H/IHESH/aHP,mP(S),Pl.P2,P3.P4,H.Ta.T3.T4.T6.T6.TA,
Vl,Y2,V3,V4
COKMOH/CEEH/IU. KP, KR, X( 6 ] . HA. HAONAX, UNO. KP. NPO. KX, m . m ,
KC,KB,K0,S,BUTAT.8MIX,Y.YCC,YHIH,PK0LVT
COKNON/CPCOEP/CV, ACPF.BCPF.ACPA.BCPA,AI,(6) .AH(5).
BL(S].BB(E),CL(E}.CB(S)
COHHOH/INDEX/IPTTH , IPilKT, HCyCLK. HT.IMDEX
C0KMQH/0K/CB{40,4) ,A(10,16) .0(6) ,0(6} .EETAB.RAP,P(6) .
f
PPM,PVN,0(6),UEP,PID4.POm.U>M
COKNON/IKHXB/IVO,IVC.EVO,BVC,AEV,AIV
CQKKOK/COXBUN/VCOKB .BBIUX
C0MH0H/ZDIES/PA,VS,8TS0ICZ
COMNOH/P8SA/C?t,DT,OTHDDT, IBC.IECPC.IEC.GASKAS .VCOMP.VEXP, HCEXG.

KET,W.Q0P.PflP8.KL
C0KH0H/AmY/DaV(76O) ,DV(7S0) ,P(800) ,DLN(SOO> ,DE1P(800).
I
THBTA(80O),V(BOO)
COMKQH/PiUH/CM.Bt.PSO
CONKOH/ABCO/OK,ITETA.ITETA3,L
COKHON/III/IFPCO
COMM0H/8TCaE/PaS(8OO).TENP(BOO) ,UU(BOO)
COWON/AHGLB/ICB.ICE, IHX.ID
COXXON/.COKQD/HODCOK
COKKQN/MATSX/CBANOCSOO} ,PKSS(aOO) ,V0LEAT(8OO) ,THPil(800)
TEAC IS TBE TEMPERATWIE AT THE CKAKK ANCLE IfHEK COHBUSnCB ENDS.
CO TO (3.4).KOECOK
IFiSB.LT.EEXAX] CO TO 1
VOLUUEIEC) VQUAT(L)VBDC
Q'(BR.Cr.BUUX}P(IEC) - PaESS(L)
TEAC - P(IEC)VOHE(IEC)/(IU.nAT*NP)
I
:(
(
V.
c
T
K.
!
('
i
.
(
I
( ,
>
108
A ppeadlx D
CfempoUr SimaUihn ot C Elit P r x ta a
GO TO B
0(1) - P(ITETA)
COWtOK/PRPKOD/KODPtP
0(3) - CASKAS
0(4) - TEAC*(V0Unffi(IEC)AOUB(ITSTA)){KP-l.)
0(6) (VtmB(mTA)-VaLUXE(mTA-l))/Q(2)*rVM
COXXOH/ABCD/DK. ITETA. ITCTA3, l

COMXBM/IXI/IFPCO
COMKOH/IKOEX/IPnM. IPIKT, XCTCLE, HT.l HDEX

COKKOH/SUCnO/THETA_$UC.P.SUC.TEJUC.VDU)_SUC
STATEKEHT FUKCTIOH DEPIHIHOK M THE CALCUUTIOM OF
VOLtna AT VARIOUS C&AKK AXCLES.
IF(HI_IHDKI) IBEX
cA u H T m s(o.p a )
C
C
EL5E
PH - 0.0
ESDI?
P(ITETAtl) - P(ITBTA)(VOLU)ffi(ITETA)/VOUE(ITETAtl))KP
VDL(THETAR) -
P D ff - PIKK*FPH
BRHdTETA) - 0.0
IT - lEKP(mTA)
l R m (* .0 'EIPK : *, ITETA. P(ITETA), TEMP(ITETA)
PEXF PE W 'PPK
PRESS - P(EVO)*FPM
IVAR - O
COHTIHUE
SITK(.) EXPANSION OYER'
laiURN
END
DIHAX - CAIHT.eO.O/CSW.O.RPH)
w oop - 0 .0
EPSLON - .01*PIMP
PIO - 3.M 1B928/180.0
THETAC - EVO
HV - HVtl
BUBROtfTIKE OABEX
V O I S P * ( C R /( C - l .) - ( t .- C 0 8 ( T H E T A ] l ) ) /2 .
(CRL/S)-.6*SQRT((J.*CRL/S)2-(Afl8(8IH(THETA)))*2))
DATA ISUBPR.ISUPPK/2 0 /
KY O
T TA
P(ITETA*1) - P(ITETA+1)+PB
PRR(ITETA) - P(lTHTAtl)-P(ITBIA)
roff(n E T A ) - m e * (v o u E (iE c)A O L X B (iw rA ))(K p * i.)
THETA(800).V(800)
COXNOK/HEATRA/Am. B . C, 8 AXEA. SK. TK, VP
COW(Of(/OAS/P{800) .YOLB(BOO) ,TE(BOO) .KV.T.PEVC.VOim
C0KX0K/0AS1/THETA5.THCTAU
coMvoK/pai cT / fix r, pexp. p h l, kp*. r ke
G(S) - OT
VKET.VLOOP.PSPB.KL
C O X M O X /A m Y /O a V (7 B O ) ,DV(TB0) ,P (O O ) .0 E tN (8 0 0 ) .DELP(eOO) .
ffIFPCO.Eq.O) EVO - 360

DO U S ITETA - nC.CVO
r P M .m .G (6).H E P.P IM .P0m ,R PK

COKKOH/1KEXH/IVO. IVC.EVO.EVC. AEV. AIV
COKXOH/OVERL/PID. OHEOA, OIXAX, a iH T . AM. BOCHAS
COHMOK/PSSA/CP.DT.DTHOOr.rBC.IECPC.IEC.OASHAS.VCOXP.rEXP.KCEXO.
00 TO 2
p (iE c) - p ( n c )
TEAC - P(KC)VOUE{IEC)/(IU.mi*!P)
U - TCAC*{(VOLUXE(IEC)/ VOLXE{EVO))(KP-l.))
M6
BL(B).BB(6).CL(S),CH(6)
C O (0 /O E K /C B ( O .4 ),A (lO .1 6 ).C (6 ).D (B ).E E T A H .B A F .r (B ),
UPIEAC - CM*H?(mC)-H*NP*TEAC
PT4 CMHP{T4)-SfiP*T4
WEXP - u p m e-u p M
NET - ErPCOXB-VCOXP
K C .K H .K O .K .IU T A T .IU (IX.T.T C C ,T X.P H O LT

COHXOt/CPCOEF/CV. ACPF.BCPF.ACPA.BCPA.AI.(S) ,A H ( 6 ) .
KP - CP(IEAC)/(CPCnAC)-R)
T4 - TCJlC*((rOUZ{IEC)/VOUWE(EVO))**(n - l . ) )
V 1 .V 2 .Y 3 .V 4
COKXOH/CHEM/A. IIP. KR. H( 6 ) , HA, XAOHAX. NKO, KP. KPO. KX. BKR. m ,
EC - ICEm e - P(ICE)*VOUE(ire)/(.ITAT*HP)
_S
169
THETA(HV) - TKEIAC
REAL KA.KP.ICR.HC.KEP. KH. KO, KOLrrP.KA, H.KADKAX.NXO,

NP.KPO.HX.IlfHASS.Kia
IKTECEE EVO.EVC
LOOICAL HTJKBEX
COM0))/CE0K/B.Ca.CL,B.VBDC.VDIBP.VDVBDC(72O) .VaLUXE(800).
THETAX -
THETAC*PID
OMECA - 2.0*3.1416*RP)I/00.0
EXXASB - V0L(TMETAR)FVPRSS*0.001/(RHIXT4)
10
VIOC
COHMOH/THERM/HSP. NDLVTP(B ), P1. P2. P3 ,P *. T I. T2, T3. T4, TB, T6 ,TA.
CONTINUE
AHALTSIS OP EXHAUST PRDCEfiS
POPO - PRESS/PEKF
)
N
:
..... -
..t
( '
170
pftadix D
CoapiU r S/multion o Cl En/lo# P n cta tt

lyPEBS.lB.PEMFJPDPO - PBF/PEBS
TBETA THETilCPID
CAIX VALVAE(m.mXV,THCTAC)
BPXAX - >ESa-PBff)/W
C(l)
C(2)
C(3)
C (0
C(S)
T - PEE8SVOLCraSI*)FVK/(EX)<AS8;uaX*1000.0>
tF(H T_IKDE D THE*
CPP - CP(T)*K
0> - CPP/(CPJ-S)
CA - (0*-1.0)/KP
QK - (XPtl.O)/(KP-l.O)
CP - {2./(tP*1.0))**CK
CRIT - (O .S(D **1.0))(IC P/(IC P-1.0
30
DLTT - DIXXX
2T0
380
40
D&LTAP - QEX'DELTT
00 TO SO
DELTAP - 0.
D t t n - DIXAX
CO TO EO
IF({0PMAX/qEX)-DmX}40,60,60
PE88 - PRES8*DELTAP
EZMA8S - mSStDELn*DKI)OT
TBKTAC - IHErAC+360.0SPH*Dan/60.0
KV fVfi
THETACKV) - THETAC
VLOOP
18 THE VOUC DONE OM CASES D m v O EXBAU3T AVD INTAJCE STSOICES.
VLOOP - L00P*{PgES+(DELTAP/2.0))*reLTV
m n ( , ) * r a A 8 T : . thetac. pbess . t
lP(THBTA0.tE.IVO)00 TO 10
TaZTA(MV) - TIEIAC
BOCHAS - EXHAS8
m T E C * .) EXHA8T OVES'
IP((EVC-1VO).E<}.0) O TQ SOCO
CAU 0VmP(EXKA83,PK88,TEnAC}
3000 COKTIKUE
EXXEYC - EXMASS
PEVC - PRESS/FPH
16 - T
AHALY8I8 QP THE IHTAKE BT50KE.
C ..........
\(
{
.(
imiABS > EXHASS

