Ore Geology Reviews 43 (2011) 203216

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Ore Geology Reviews

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Porphyry CuAuMoepithermal AgPbZndistal hydrothermal Au deposits in the

Dexing area, Jiangxi province, East ChinaA linked ore system
Jingwen Mao a,, Jiandong Zhang a, c, Franco Pirajno a, b, Daizo Ishiyama c, Huimin Su d,
Chunli Guo a, Yuchuan Chen a
a

MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
Geological Survey of Western Australia, 100 Plain Street, East Perth, WA 6004, Australia
Center for Geo-environmental Science, Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University, Japan
d
China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100029, Beijing, China
b
c

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 19 May 2010
Received in revised form 2 August 2011
Accepted 13 August 2011
Available online 27 August 2011
Keywords:
Porphyry CuAuMo deposits
Epithermal CuAgAuZnPb deposit
Shear zone-hosted gold deposit
Mesozoic
Dexing area
East China

a b s t r a c t
Based on previous studies and detailed eld investigations of the Dexing porphyry copper deposit, the Yinshan Ag-Pb-Zn deposit and the Jinshan shear zone hosted gold deposit in the Dele Jurassic volcanic basin,
in the northeastern Jiangxi province, East China, we propose that the three deposits share spatial, temporal
and genetic relationships and belong to the same metallogenic system. Dexing is a typical porphyry CuAu
Mo deposit in which both ore-forming uid and metals are derived from the granite porphyry. The Yinshan
deposit consists of a porphyry copper ore located in the cupola of a quartz porphyry stock, in the lower part,
and AgPbZn ore veins in the upper part. The hydrothermal uids were mainly derived from the magma in
the early stages of the mineralizing event and became mixed with meteoric waters in the late stages. Its ore
metals are magma-derived. Both the Jinshan base metal veins and the Hamashi, Dongjie and Naikeng quartz
vein-type gold deposit are hosted by brittleductile structures, which are distal in relation to the porphyry
intrusions and were formed by mixed magmatic uids and meteoric water, whereas the gold was mainly
leached from the country rocks (Mesoproterozoic Shuangqiaoshan Group phyllite and schist). The deposits
show a distinct spatial arrangement from porphyry Cu, to epithermal AgPbZn and distal Au. We suggest a
porphyryepithermaldistal vein ore system model for this group of genetically related mineral deposits.
They were formed in a back-arc setting in a Middle Jurassic active continental margin, with magmas derived
from the subducted slab.
2011 Published by Elsevier B.V.

1. Introduction
The Dele Mesozoic volcanic basin in the northern Jiangxin province,
Southeastern China (Fig. 1) hosts three signicant ore deposits: the
Dexing porphyry CuAuMo deposit; the Yinshan AgPbZn vein deposit; and the Jinshan shear zone-hosted gold deposit. Mining of these
deposits began in the Sui and Tang Dynasties (605908 A.D.) for Dexing
and Yinshan, and in the Song Dynasty (9601279 A.D.) for Jinshan. Extensive geological surveying and mineral exploration were conducted
in the Dexing and Yinshan areas by the Jiangxi Bureau of Geology, Mineral Resources, Exploration and Development from the 1950s to the
1970s and in the Jinshan area by the Jiangxi Bureau of Nonferrous Geology and Mineral Resources in the 1980s. By 2000, the Dexing porphyry
CuAuMo deposit, which consists of three orebodies (Tongchang,
Fujiawu and Zhushahong) was reported to contain the following measured reserves: 5.2 Mt Cu at 0.45%, 128,000 t Mo at 0.01%, 215 t Au at

Corresponding author. Tel.: + 86 10 68327333; fax: + 86 10 68327142.

E-mail address: jingwenmao@263.net (J. Mao).
0169-1368/$ see front matter 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V.
doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2011.08.005

0.19 g/t, 1279 t Ag (Tongchang); 2.57 Mt Cu at 0.5%, 168,000 t Mo at

0.03% (Fujiawu) and 600,000 t Cu at 0.42% (Zhushahong) (Qian et al.,
1996). The Yinshan epithermal AgPbZn vein deposit has measured
reserves of 2600 t Ag at 196 g/t, 382,886 t Pb at 1.75%, 418,201 t Zn at
1.91%, and 858,803 t Cu at 0.53%, and 114 t Au at 0.62 g/t. The Jinshan
shear zone gold deposit has Au reserve of 300 tat 6 g/t.
Previous and ongoing research addresses the geology and geochemistry of these deposits. The geochemical work encompassed stable isotope
studies and uid inclusions, radiometric dating of ores and host rocks
(e.g., Fan and Li, 1992; Li et al., 1994, 1997; Wang et al., 1999; Wei,
1985). Zhu et al. (1983) and Ye (1987) provided comprehensive summaries of the geology, geochemistry and prospecting techniques for the
Dexing porphyry CuAuMo and the Yinshan epithermal AgCuZnPb
deposits. However, the essential features and characteristics of these deposits have not been described in English language journals. Rui et al.
(2005) rst introduced the Dexing porphyry CuAuMo deposits in an
English language publication, based on data contributed by Zhu et al.
(1983). Li and Sasaki (2007), Zhang et al. (2007) and Li et al. (2010) conducted uid inclusion studies on the Dexing, Yinshan and Jinshan deposits. Lu et al. (2005), Wang et al. (2006) and Li et al. (2007b)