KV_Er NV
950
r - P88S<VOL(THETA&}pyH/(:)OU8S*BMR*1000.0)
C
:(
CONTINUE
ELTi - m i m w / q a )
DELTV DVDOT*DELn
VDU)(MV) - VDVBC
THEIAE - THETAC*PID
CAU. VALVAI{AIV,AUKV,THETAC)
CO TO BO
CLU - OrXAX
UaTAP - QEX'OaTT
60 COHTIUUE
CALCUUTION OP PtE8SVB DDBF DUE TO EEAT T U K S m
PB(KV) P m 8 /P P K
DELTAP - DPKAX
60
O a iA P - DttTAPtPDHT
IP(qEZ)360,2T0,280
20
VDVBC < VOL(iaETAl)/YBDC
IP(I6UBPt.E^,0)THETAS - IBETAC
COMTIKUE
IF( (-DPHJC/QEX) - BWAX) 20.50.J0
{LTAP - 'OPtUX
O a n - AB8(DmAP/QEX)
CO ro 50
POHT - PDfT*FPH
TOTAL PHESSUSE DEOP CALCUUTI0K8
ir(poro-cuT) 100 , 200.300

100 VP - PK>0*QA
OHDOT A H m *P B (P *8 H T (2 ./(O A M n *T )Y P (V P -i.)/lO O O .)*{-l.)
360
- PiEBS/FPM
- DELtr
- EDU8S
-T
- DVCDT
CAIX HiaAXSW.PDBT)
dS E
POHT - 0.0
EJffllP
TC()(V) - T
NDB - 8Qir((2.0CUy8)J-((AW(8IK(IHETA)))**2))
DVDDT - V018P*0.6*m>(.681U(3.*7EETAa}/UMOK-8Ii<(TEETAa))*OMEQA
I8UBPR - 1
00 70 300
300 OKDOT - AKm*PU88<8qKT(ICF/(l^*T*1000.)*aP)*(-l.)
IF(I8t)FFK.Eq.0>reKrAU - TBETAC
ISUPPI - 1
300 COMTINUE
QEX KP*PR88*((Ua)DT/EZ}U88)>(DVm/(V0I.(TBETAa)*rVM)))
IT l
M M t CALCUUTION OF EP i KS
CPR - ACPAflCPA*TA
CP (CPa.KA+aCP(TA))/(lAtKX)
CVT - CP(T)-
m - CPR/CVT
'f
... ...........;___ xr:/.y^/ct:im nxw .rr"Tm 3 tr> y H /:rn a ^ m ia
172
C oD p a tff
SliavUtioaofC Eslnt Pnceuf
Appudtx D
DELTAP - QEX*DaTT
CO TO ISO
1000 OaTAP - O.
DELH - OTKU
CO TO 150
1100 lP(DPm/QEX-DTXAX)160.170,170
160 DELTAP - DPHAX
DELn - AflS(DELTAP/qnC)
CO TO JEO
170 DELn - D T W
DELTAP - qEXDElTT
IBO CONTINUB
CALCUUTION OP PKEBSUSE DROP DUE TO HEAT TRAKSra.
c a r v - DVDDT*D a n
CCl) - PRMS/FPH
C(2) - DELTT
C(3) - IKMASS
CPfil - ACP*BCPA*T
CPRl - (CPRlK**Hr*CP(I))/(HAHl)
CVTl - C P (U )-
KR - CPKl/CVT
XP - CP(T)/CVT
lE(KV) - T
Y U IE (,* ) m A H r . T, KV, TCHV)
UNDR - SqRT((2.*CRL/8)2-{(AB3(8IK(THETAR)**2))
ff(ASS(PRE88-PD(F),I-E.EPSL0N) PRESS - PDff-EPSLON
FACTOR - P2SS-PIKF
IP(FACTOR) 17,17,18
li
IT
IS
21
M
COHIIKUE
ITAQ - O
IVAR - 1
WMAX - ABS(PIkP-?EES8)/A
PDP - PIKF/PRE8S
CO TO 21
K>KAI - ABS(PHflS-PD(P)/AM
C{4) - T
C(S) - DVDDT
ly(HI.IHOEX) THEH
CAtL HTRA)IS(C.PDHT)
EIE
PDtrr 0 .0
EHDIP
PDKT - PDHT*FPX
POPO - PRES/PDff
COMTIKUE
CRIT - {0.6*CKRl.})*(ira/(KS-l.))
DVDDT - mBP*.B*FV)C(.6*8IH(2.*IHETAB)/U}fDR-81M(THETAR))*OKBOA
IP(PDPO - CRIT) 960,970,970
P60
ii'
:
9T0
I
)
feso
OA - (KR-1.)/1CS
VP - POPOOA
fQT - 2.0/(CA*RMRT)*VP*(VP-l.)/000.
TOTAL PREBSYK DROP CALCUUTIOK DRIKO IKTAKI PROCBSS.

VDVBC - VOL(THnAK)/VBDC
DELTAP - DTAPPDHT
PRESS - PRESSDn.TAP
DKDDT - tIKV*PIHF*6<}RT(8qr)*H,)
IF(IVAR.EI).l) MDDT - AftIHV*PRE88*BQRT(6qT)
CO TO 980
CK - (KR+1.)/(KR-1.)
CP - (2./(ltt*l.))/*QK
DKDDT - AflINV*Pfi6S*8QRT(KR/(m*T*1000.)*CP){-l.)
ff(IVAR.Eq.l) DHDDT - ABIHVPIMP>BqRT[KR/(8R*T*IOOO.)*CP)
COHTINUE
IF(IVAR.Eq.l) CO TO 199
QX - KRRPE8S(DHDDr/IKHASS-DVBDT/(V0L(THETAK)*m))
IT(ABS(PRSS-PEST).LE.0.001) COTO MIO

PR(KV) - PRESB/FPH
VOLO(KV) - VDVK
TIIETAC - THETACJ60.0*RP)(DELTT/60.0
IF(THETAC.CE.IVC) COTO 1400
n'(IH ETA C .C T.76.0.AK D .TH E TA C.LT.T22.0)TD C t<A S m T E ( ,0
CO TQ 299
qEI - KRE((RH*TM*DMIIDT1000./(VI)L(THETAR)*FV))'
(PSE8S*DVDDT/(VOL(THETAR) rVK)))
(
3M COHTINUE
IP(qEX)090.1000,1100
090 lCDPKAX/-qEX) )-DTXAX) IJO, U0.140
130 DaTAP - -OPMAX
W L n - AB8(DELTAP/QEX)
CO TQ ISO
UO DELTI - DDOX
'TCKAS-. THCTAC, TOCHAS
KV - HV+1
TKETA(V) - THETAC
i09
1410
IHKAS8 - IHKAS8tDELTTDXD0T
VLOOP - n.OOP(PRESS*(DaTAP/2.0))*DELTV
IP(THETAC.aE.IVC)THETAC - IVC
PREST PRESS
CO TO eso
COKTIKUE
TI - T
PRESl - ((IKHAS8*tl*Il)/yOL(TKErAC*PID))*FPH
r-
INKABS
17S
---------- i . ' - - ............
(,
ApfttaJix D
111
C ooB U r
o f C B n tU , F /o
.
COKHOH/GEOH/B.at.aL.B.VBOC.VDISP.VDVBOC(7JO) .VOiWE(BOO).
YTCC
COIOlON/THm/HSP.KOt!fTP(6).?l.P2.PJ,P4,Tl.T2.T3.T4.TS.T9,TA.
V1.V2.VJ.V4
COKUOH/CUEX/a. K?, ES. N(S). lA. KAOIAX, MMO. KP, HPO, XX. BMB., nt2,
KC. KH. W). fc. UJT AT. IH U .Y. YCC. VJini. PHOLlfT
COJtKQH/CPCOEF/CT.ACJT.BCPP.ACPA.iCPA, AL(B) , AH(B),
BL{t).B8(6),CI.(5).ca(5)
m s 2 - ({iik X s B ja it)A o t((ia B T A C fi.o )*p iD ))*m

CP - PIE81-FUS3
DEiTV - (v o t((ia E n c i,o ) p iB )-v o L (m T W P iD ))*m

( t o o ? - VUP(PUU1*(OP/3.0}}*I>ELTV
ir(THxno.ae.ivc) coto i*oo
m u c - m n e * i .o
UOO
OOTO u t o
COKTIKUI
TOtTA(KV) - THEIiC
e0MH0H/CEH/CB(40.<>,A(10,16},C(B) ,D(S),EETAH,RAP,F(B).
FPN.PVX.OCE) .KEP.PBH.POm.BPM
COKXOK/IHEXH/IVO, IVO,EVO.EVC.AEV,AlV
COHNOH/OVEaiTPlS. QKEOA.CnUJC. CAIKT, AM. BOCHAS
COKHOH/PSSA/CPa.DT.OIHDDT.IBC.IECPC.IEC.CAfiKAS.VCOKP.VEP.HCEXO,
MZT.VUXIP.PSPB.KL
C0HKOK/Amy/DttV(76O) ,DV(7SO).P(800) ,DEUI(800) ,M1P(>0),
THETA(BOO),V(800)
COKXDN/HEATaA/Am.B,SC.SAEA.fiJ(.T,VP
CO>WOH/CAS/Pa(800).VOU)(8CO) ,IK{800) .MV.T.PEVC.VOLEPF
COMKOH/OASl/THETAB.TUETAU
COHKOH/FBICT/PIXr .PEKP , P a . H8, FHEP
COHkOM/FSPHOD/KODraP
COKHO/AflCD/OM. ITCTA. ITITA3, L
a . - u a N c> n i.ri
TI - T
p iv c - p m s /p w
T - PIVC
IDOP AB8(VUnP)
u m s im s8
n m m . (m u A s -E x x z v o /U K io a
PD ff - PXXF/FP
PB ff - r m / r ? u
VDLZP7 - (n>aU8-BDaU8)Ua*TM*1000.0/(PO(F*VDiaP)
LOCATXON QP TES CtAMC XOLZ VaESZ m XSS PUV 18 ZEBO
C
C
DUUHa OAS CZCSAKSE PS08E88

P*HP - fl(M Y J F )
DO 113 I HYJF, KYJUF^KO
IP ( P I(I).O r.P IE P ) THEM
LOO > I*1
TBETIJUC - THETil<U)C}
PK_SUC - fULOC)
lEJUC - lECUJC)
VOU>_EUC - VOUXUC)
00 TD 11<
71 m
em
113
lu
n m ( , )
COKXOJ/m/IFPCO
COHKOH/IHBEX/IPITHR . IPilirr. MCCLE, HT.IHMX

BTATEKEHT PUMCnOK KFIIUTIO POR THE CALCULATIOH
IHE VOLUKE.
I
9S0
p (i)
00 TO l i s
KMDIP
coirriKus
r n iK C . ) 'L o a n o i i * ,
thetjbuc , p j u c
oxa a c w ic z
ts -SVC, y o l d j c
o v e i*
KETUSM
ENO
SU3U)trriKE 0VELP(EX)USS,PKES8.TKSTAC)
........................................
SEAL KA.KP.n.UC.KEP, KH, XO, KOLVTP.VA. K .lU A m .m O ,
NP.KPO .lU .m
n m iE i: iva.EVc
UMICAL T_I)IDEX
116
VOL(THETAB) - VDI8P(Ca/(CR-l.)-(l.-C0S<THETAB))/2. +
(C&L/8)-.E*SqST((2.CBl/8)**2-(ABS(8Ii((THEIJU})}*>2}]
EP8L0 - .01*PCKF
IH - lA
QFHAX - 0.0
CONTINUE
TiEIAR - TKEIAC*PID
POPO - PRESS/PEMF
IF(ABS{PRESS-PEM7).LE.EP8L0N)PEE6S - PEJF-EP8L0X
IP(PBS8.LE.FMF)P0F0 - PQO'/PKZSS
OPKAXl - AB8(P8SS-PE)F)/AJI
IP(DPl(AXl.aT.OPKAX} OPKAX - DPKAXl
CAa VALVAE(AEV.ARCXV,THETAC)
T - PmS*VCL(IHEIAa)*FV)(y(EIXABS*RMIX*1000.)
CALCnJkTIOM OP KP A KK
CVT - CP{T) - E . .
KP - CP(T)/CVT
QA - (KP-1.)/KP
OC - (KP+l.)/(KP-l.)
CP - (2./(XPH.))GK
( .
(
(
/
(
(
Ic
l,..
176
Appeadx D
C c m p a U r S la n h tk B o ( C I E B t h t P r tx w e *
130
CRIT - (.6 *(K P 1 .))**(K P /(K P -1 .))

TE(HV) - T
)ID8 - SI)RT({2.'CRL/B)..2-((8{SIK(THETAa)))**2))
DVDDT - VDISp.,B*FVH C.6*8IH(a.*'nffiTA8)ADR-BIM(THETAR))*0>ffiCA
1F{PDPQ-C8IT) 100,200.200
100 VP - PDPO*OA
DKDDTl - AlEXV*PEHF*SqaT(2./(OA*RMIXT)VP*(VP-l.)/1000j*(-l.)
IFPRtSS.LE.PEKF) DXOOTI - AREXV*PRS8*SqRI(2./(CA*EHEC*T)*VP
)
)
(V P -1 .0 ))/1 0 0 0 .0
CQ TO 300
200 DKDDH - AHEXV*PESS*EQRT(KP/(RMaT*1000.)CP)*(-l.)
IF(PRESS.LE.PENF) DHDDIl - AmV*PEMP*S()XT(KP/(RHIXT1000.)*OP)
C
)
>
>
)
)
)
)
300 COKTIKUE
ANALISIS OF IKTAKE PROTIOK ITH OVESLAP
CALL VAIVAKAIY.ARIKV.TKETAC)
irCABStPRESS-PDO.LE.EPBlOlOPRESS - PDP-EPSLOH
DPHAX2 - ABB(PRHfiS-PDff)/AJ<
IF(DPKAX2.0T.DPm) OPAX - BPHAX2
IP(PltZS3-PD(F) 17,17,18
17
COHTIHUE
POPO - PIHF/PRESS
CO TO 21
18
PDPO - PREBS/PIkF
21
CONTIHUE
CRIT - (0.6*(KP + 1.0))(KP/(ICP-1.0))
IFPDPO-CRn) 960,970,970
960 QA - (KP-1.0)/KP
V? - POPO*OA
SQT - 2.0/(OABIX*T)*VP(VP-1.0)/1000.0
DXDOn - ARINV*PIWBqBT(Sqi)(-l.)
ly(PRESS.LE.PlKF) DW)DT2 - AXrKV*PREfiSsqRT(SqT)
00
TO SSO
970 CK - (KP+1.)/(KP-1.)
CP - (2./(KP*l.))**CK
DMDDT2 ABIKV*PRESS.8qilT(KP/{RHa*I*1000.)*CP){-l.)
IFPRESS.LE.PIKFjDKDOn - ARIKV*PIKr*BqRI(KP/(RNa*TIOOO.)*GP)
980 CONTINUE
DMODT - DKW)T1 * DlffiDT2
IPDKDDT.LT.O.O) THE
q - KRR*((RHn*TM*DHDOTMOOO./(VOL(THETAR)*FVH))-(PRESS*
I
DVDDT/(VDL(TKETA)*FVM)))
ELSE
q - KP*PREfiS*(DKODT/E)0(ASS-DVDDT/(VOL(THETAR)*FVH))
EHDIP
1
990
)
)
)
)
IF (q) 990.1000,1100
Ii>(ABS(-DPKAX/q) - DTHAX) 130,140,140
KLTP - -DPAX
OEirr - DELTP/q
CO TO IBO
UO DELn - OTKAX
DELT? - q*DELn
CO TO 150
1000 OeLTP - 0 ,0
OeLTT - OTKU
CO TO 150
1100 IFCDPKAX/Q - DTTU)1M.170,170
160 DEtTP - DPKAX
DELTT - DELTP/q
CO TO 160
170 DELn - DTXAX
DELTP - q * u n .n
lEO COHTIKUE
C
CALCUUTIOH OF PRESSUEE DIOP DUE TO KEAT T lW B F a.
OaTV - DVDDTDaTT
C (l) - PRESB/m
C{2) - DELTT
C{3) - EXKABS
C (0 - T
C(5) - DVDDT
ITBT.IHDEJC) THEH
CALL HTRANS(C.POBT)
ELSE
PDHT - 0 .0
EX0I7
PDST - PDHT'FPK
TOTAL PRESSURE DOP CALCUUTIOH DRIHO IKTAKE PROCESS.
VDVBC - VOL(THETA)mOC
PRESS - PRESSOELTPPDHT
PR(KV) - PKESB/m
YOLO(HV) - VDVBC
IP(THETAC.Eq.EVC)GO TO 1400
THETAC - THETAC*360.0RP)( DELTT/60.0
IF(THETAC,CE.B40.O.AHD.THETAC.lT.B48.O)B0CMAS - EXKASB
KV - KV+I
THETA(HV) - THETAC
C
1400
EXHASS - EWAS8DKD0T*Dan
VIOOP - VLO0Pf(PREBSt(DaTP/2.O))*DELTV
XF(THETAC.0T.EVC)THETAC - EVC
V R m ( * . ) 'OVERL?
THETAC, PRESS, T
CO TO 9S0
CONTINUE
THETA(KV) - THETAC
177