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J. Mao et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 43 (2011) 203216

Fig. 1. Simplied geology of Cathaysian Block and the distribution of the granitoid-related CuAuAgPbZn ore deposits along the Shihang (or QinzhouHangzhou) rift belt and
adjacent areas (modied from Guo et al.(2010)).

reported on dating of molybdenite (ReOs), mica (ArAr), and zircon (U

Pb) for both Dexing and Yinshan.
Since these three different deposits occur within a small area, a possible genetic link between them needs to be considered. In this paper,
based on detailed eld investigations and, comprehensive reviews of
the available geology, geochemistry and exploration work, we attempt
to focus on the question of a genetic link between the three deposits
and propose a new model, which may aid further prospecting for new
deposits or extensions of the existing ones.
2. Geological setting
South China consists of the Yangtze Craton in the northwest and the
Cathaysia Block in the southeast, separated by QinzhouHangzhou fault
zone (Fig. 1) in which the eastern part is well-known as the Jiangshan
Shaoxing (simplied as Jiangshao) fault zone or shear zone (Pirajno and
Bagas, 2002). This is considered to be a Neoproterozoic suture zone,
along which the two tectonic units amalgamated at ~1.1 Ga to 0.9 Ga
(Chen and Jahn, 1998; Li et al., 2002, 2007a, 2007b, 2007c; Shui, 1988,
Ye et al., 2007; Zhou and Zhu, 1993). The Dexing ore cluster (or Dexing
area) is located in the Jiangnan shield, on the southern margin of the
Yangtze Craton, 50 km north of the JiangshanShaoxing Neoproterozoic
fault zone. The basement of the Yangtze Craton consists of Archean to
Proterozoic rocks exposed in the Kangdian shield in the western margin,
the Jiangnan shield in the southern margin and the Dahongshan areas in
the north margin (e.g., Cheng, 1994; Greentree and Li, 2008; Qiu et al.,
2000; Wang and Mo, 1995). Zircons from Early Paleozoic lamproite diatremes in the Dahongshan area give UPb ages of 2.92.8 Ga and Hf
model ages of 2.63.5 Ga (Zheng et al., 2006). Phanerozoic cover in

the Yangtze Craton comprises Cambrian to Early Triassic carbonates intercalated with clastic rocks, and Jurassic to Cretaceous clastic rocks intercalated with volcanic rocks. The Cathaysia Block has a Proterozoic
basement in the Wuyishan uplift in the east, the Dayaoshan uplift between the Guangdong and Guangxi provinces and the western Hainan
Island uplift. Sinian (Neoproterozoic) to Ordovician metasandstone
and slate occur in the Nanling region, central portion of the Cathaysian
Block, overlain by Devonian to Permian carbonate rocks. Jurassic clastic
rocks intercalated with volcanic rocks, as well as Cretaceous red-bed
sandstones, occur in a series of NE-trending rift basins (Cheng, 1994;
Jiangxi Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, 1984, 2005).
The stratigraphic sequence in the Dexing area consists of the Mesoproterozoic Shuangqiaoshan Group, the Neoproterozoic Dengshan Group,
the Lower Cambrian Hetang Formation, the Lower Jurassic Linshan and
Ehuling Formations and the Cretaceous Shixi Formation (Fig. 2). The
Mesoproterozoic Shuangqiaoshan Group has extensive outcrops, accounting for about 70% of the total area, and consists of a lower greenschist facies of sandstone, volcaniclastic rocks, intercalated with basaltic
lavas. It can be further divided into an upper subgroup and a lower subgroup. The lower subgroup comprises abyssal facies siltstone and mudstone intercalated with volcaniclastic rocks, characterized by a ysch
setting that is suggested to have developed in a marginal depression of
a stable continent at ca. 1515 Ma (Liu et al., 1989, 1993). The upper subgroup is composed of graygreen turbidite and basaltic lavas developed
in a 1371 Ma active continent marginal depression setting (Jiangxi Bureau
of Geology and Mineral Resources, 1984). Neoproterozoic rocks outcrop in the southeast of the area and overlie the Mesoproterozoic
Shuangqiaoshan Group along a sheared contact (Fig. 2). They are
composed of terrestrial volcaniclastic and clastic rocks of paralic