e
a.
tr
180
Compalti Slmtluha o Cl Esf iat PtMe*ta
Af>piadlx D
DIKEHSION a ( S )
COHXOn/GEOH/B .C*.CRL.8.VBPC.VDISP.V0VBDC(T2O), VOUTO (#00).
f
VTDC
CO)O(QH/THERH/HRP.K0Lrr?(6).Pl.P2.P3,f4.TI.T2,T3.T4.T6,T6.TA.
t
V1.V2.V3.V4
COHKOH/CKEH/KA .KP. KR, H(S ). HA. KADHAX. KKO. KP. KPO. KX. RKR. m ,
a . - l.-COS(VTETA)
T O - (ICK-CX*!).6RCLfl-UDRT*0.6)
E2X - 2.SDI(nETA)C0B(VTETA)
VOLUXE{ITT/l) - Y D ISP*im
VDVBDCdTTA) - VaLUH(ITETA)/VBOC
COMTIKUE
8ETURM
EKO
100
XC.KH.KO.H.mTAT.IWIX.Y.YCC.YXrK.PMOLVT
COMHOH/CEII/CB{40.4) .A(10.16) ,C(6) ,0(6) ,EETAH.RAF.P(5).
FPM.rYX.C(6).KEP.PID4.PDm.PH
COXHON/HTIIOO/HOCFHT
COKOH/mTRA/A*EA. BX. RCR. SARA, 8 H. TV. VP
COKKON/A8CO/DN.ITETA. ITETA3. L
COHMOH/ADDN/PADt.VEL
HODFBT 1 18 DUE TO CAKPBELL
ASULEY
ODFBT 2 18 DOE TO 8ITKEI k. RAMAKAIAH
HODFKT 3 18 OUE TO ROSEHBERC
MODFKT 4 18 DUE TO PFUUM
CV(T) - CP(T) - R
VP IB THE PISTON EPEED IH H/6.
VP - BMtRPK/30.
TV - T2
I
EUBROUTIHE KmCOK
uwicAL c r m .ip a iH T
C O I0 tI /C H E K /K A .r P .S R ,H (6 ).))A .N A O m .K )(0 ,H P ,H P O .N X .m ,m .
C
C
C
C
KC.HH.HO.R.RUTAT.RMIX.y.TCC.YXIK.PHOLVT
COKOK/lHDEX/IPTnat.IP8Iirr,N(nrCLE,HT.IMDEX
C0QH/GEH/CBC40.4) , A ( 1 0 . 1 6 ) , C ( B ) , 0 ( S ) ,EETAH,BAF.F(S).
m ,m .0 (6 ),K P ,p iM .P 0 r a .P M
COXXON/KEKGEK/CEARCIB) .E ( 5 ) ,E q il,llK (6 ) .ICOHBH.IHDF.ITXTl.HODRO
CO)DH/COBUS/I>C. ISTA. lEKOA. KDC

C
BUBROUTIKE DURCOM IS PROVIOZO TO CALCUUTE IHE DURXTIOH
CF COKBUSTIOH IF SUITABLE BCPEESBIOHS AK
AT PRESENI I I 18 CIVEH IK THE BLOCK DATA AS IKPUT
PSOnSIOK 18 HADE FQR DIFTEREXT KOOELS
PUT APPR0P8UTE IHDEX ( 1 . 2 , 3 , 4 OR S)FOR ICOKBM III
BLOCK DATA DEPENDIKC UPDH THE HOOEL TO BE
AVAIUBLE
OC 18
PATK CA(1)
AREA PID4BK2
VEL - AB8(CA(S)/AREA)
AS8UMED VAU TEXPERATURZ 18 THE TEWERATURE AT THE END
OF THE C0KPRE88I0H 8TR0KE. '
T - CA(4)
C
C
USE.
CO TO (1 .2 .3 .4 .E ),I C 0 K S M
C
THE DSATIOl OF COMBUSTION
CO T0{1,2.3.4).HODFBT
1 com n u E
COKDtm -
4 0 .0 E .O * (a P K /6 0 0 .0 -
1 .0 ) 1 6 6 .0 * ( Y C C /T f - l .l) * * 2
CO TO E
3
3
4
CO TO 10
6 0 .0
COHTIHUE
COXOUR -
HC - O.I3*(BH..(-0.2)).((PATVVEL)M(0.8))*(T*(-O.B))
CO TO 10
2 HC-0.04*(1.0.01S)*(PATK*VP)*.r/C(Tt*.2)(B...3))*(4.l8/3600.)
CONTIHUE
COKDUR -
181
H C - 0 .1 3 * (( V 0 L U H E ( I T E T A ) T V W )..( - .0 6 ) ) ( (P A T K ( V P t l .4 ) ) * (0 .8 ) )*
(T (* 0 .4 ))
CO TO 10
4 XXX - l.B 0.416*VP
YYY EXP(XXX)
3 5 .0
CONTINUE
B CONTINUE
COHDUR - 6 5 .0
RETURH
IF(VP.CE.3,6) PVP - 3.0 2.S7*{1.0 - YYY)
EHD
IF (V P .U .3 .6 ) FVP - 3 .0 - 2 .E T (l.0 - ( 1 . 0 / m ) )
HC - (4.18/3600,)*SqRT(PATM*T*PVP)
SUBROUTIKE KTRAKSCCA.I)
10
CQKIIKUE
DELTPH - (CA(1)*I1CSAREA*(TV-T)*CA(2))*PM0LVT/(CA(3)CV(T)*T)
X - oaTPa
RETURH
E)(D
NOTE : CA(0 - PRESS ; CA(2) DELTT ; CA(3) - EXXASS ;

CA(4) - T E : CA(B) - DVDTH
REAL KA.KP.ltB.KC.KEP. HH. KQ, KOLlTP.HA, H.NADHAX.NKO.
#
KP.KPO.HX.KRR
182
fpaiU D
C oapatv Sm Utha o C EatU Fnt*a*
18 S
FKG - COHEIT'FKH'lfT
C*
HV - -HRP/M2.
c i - nto*H\'/coHDa
ruMcnoH m ( i i E T A .r )
C
EZAL U .K P.a.K C .tffiP. KK. 0 . KOLVTT.KA. H.K.KK.JIACSAX.HKQ.

eO)WOM/0EaK/8.C,CU,..VBOC.VDlP.VDVBDCCTM).V0U{E(8OO).
60
HS - 6 .B 0 8 C l * ( K l ) * ( T X * l l ) E X P ( - 6 .0 0 8 ( t X * ( K * l ) ) >
0 0 Tt) 28
60
HEXAX - 6.eoaC l.U *0(tX **H )E JC P {-6.B 08(TX {U )))

m - (ICE-lTErA)/(ICE-IJ(X)*HmX
GO TO 2S
VTOC
COIOH/TXEJ(/HJ?.KOL1T?(8) .P l.r a .r 3 ,P4 .T l .n .T 3 ,T *.I6 .T6 ,TA.
C0KM0II/GU/CB(40.4} .A (10,16) .C(E) .D(E) .ESTAH.&AT ,P (E }.

FPH .m .C(6).K E P.Pm .P0r a i .8PH
COKMOH/IHUB/IVD.IVC.EVO,VC.ACr.AIV
COKMOM/SUPECI/ZPOCOU.ErOtUk.ISUPCH.ISUPET
C0KK0H/AIAAY/0aV(7W) .DV(760) ,P(BOO) ,DEIJI(800} ,DeU>(800).

TUnA(OO).V(800)
COKNOM/PtOO/CU.Bl.PW
COUIOII/ABC/VT. COMEFT. CPA. MM
COMMOX/mm/AUA, BN. ICK.SAUA. SN. TV, VP
COlOUll/PIICT/PDff. PEJff ,PSL. KPI. FKEP
COKHOM/FRPKOD/MIOPKP
COKMOM/ni/IPPCO
CO)(X0K/8TtlR/PU(8OO} ,TEKP(800) .H U (800]
COKUOH/AJiaLE/ICB.ICZ. IMZ.ID
COKKaK/TrCQM/COHDUX.K
COHMOM/KAX/PUUX. ICAXAX. JCAMAX
COMMOK/COMOO/NQOCOX
COtOiOH/USMOD/HQDia
COHKOK/KATX/CAXOtBOO) .PaSS(800) ,V0UtlT(8OO) .TWa(BOO)
e n - cp (T )-
nw - H A /U .76*Y)*l.E-03
HC - 0.13*{B K (-O .2))*((PA T M *V E L).(O .8))*{T*(-O .S))

CO TO 10
flC * O .M (1 .0 > .0 1 6 )* (P S * V P ) .r/((T .2 ) (B * .3 )) (4 .18/3600.)

0 0 .TO 10
H C -O .J }*((V O U fX E (lIE T A )F V )0 C *.0 6 *(C P IlS C V P + 1 .4 ))*(0 .8 ))( T { - 0 .4 ) ) 0 .0 0 1
IP(VP.aE.3.6) PVP - 3 .0 2.B7*(l.0 - YYY)

IP(VP.LE.3.) PVP - 3 .0 - 2 .B 7 (l.0 - (1.0/Y TY ))
aC - U.18/S600.)*SqRT(PR8TFVP]
10 BTK - aC*8AllZA*(TV-T)*DT2,
CALCUUTIOK OP RATE OP <OEKTHANSPER
VDEL - V0LUHE{ITErA2)-V0UJKE(ITETA)
m - (OASHAS*WU*T)VDa/(a.VOLUJE(ITETA))
TER 18 THE RAJE OP TEMPERATUXE
BI8E
TRR - (HHHU-m)*PKOL1T/(OASKAS*CVT)
RETVSM
............................................................. ..........................................................
SUBROtJTlME PXEPC
........................................ ......................................................................... ..........................
REAL MEP
COHKOM/OMK/B,CR. CRL. S . VBOC,VDISP. VBVBDC(720) , V 0 U (8 O O ),
VIOC
C0)0!I/0EH/CB(40,4) .A (10,16) ,C(S) ,D(S) .EETAH,RAF,F(S).
rP,r/K,0(6),HEP.PHM,P01ER,RPK
COKKQS/IDIEa/PA.Y.8TR0XE
CQHKON/IHEXH/IVO, IVC, EVO,EVC.AZV.AIV
COKXOK/FRICT/P Dtp.PEMP. PSl.HPR,PMEP
COXKOH/PaPXaD/HODFRP
EHPRICAL REUnOMS ARE USEO TO ESTIMATE FRICTIOH.
(
l
{
i
{
(
i
END
COMKOK/UEAT/liB
COUKOX /ADOK/PATX.VEL
CJULCUUTIOM OP HEAT lELEASE RATE USIKC ZBE'S KODEL
CO>WOK/COKB/PKAX,TPXAX
GO TO 10
4 XXX - l.E 0.416*VP
m - 2XP(XXX)
v m . n o o p . p s p s .K L
PES - (GAHASBIXT)/VOLU)(E(nETA)(1000000,/10132S.)
CO TOa.2.3.4).ODPHT
COKMOH/COMBUVACOXB.BUUX
COUMOV/IDIES/PA.VS.STBOKE
COXXOK/HlVOD/MOOrBT
COKKOM/VAUU/Dl, BETA, KODFVA
COWiOM/aVESL/PIO, OMECA. DTMAX. a iN T , AM, BCCUAS
C0ia 0ll/PS8A/CP. DT. DTHOOI. IflC. lECPC. lEC .OASKIB.COiff, VEXP.HCEXG.
C )
CALCUUTIOK HEAT TRAHSFE8 ATE

25
BL(S),BH(E).CL(S),C8(6)
COKXOJI/IMOEX/I7nHB.l?U)(T.NCYCL.BT.lKOeX
ff
(ITETA-ICB)/COW XR
CO TQ(SO,60).MOOUa
NF.HPO.NX.KU
v i.v a .v j.v 4
MJOiOK/CUD/KA.P.n.KO.KA.lUBm.ltXO.P.KPO.a.M.m.
MC.HH.HO.I.IUUT.WII.T.YCC.TfWM.PKOLIIT
COKKOX/CPCOEF/CV.ACrf.ICPF.ACrA.BCPA.AL(5),AH(S).
184
pptadU D
CemptiUr SlmaUtho o ( C fiif/ne P rocetta

U T IO K S AH TAKEH FROK I.M.BISHOP *XH ABAtYSIS
IF EBCLBE m C T I Q K * E C O h W
BAE IRANSACTIONS
V0L.73, 166S.
m P
I S THE FRICIIOHAL KEAN E m C T IV E PBESSUEE.
m P l I S TBE FRICTIQd DUE TO CAS PRESSURE BEBIDO RIBOS.
FKEPJ IS THE FRICTIOH DUE TO YAU TEHSIOH OP EIKGS.

FXEP3 IS FUCTION DUE TB PI8I0H k RIKQ FRlCriOM
: )
FXEP IS THE B U J m U S S
FKEP6 IS THE IN U T AHD TJffiOTTlS L0S8.
c
C
C
C
C
C
mcuroe i t e e ie .
KODFA-a 18 usn> VHEJI THE EUTIOV BETYIEl BIICHT OF
VAtVE OFEKDIO t CAKXSHAFT AOL IB rSOYK. THI8
DEPENDS OH CAX FROFILE k IT MUST BE IXCLVDEO HEXE.
DI 18 THE DIAXETI AT THE POIKT HEU VU.VE STEX
REACHE8 VAtVE BEAT.dH KN)
C
C
C
HEIOHT IS THE HSTAITAMEOS HEICHT OF VALVE OPEHIHO

DE7EHDIN0 OH THE lEUTIOH IXCUfDEO. (Ilt KM)
BETA 18 THE YALVE SEAT ANOLE IH DIBUZ,
IHTECEl EVO.ETC
FNEF5 IS FMCTIOK DUE TO VALVE' CEAJFVEPT IS THE PUXPIKO UJSS
COXXON/IKEXH/rra.XVC.EVO.EVC.AEY.AIV
COKKOH/OAS1/THETA*,THBTAU
COWOH/VALAIE/Ol. BETA. MOOFA
HEICHT - 0.0
EXP - O.J333
PID - 3.1415W4/J80.
CO TO (1 .2.3), KOOFA
BBDCB - EVO-360.
'
FKEP8 IS THE BEARIKO FRICTIOH.

FKEPfl IS THE COMBUSTION CHAXBEE k VALVE PUXPINO LOSS.
P8 18 THE PISTO 8PEED IN M/MIH.
H
18 THE IK [T VALVE DIANETER.
OH IS THE HUHBER DF IHLET VALVE/CYLIHDER.
GO TO {1.2),'KaDPEP
COKTIKUE
ATDCA - EVC-B40.
D'ELAE -i ABS (BBDCBtATOCA)
TETAME - EVOtOO.
TETAOE - TETAD1fEUE
PS - 3 ,14*B *H P H /1000.
B - S q R T U . A I V /3 .1 4 )
CH - l .O
FKEPl - 0 .t 2 * (P A -P I K F )* S /(B * B )* (.0 8 8 8 C R + .1 8 2 * C R t .l8 3 C R * (1 .3 3 -
FKEP3 -
f
FHEP6 -
)
)
)
IF(THCTAC.CE.TETA)(E.AND.IHETAC.LE.TETACE)T-.0001*X*(ABS(8I)I((360.
-IETAKEtBBOCB)*PID)))EXP
.2 2 6 * (3 0 .-(4 . R P K /1 0 0 0 .)) H * 1 .7 6 /( B B ^ S ) G H
FHEP7 - 0 .0 2 T 6 ^ C R P /1 0 0 0 .) 1 .5
1 .1 8 5 )
FHEP5 - PEHP/2.76PIHF
rP (THETAC. tE.TETAXE)T-. 0001X (AB8(SIM ((360. -THETACBBDCB) PID)))

.EXP
( I 2 .B 5 P S L /( B * S ) * 1 0 0 .) P S /1 0 0 0 .
FKEP4 - S q R T (P A -P I K F )* (0 .1 2 1 C R .4 -(.0 3 4 5 * .0 0 1 0 5 S * C R )* (R P X /1 0 0 0 .)
.3 9 4 * P S / 1 0 0 .) ) 1 0 .
F)(EP2 - 0 .3 7 7 S * N P R /(B B )* 1 Q .
FHEP8 - 0.0564*CB/S)*RPH/1000.
FKEP9 - SqRT(HEP/11.4S).0816(RPM/1000.)*l.T
FHEP - PHEPl*FHEP2FMEP3*FKEP4FKEPE+FKEP6tFKEP7FKEP8*FKEP9
00 TO 3
TUI8 KODEL IS FROPOSED BY CI8CK
V - 8 /1 00 0 .RPM/30.
FKEP - 0 .0 6 a ( C R - 4 . ) t R P / 2 0 0 0 . * l . l l E - 0 6 * ( V * 2 )
IF{THETAC.CE.TCTM)E)y-.0001*X(/UBB(Sm((3M,-THETACtAT0CA)
PIO)))*EXP
CO TO 100
Y-3.14/1000.(01KEIGHT^BIH(BETA*PID)COS(BETA*PID)) .HEIOBT
COS(BETA*PID),OOOI
CO TO 100
3
COKTIKVE
100
COHTIKUE
RETURK
EHO
........................ ...................... ..................................................................................
I
SUBROUTIKE VALVAI(X.T.THETAC)
CONIIKUE
RETVEX
)
)
IKTECER EVO.EVe
END
COHMOH/0ASI/THHAS. THETAU
SUBROUTIKE VALVAE(X.Y.TKETAC)
)
AH EKPRICAL FORHUU IS USEO FOR TBE REUTIOHSHIP
BETYEEH CRASX AKQLE AMD VALVE AHEA.
EXACT REUTXOl, IF AVAILASLE FOR YOUR EOIHE, YOU KAY
18S
COHMO/IHEXH/rVO, IVC. EVO. Eve. AEV,AIV

EXP - .3333
PID - 3.1416926/180.
BTDCB - IVQ-B40.
ATDCA IVC-T20.
t i
c
(A
r
(3
ti
O H
H 9 fi *-i
S
P F p l
ir
S ?5
SS
^
o IB
I M
a=
s
H S
i S T f c 'T A
Sfii
i
^ 56 5
c s s
s;
p
? i "
p o
t
*1
ta
s
3 5
Ea
-
S 5 S K B
n tn
s s s s s s e e . f i s s R s a>
s k s s s e s
^
s s s s
p ^ H
54
s B e s s s P ^ T ^ i
s.sr s
f i . K a s fi s fi s fi f; S a S f; S d e |:. ^M XVI
b | S
m
o
(
ec |Q m o B 8 | i g S . e
? H
H<
09
< g < g A S r - i :
X
| s ?
O
l
i
** *
^
w
^ ^ o *o
tiU '^
C
B
?K
i P
< 5 5 -^,
s
^
gs
P
g
5 8
s
gr *
' ' 8o >*
B
ff
S
s e
o
o
o
3
a S
&
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w SK
S M
sL S
a
03 te S
sa:
> 13
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ca
K.*P
s
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<A
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t a
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> -(
n
fj
i-k .
sk
-:
"
u I
e
k*
^ - ?9
i
C3
H^
^
SwowI
5 H5
s ' Ks MH*S
M
M co * 8 ^
n
u s
a i
2
1 SH
o
5 ^
S?
o 5 ?:^r
SaR
a
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tK
a . se
n.
RO
198
ppdlx D
Coapattr Slmollon o Cl Bafiat Procata

*
6X.1H..-IHJECTI0H AKOLE (DEO)

IP(IF?C0.Eq.0.(.nTC(I.EIJ.2) 00 TO 1
m m d l . M ) KVO.IVO.EVC.IYC
r o m T ( 6 x . i f l * . . Evo- . n o . m . iv o
99S
-M B .1 3 X .1 B */)
- '.
BUBEOmire PtlH Il
DITECE EVO.EVC
h o . s x . ih * /
COKK0H/CEOM/B,CS.CRL.8.YBI>C.VDISP,VDVB[)C(72O) ,VOUE(eOO).
I
VTDC
COKMOK/IMEXH/IVD.IVC.EVO.EVC.AEY.AIV
C010(0l/IDIE6/PA, VR, BTBOICE
f
I
a . l H * . . 'E V C
- M 1 0 , 2 X ,'I V C
-M 1 0 .3 I .1 H * /
a (6 X .lH .5 3 X .lB * /> . ,B 6 (lH * > .//)

l COKTINUE
m T E C ll.W l)
M I FO m TdH ,6X,66(1H *).3C/6X,1H*.6SX,1H0/
6 X ,lB .iX .'C m t AKQLE 1 TO 180
I
ff
*
*
I
I
I
I
#
C0KPRES8I0N STXOKE',
8X.1H*/
6X,IH*.63X,1H/
6 x . i H . a . 'c m i : m i s i s i to aeo expanbioh
sthoice*.
8X.IH*/
6X.1H.6SX.1K*/
6X.1H.4X.'C8AHK JUICLE 361 TO
STROKE*.
EXHAUST
COkHOX/STOEE/PRlKBOO) ,TEKP(800) ,m ( 8 0 0 )
STaOKE ,
8X.1H *.3(/6X.1B*.63X.1H )/6X.B6(1H )//)
t
KmN
991
996
F m T (/a X . 'VARIABLES ,A.TX. 'CYCLEr .A4.4X. 'CYCm * .A4.6X.

l
CYCLE3*,4X)
DO 1020 I - I . I B
IF(KCYCLE.LT.3)VEITE(ll,994)XY{I).(Aa.l).L-l.KCTCLE)
ff(XCYCLE.CE.3)miE(I1.994)XV(I),(Aa.I).L-l.S)
eOKTIKUE
1P(KCYCLE.LE.3) RBTURN
Wm (ll,1030)CBLAKira).I - 4.HCYCLE)
lOJO P0IUaT(lHl/8X,VARIABLES'.A4.4X.'CYCLE4',A4..'CYCLE5 ,A4.4X.
1
CYCLE6')
DO 1040 1 - 1,16
1040 lITE(11.694)(IV(I}.Aa.l).t. - 4.KCTCLE)
994 F0EMAT{///6X,A12.2X,3F16.4)
RETUWi
ED
roWUKSX,-AKOLE' ,4X, 'PBESSUM' ,6X. VOLUHE' .8 1 . 'TEKP*

I
ESTR m T E 2
DO 1000 I - l.HCYCIi
1000 EUHK(l) BUiOCS
IFCHCTCLE.LT.S) WITEdl.MS)(BUKK(I).I-l.HCCLE)
ir((SCTCLE.EQ.3).0,(KCTfCU.OT.3))mTE(ll,OT6){BtfK(I),I-l,3)
COKXOH/PSSA/CPR.DT.DIHDDT.IBC.IECPC.IEC.aASKAS.VCOKP.raP.HCEXO.
irm.ifLoop.PSPS.KL
COKKOD/ABCD/D, ITETA, ITnA S. L
COKVOIf/AmT/DEV(760) ,DV(760) ,P(800) ,DED((800) .UaTCeOO).

I
THETA(800),V(800)
CO)0<OII/HATKX/CRAKO(800) ,P5S(800) ,V0UUT(800) .TXP CBOO)
COKKOX/PtOO/CM,BR,P3D
COIOIOH/COKBW/VCOKB .BRXAX
COHXOK/llI/IFPCO
COWOH/AJIOl/Ica. ICE, m . ID
COXXOK/COHDD/KOOCOK
IP(HOt)COK.EQ.a) 00 TO 736
VITZ(U ,991)
ex,IB */
6X,18.BSX,1H*/
6X . 1 H * . . CWKK ANQLE M I TO 720 SUCTIOM
189
989
990
994
1020
3
2
1
/S X /{D E Q ) .6X,*ATX'. 9X.'RATIO',6X.'RLEVINS')

JJJ IVC-719
IP(IPPCO.El).O) JJJ - 1
DO 990 1 JJJ.1BC.4
n m ( l l . B 8 9 ) I.P{1).VDVBDC(I).TEXP(I)
F0RHAT(/6X.14 .6X.F6.3 .5X.P7. 4 , SX.F8.3 )
CONTIKUE
W1TE{11,994)
FOaHAT(//8X.'COKBUSTIDN STAilTS'/)
IF(BK.CT.6RXAX) CO TO 1
DO 2 I - IBC.IEC
VRIIE(U.3)I.P(I),VDVBDC(I).TEXP(I)
F0RJ<AT{/6X,I4.6X,F8.3.BX.F8.4,6X.F8.3)
COmKUE
CD TO 4
DO 995 IM - l.L
VaiTE(n.996)CRAN0(IX) .PRESS(IH) .VOLRAT(IW) ,THPR(IX)
996
995
4
B
F0RAT(/2I,PB.3.6X.F8.3.BX.P8.4.6X.F8.3)
CONTIKUE
VRITE(tl.B)
KORAT(//8X. CO)(BUSriOH EKD8*)
IF(IFPCQ.Eq.O) I I I I - 360
iy {iF p c o .E q .i) m - evo
s
D
I
8
S-H
5 -
<A -
sa
53 S
^ IC ^ M
S : H
o%*
r g ' S J g
S SM H
U b
O V - w
si
m S
2 ^ s â .* o .
2.
O
w o
SVi
3 *3 S ?
a s
d | lESs
^ p B i g g g S B S r E
^
S8
Q S 8 3 S S a Q 8 S 9 S 3
la
II
2 V a
?SV
c* < *
^ ^ tr
Sg*^ ^ Ot
35
3.
gi
a
l
M
i
^M
l i
ti
fS
?c
?e
Ss
n 9Q 4^
#-<k
*g|i
a g B g - s a s r

SS5
=s
ig
i
r
s .f e
t
;8
V9 g
I O
O p
a
s
H S 8
SH
o Q
|&
if
5 ?
R
S
H M M
s s s b *"
H
Jb -
iim
33
rn 8 ^s sr* an
o CO
o
r 8 5 3
r h
HS
:a
^
^
s
i-r
|3
!5
O
?;
t
>-
B
O.
R*
C3
192
CoapatM S/mo/i(ioo cf C Eoifa ?toctue
pptBdU D
Mcanng of majof variables vsed In the proflram

ACPA
ACPF
ACPK2
ACP02
AEV
AFR
Ai)
AIV
AL
AX
AK
AXQLVT
ASEA
B
BCPA
BCPF
BCPH2
BCP02
BOCKAS
BTA
BH
Bt.
BK
BHEP
BPOVJI
BR
BRMAX
BRTHEFF
C10H22
CAINT
CU
)
CL
CL ,
CM
COHDUR
)
)
of air
CPA
cofficiflt ia Ihe c J to lu io a o vu iible pecific lieal of lir

cofficint ia Ih* cilcoUtion of virisblf
ipcifie heil
for different futU
cotfficleat In the cJca!iloa of viriable ptcific het for Nj
coefficient in th edcuUlion of variible ipecific het for O j
m im am rt of opcnini of eXhUl vtlve
CPH2
C ,c N ,
CP 02
C ,o fO ,
C f of prodacl
comprcuwB ratio
critica] prt*for rate
coBBCctmt rtxi length
CP
C
csn
CRL
r-fatl rlio
cofficieDl in ihe clcaltion of vriible
ipecific hel for
lemptrttirei > 1600
raximum t m of opening of the intke vilre
coefBctnl in the cdcnUlion of viriikle pecificht m
the tcmperature n a je <00 < T < 1600
molecaltr weight
Kfactor wed In the inbroutine OASEX
molecolir weight
crojj-iectionU w e of bore
bore
c o u t u t in the calculition of Cp for tir
coefficieBt in the csicuUtion of vrible pKfic het for
different fseb
coefHcIent in the calculition of w i i b l e pecific het for Nj
cocfficient in the calcnlatioo o f variible tpecific heat for O j
M im of the g u in the cylinder when pjlon U BDC
vilre icat angle
coefficient in Ihe cjJcuIstion of nriable
ipecific het for
temperatnrei > 1600
coeGcient in the calcuUtioo o f variable ipecificbeat
in the temperature range 400 < T < 1600
bore in metrei
brake mean effectve preuure
brake power
buming rale
mximum aUowable burning rate
brake thermal eGciency
ditMl
crank angle interva]
coefEcient in the catculalioa of variable
ipecific heat for
temperatoi > 1600
coefBcieat ia the calcalalion of vaiUble ipecificheat in
the temperature raage 400 < T < 1600
low temperature coefEcient for C , and C,
fcaling factor
combujtion duration
CV
0.
cva
C f of prodocti
CV
oav
C , of reactanti
doratioa of combaitioa
Ap
An
AT
AV
A
Ap
ApH
AT
AV
AV
DKDOT
dm/<tr
DC
DELP
DELTAH
O a iA T
DELTAV
DELTC
DO.TP
DELTPU
D a rr
DELTY
DPKAX
DIH
DTHDDT
(3
DIKAX
manmun time interva)
d ifit
DVTU
DVELAE
DmAI
EETAH
EETATH
ETOCOM
EFOTUR
m
EVC
EVO
FHEP
FKEPl
FKEP2
FKEP3
FKEPl
FXEPS
FHEP6
FKEFT
FKEP8
FHEP9
dweil angle for txbaoit

dwetl u gle for inlel
thermal eScieacy
thermal efficieacy
iientropic etfidency of comprtMor
iseatrepic cfGcicacjr of tnrblae
eqatvaleau rallo
exhaut valve (loilag angU
exhaMt valv opeabg aagle
frktkaal aeaa clKtiM preuor*
&ktion doe to g u prtuore behind rafi
fritioa dae to wall leniloa of ringi
frictioa dae lo piiton and ring ftictioa
blowbjr loa
inlet aed tiirottle I o s k i
frictioa dae to valve gear
poinpiag los
beariag frictioa
combaitioa chamber aad valve pamping loai
103
-X j-
-r
(
19i
Appudix O
ComptUr Slmtltiloa o CI EmIh Pfoetmtt

r ia r c
TPH
m
OAEias
SH
ck a U u 4 frktioatl m tia tScctrve prettoje

maUlplkUlom Ktor for prcMur*
maUlpUcUte (actor tor voloioe
BULU o( Ut CjlMSt (U
Dombcr c! Inltl valv* per cyUndcr
lolct vUv* dUoMUr
BX
h U rU >M rU a
HB)UX
nujcimun hiU rtlcm r(
BRPF
BTXOD
ck lo ri c vtloc
o d ie rtD t
fa<U
H T m od el co d e
H Tm s
beii truutf
d o lo o p o d o c
IBC
( t u t o bjcctian
e s
n d o c o m b u l t o a
ZCOUBM
IC0
ia d c x fo r th co m b tu to a m od e l
JffPCO
DtZP
i d ( i ] cy d t nnUlioa
*ad o eombulioB
(d for (trcif
k d I c 4 U d B t u (ITcctivt prtumr
iK a
In cre m io t io v t n k u g l e fo r c a k a U t i o f pretsnrt
una'
IltXASS
IFUHT
ifUFca
Indcjc fo r th t fa c
lEC
m u i of b u \ c k u ( indacud dornt bU)M troke

incicx coatraUBg Iba prt oot
k logUkl w i* b l to oprU< tbe agine b]r g t v
d r w A l o p o c k w f c r
mil
HJIDMAX
NCEXQ
HCYCLE
HITSM
KHD.WX
KHO
KP
KFO
KPE
KPE
NPT
MX
OKECA
Pl
P3D
PA
PEVC
PIXF
PMAX
PKOLYT
POm
FK
PSSS
P8
ia d e x fo r U U s g la to t c c o o n t fa c v ip o o r is a lio n if f c c t
fS l
ivc
ivo
in lel v d v c lo tia g u g l e
d o lo o p ia d c x
PSP8
PVPINT
QV
K
RLITAT
EHH
EMQLVT
HPW
S
8ABEA
6H
T
TA '
TE
THCTA .
u
n>
i a l d v * lv o p e o ls g aagU
r ^ i o o f ip o ciS c k c t o r ir
ra lto o f ip e S e k e t o r p ro d n c t
KS
ra tio o f ip e cific k c U f c r r c i c t u t
MC
m ole B o m b c ji o f c u b o n
KECHEF
m e c b u i c U fficicB cy
KEP
m e i a ffe ctiv f p r c u o i c
KE
i(0
' m o k B om b cr o f o x y g e s
KODCOH
KaOEL
m ole B u m b e o f h yd rogea
c o m b a itio B m o d cl c o d c
m o d c l B om b cr u e d
t b lo b ro a tU i* p r s g m i lv e
c o m b u t io B ta lh u l c o l a t io a o f n
NJN m
aumber coiulilaetit tn the exbtoiC g u
bumber of iterktbn cycles for co&vergeoce (FCS inbroatiae)
aamber of iterUna m Ncwtoa>Ra{>haa metbod (FCS rabroutine)
A T /(/ + N^y
N om (rtfcx *ectioB 7J ia Ihe Uxt)
N , (rcfer xclio a 7.3 m the Uxt)
^Nfo (refer lectioB 7.3 m tie tezt)
ptnmber of mole* of the prodact
namber of piiton rngi
totiJ Biunber of prodact
i/lf, (refer ectbn 7.3 in Ibe text)
\i
prtMttre ti IVC
pttMore
(rrfer eq.(8.1}j
Umocpbtii prtsinre
exbatut maaifold prennre
preuur* wben tba cxbiBjl vtKe clotei
inlet mtnifdd pruiore
mtxsojn preunre b tbe cycle
molecttUr weJgbl of ibe pioduct
power
preuure
presiure
n c u t pUton ipeed in m/onale
pbtoo ikirt lengtb
sumber of power itrokci per lecond
a varAblc to ictivale pre*nr-volimte print oat
Q , (refer ectioa 2.2.2 a 2.3 la tbe tcxt)
natveraal g u coaiUal
uivutiJ g u eoaitint ts Etre-atmospbere
R for Ihe rautnre
moleculu weigbt of the rtictuit
ipeed in revolatioa per mnale
ttroke
lu ifice u ta
troke ia metret
temperature
atmoipheric temperatore
temperatore at tbe tnd of igaitioa
KOOFET
n o d c l fo r
KOOTKP
modcl for (rkitoa
THZTAK
io radian
KOOFYA
m o d c l fo r cU cn U tio a o f v i l v t v e a
maaifold temperatore
mximum tempenlure ia the cycle
reference temperatore
voluroe
Uranifcr c t k u l U i o n
KOOUt
m o d cl fo r k e t r t l e u *
KOWTP
NA
m o U e u lw c i g h t o f (b e p rod u e t
n
TPWJC
TSEF
kraol* of r (akea a duriag (ctioo
106
198
C oapviei S laalilha o f C l EnBt P roced a
VBDC
VDISP
roame whcn iht piiton U bdc

dopUcement volame
VDVBDC
VOlZFF
VTOC
VCOXB
XCDHP
VCXF
VLOQP
tfHET
T
K/V mc
tftelive volnm*
Tolome wbco the pUton is tt tdc
orkdoae duig combtucUa
workdone dung compreaioa
orkdoM dara{ e x p u ib a
i a t l e ^ u j t loop irork
ntt work
xyies-facl ratio
ehtmktlly corrct oxygeB-fol r t
mmimom oxygtn-fael rUio for combnitbn
yco
TMIN
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;c
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Hemispixn, 193-237.
|
c
;
INDEX
energ)-, cooser\-ation of, 131
eoergy juatioo, 58
nergy releast, 6
at constant prcssure, 6
eogine, 36
rngioc combustin, 6
ragioe pcrformaDce, 111
excess air, 9
exhaust, 2
exhaujt manifold prcssure, 69
exhaust process, 55, 60,94
exhaust stroke, 44,54,94
exKaust va]%r, 44,101
exolbennic rcaction, 4
expansin, 2
expansin procesa, 32
expansin trolce, 43
extemal constraints, 5
Index
)
)
ictual cycle simulation (ACS), 87

adiabalic combtution, 55, 73
adiabatic combuition proctss, 58
adiabatic flamc icmpcralure, 3,15,
17
)
)
air, 3
Annand's cquation, 108
angular displaccmcnc, 45
Ashlcy-Campbcll cquation, 107
automoliw cngines, 47
)
'j
)
)
BDC, 45
baring friction, 110
bore, 37
bottom dcad centre, 37, 33
brafcc mean cffcctivc prcssure, 113
brake pcm'cr, 41
brakc (hcrmal cRciencj', 114
)
)
)
)
burning ratc, 76
e/Tcct of, 76
caibon, 5
)
)
CO, 10
COj, 16
)
)
)
;
)
)
-
chemical composition, 15
dicmical cnorgj-, 5, 43
dicraically corrcct ftilxlurc, 4 ,5 , 9,
64
chcmical rcaction, 4, 6
dearancc volumc, 38, 43
)-
Combustin, 2,31 43, 47, 74

duratiott, 3
cnlhalpics of, 5
hcat of, 5
in C-ll-O-N syslcm, 16
in compression ignition, 74
roodclling, 81
prccess, 3, 5. 43, 73
product, 34
complcx reaction, 5
compression, 2
compression-ignilion (Cl) cngine, 36
compression proccss, 32, 57
cotnpreision ratio, 39, 50, 64
compression stroke, 43, 97
Computer programs, 2
Computer simulation, I, 2
ad>intages, 2
application, 2
connccling rod, 36,37
consLanl pressure, Q ,, 5, 6, 15
constant-prtssure adiabatic combus
tin. 20, 26
constant-pressurc combustin, 15,
17, 20,24
fina] tcmperature, 5
v-e-eNtait priBdplc, 2
fame tempcrature,15, 26
floîchart, 93
four-strokc Cl engioe, 36
(raclioa, 70
Iricton,
d u e lo pistn, 110
duc to A'alve gcar, 110
due lo walI tensin, 109
calctilation, 109
friction power, 41
con5tant volume, Q 3, 5, 6, 15
constanl-TOliirae adiabatic combus
tin, 20, 26
constaDt-turoc bomb caJorimclcr,
fuel,'2, 3, 4. 5, 6
fiiel-air cyd c analysis, 3
fucl-ar cyclc simulation (FCS), 3,
54
t>rking mcdiuro, 3, 54
fucl-air mbcture, 47, 55
fuel-air ratio, 105
fud rcact, 5
6
constant-volumc combustin, 15,17
crank anglc, 80
cranksliaft, 2, 3C, 37
cut-ofT ratio, 39
cyde, 30
cylindcr, 36
cylinder \-olumc, 38
Diesel cyclc, 48,50
displaccmcnt \-oiumc, 38,45,46,'63
distancc, 40
codotbcrmic reaction, 4
encrg)' dharartcristics, 5
'
I!
\.
i
i -
J i'
hcat o f rcaction, 5, 6, 8 ,1 2 , 22
implicatlons, 5
hcat transfer, 3, 100
in mulation, 109
process, 73, 87
model, 85
heating \ûes, 5
hlgker calorific valu, 12
W.S,8,9
llohcnberg's equation, 108
hydrocarbon-fuclled compression ig
nition engine, 2
hj^drogen, 5
IC engine cydc, 36
ideal cyde simulation (ICS), 3, 47
aûmptlons, 47
ideal Diesel cydc, 3
bdicated p o w , 39,40, 41
iotel valve, 44
intnke, 55
intake maniold tempcraturc, 105
btake proccss, 55, 60, 94
intake trokc, 92,93,109
intake x'alx'c arca, 96
intens -e paramcten, 64
intctnal combtistion (IC) cngnc, 2,
47
internal energy, 10, 23
Isestroptc compression, 48 57
Iscntroplc expansin, 34, 68,
Iscntropic tcmperature, 32
kincmatics, 74
lovcr caloric valu, 10
lubricant, 37
HiO, 16
marfold tcmperature, 57,63

m aa in the cylindcr, 95
m&si fractioa, 75
mean efTcctlvc pressure, 40, 63
rocd>anical cfKdcncy, ItO, 115
hcat addition, 3
hcat energy, 4, 5, 6, 40, 43
hcat o f combustin, 5
tncdianical energy, 40 '

tnole, 17
muUlcyllndcr engine, 44
gas exchangc process, 73, 87, 95

gear-dri\xa supcrcbargcr, 68
201
(
'(
(
202
IN D E X
nrt w k , 63
Nemioo-Rapiisoa iiention, 2, 58
NeKtoa'Rapluoa itentive, 34
DomiosI volumc, 3S
Sitkd &ad Ranuniinh equation, 107

spcdfic foel coisumptioa, 39
spcdfic beat nuio, 48
iped c beaU, 48
t q iu n aigiixe, 38
open Diesel cyxlt cogiiKS, 47

o v o -x iu e coiiloc, 3S
ov'tiUp, 95
ocduioa, 5
iCt of the fud, 5
(
(
C
(
luctioD stroke, 41
superdiarged cooditioos, 55
sy$tm variabfct, 2
T D C .4 5
teispe7iur, 5
ibennal effideacy, 3 ,3 9 ,6 3 ,6 5
lliennodyaaiic analysi5, 3
thermodyiuunic cycle, 47
throttjig losse*, 110 '
top deod ceotie, 37,38
total ntropy, 33
total focce, 40
total power,40
total %'olume, 38
(
(
(
C
(
(
under-square eajme, 38
u aiv cm l g u cooitaot, 10,33
l /r ,.S ,6
Q6
Ur,. 6
tuctkot iuixture, 6,15

Icaperalure, IS
r u m o U , 20
rMCtioi lytlem , 5
iMCtioe, S
bexl o. 5. 6, 8,1 2, 22
reactive proccsies, 3 ,4
radprocuiag mooo, 37
redptxxatias pUcon eagine, 44
recunion equAtion, 34
validation o f ootoputtf oode, 111

valve atea, 95
vaJvtlmng, 103,104,105
valve timing diaâm, 102
variables^2
volume, 5, 74
volumetric eSdeac}, 95,105, US
simulatioo, 1 ,2
ttp-by-<t<p, 3
timuUtwi vales, com pujoa of, 111
DomcQcl&tiue, 36
woddnj; pmidple, 36
itudy-flow . 8
ftoidometric m m u it, 4
ttxoke, 37
ucon, 2
p -l' discrams, 41
paruDCtiic (tudiet, 3
pan throtde,
pcrfonnaace, 2
Pfium luatioa, 108
pUtoa, 36, 37
p5toa rin p, 37
polj-Uoplc ndex, 57
poutr, 43, 66
powtr cun'e, 73
pnaure, 5 ,1 5
ptoducU, 6, 20
ptoducU o f combustin, S
pcogreui^'e combustin, 75, 77, 81
progreai\'e combiutioa rimuUoa
(P C S ),3
pumpio^, 110
< ?,.6
(
V . (
wid&open valvi aêas, 96

Wiebo beat rtleue model, 83
*ork ,6 6
t k output, S2,68
n . 16
mo-ilimessioaal combujtioa model,
82
(
(
s ' ; '
>,*. '..
'- 4 '= '*

?p
*' " ' i3
f e s p 's t i ^
: --
S iifc
H <
'
W SM
?*
Ji
fe-

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of CompressOD-Igniton

/ (e d ic a te tfiis S o o ^ t o m y rev erecC g u ru s,

U*inUl Prf ffndU) PrlU LlmlUd

3-6-7 { 2 . Ht(myitni|ar Jiyitoibad SOO 029 (A J*.).

B w f llore / Bhopil / Bbubuihw*r/Cheaeil

LDdUow / Mumbai / New Ddhl / n t m

O Ualvcnitiei Press (IndU) Prvale Uroited 2000

Onptilo Piintcrj, Kydenbad 500 0 13

3-&-747/1/A & 3 -6 -7 4 /I, lUfluyauiif ir,

Advuilt|et of compaUr ilmBUtio*

CompoUt SlmUltoa o d E a li PtocM itt

UcU releiM u d Iieil truuer modli

laUnikl Combnitiea Eailnti c u b t broully cU tiiled iato ipuk-i(aitiaB (SI)

tmolatioB te ch a iq a e i kave com e o a d e r th e pu rv U w o f lim o la tio n itn d ie * . O a e

In B ^ e e r ta g , timolatioa proceu h*< come to B ie u developisg u d lu icg

A l of Bow two bac type* of modela have beea developcd. They c u

C em patu S ta iU th / O Eagia* Ptocmm*

Thii book k u b<tn w ntua u Icxt u d k profeuiaal Kercnce. Furtbtr,

Appendice* ndade relevant e q a U io u and d u a . Tablc* are aljo provided

Ktany individuis have attisled me in various wayt as I have worked on

lotiie vilve diunctcr

coefficient for tbe ctlculitioa of C f

Nt mole* o air cnteriaf tbe cubnretor

meul vUoe of ipecific bett coiutnt voliitne

w ide op en c x h t iu t v ilv e are&

wide open inlet vilvf irei

koniole* o f prodocU ortned from Ibe combaition of W* +

Katropic cSciency of the coinpcttior

Umpentnr< of rcK tuitt

comboitioo dnntion in lermi o f c n n i u g k j

prtuurt ch u ge u tetolt o f combnition

cru k u g k w h u comboitioa adi

evcr, tbc iiznpUtt m cuiing of mBlitioii mitatn*. Thcic dictionary

Compster limaltlioa h u fu sed t ireittr im portuce thcu diyt bcciofe

mpJel ts a mathematieal one np reitnltnf the aettai p ro c e n e i throtfk a le t o f

In niodtrn reMarch, compoter ilmuUtioa bai bccome a powtxul lool tn

CoapulM SImiUtliea o C E tta t P n cm tm

A dv a n la gu o com pu tcf stmulation

In u i iaUroal corabutlion (IC)

prcvioiu u p cre n cc u id ksow -how . Am r a s t t o f tli , ia ea g e d u i js ,

lh u dEcullit*, kH4lyti by m cu u s compaicr *maltk>& h u becomt <)uile

ObJecve of thls book

luto accoaat, iacoqx>ratag adiabatic Same temperatnre calcolatioiu for heat

Note; All the above fatU cao be ad ia IC cofiaca.

(i) the fuel and Ita compoaitloa,

A ekem] rcatlwn m ty be deEoed is < rMiruigement o f the atoms of

Oelinhton of heat of reicon

M efineii lu lAc t n t r f f t i i t i io (r n ; (X< prodvtU 0/ comU>l>on to the inih'aJ

for chemical reactiou.

U m ptratun, m . 198 K , v k tn > ant gM iiliry o f fn tl m i

OTfjen (u m at co n itin t to ltm t 0t * l u iu la n t p r t i i t n , r tip te ltc lf.

The impUcationa of the above definitlon are u foUowi.

Whenever comboatioa occnn, the energy aasociiled wilh the chemical

() Uff and Hrp are prbperttei of the fneL

(Si) Urf and H,p refer apeclScaQy lo chemlcalty c o t m t fueUutygen mixtorei

it may be noled that both

and i/rp are meunrable quantltiea.

ComftUt SlUilo / Ct SMfiat PntMMt

volomi u d Q tht m trsf rtUu* al cooiUat pruurc.

oiK 0 < r t U v U o t e o n tla n f

pnintrt, Qp, Tt dtfinti 44 t ktt tM rfiti nU utd, Ai tkt proJueit e n

'caotJ t (Ac t<mp<r4lR, T , o lA< reactoab okn ruf jvanh'ty o f fuel

N*U: Q , u d Qf w t both |>otive. They rt properti* o th reielm t

lh u dEcullit, kH4lyti by m cu u s compaicr maltk>& h u becomt <)uile

NU: Q , u d Qf w t both |>otive. They rt properti o th reielm t