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205

Fig. 2. Sketch map of geology and the distribution of granitoid-related CuAuAg polymetallic deposits in the Dele Mesozoic basin (or Dexing area), northeastern Jiangxi Province
(modied from Zhu et al.(1983) and Li and Sasaki(2007)).

swamp facies (the Dengshan Group). Lower Cambrian carbonate rocks

of the Hetang Formation occur in the southeastern corner of the Dexing
area and are overlain by Sinian clastic rocks (Fig. 2). The lower Jurassic
units can be divided into clastic rocks of alluvial at and lake swampy
facies of the Linshan Formation in the lower part, and the Ehuling Formation, comprising from bottom upwards, conglomerate, rhyolitic agglomerate breccias, hornblende rhyolite, dacitic agglomerate and
dacitic lava. The Cretaceous red-bed sandstone of the Shixi Formation
occurs in the NE-trending rift basins in the south of the area. Host
rocks for the mineralization are both Mesoproterozoic metamorphic
rocks and Lower Jurassic volcanic rocks.
The NE-trending Le'anjiang deep fault zone in the northwest,
northeastern Jiangxi deep fault (or Maoqiao ophiolite shear zone) in
the southeast and Sizhoumiao anticlinoria in the center constitute
the dominating structural features of the studied area (Fig. 2). The
BashiyuanTongchang and JiangguangFujiawu sub-parallel ductile
shear zones are developed between the Le'anjiang and northeastern
Jiangxi deep fault zone. The Jinshan shear zone, the major host for
the Jinshan gold deposit, consisting of several groups of sub-parallel
EW-trending brittleductile shear zones, occur as subordinate structures between BashiyuanTongchang and JiangguangFujiawu ductile shear zones.
Rocks in the area mainly consists of Neoproterozoic marine facies volcaniclastic (dacitic) clastic rocks, basic volcanics and ophiolite fragments
dated at 9291160 Ma, which developed along the Miaoqiao ophiolite

ductile shear zone (Xu and Qiao, 1989; Zhou and Zhao, 1991), and Middle Jurassic daciticrhyolitic volcanic rocks and associated subvolcanic
rocks, such as quartz porphyry, dacitic porphyry (183 Ma; Li and Sasaki,
2007) and granodiorite porphyry (171 Ma; Wang et al., 2004) in the
southwest and southeast.
3. Geology and geochemistry of the deposits
3.1. Dexing porphyry Cu ore system
The Dexing porphyry copper system lies in the northeastern part of
the Dele ore district (Fig. 2) and is hosted in the Tongchang, Zhushahong,
and Fujiawu granitic porphyries and surrounding county rocks (Zhu et
al., 1983). These granitic porphyries occur as small stocks and lie at the
intersections of NWW-trending and NE-trending faults (Fig. 1). Each
porphyry stock exhibits a pipe-like shape plunging to NW (Fig. 3). The
country rocks intruded by the granodiorite porphyries are sericitic phyllite, tuffaceous phyllite and meta-sedimentary tuff of the Mesoproterozoic Shuangqiaoshan Group.
3.1.1. Granitoids
The Tongchang granodiorite porphyry has a surface outcrop area of
ca. 0.7 km2; the Fujiawu granodiorite porphyry has a outcrop area of
0.2 km2; and the Zhushahong granodiorite porphyry occurs as a group
of dykes, in which the largest dykes has an outcrop area of ca. 0.06 km2.

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J. Mao et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 43 (2011) 203216

Fig. 3. Plans and sections of the Zhuashahong, Tongchang, and Fujiawu in the Dexing porphyry CuAuMo ore district, Northeastern Jiangxi (modied from Zhu et al.(1983) and Rui
et al.(2005)).

Zhu et al. (1983) recognized ve magmatic phases: three phases of

granodiorite porphyry (major part) and two phases of diorite porphyry
(supplementary part). Li and Sasaki (2007) further suggested three
stages of emplacement, pre-mineralization aplite, mineralized granodiorite (major phase) and post-mineralization quartz diorite. Wang et al.
(2004) described granodiorite and quartz diorite porphyries in the Dexing area. They are characterized by idiomorphic phenocrysts of andesine
(An3045), 0.54 mm in length, which exhibit weak normal zoning. Other
phenocryst minerals are idiomorphichypidiomorphic hornblende (0.5
2 mm) and biotite (0.53 mm), tabular K-feldspar (15 mm) and quartz
(13 mm). The matrix has a micro- or ne-granular (0.050.3 mm grain
size) texture and consists of hypidiomorphic oligoclase (An1620), hornblende and biotite, and xenomorphic quartz and K-feldspar. The rockforming and accessory mineral contents of the different intrusive rocks
in the Dexing area show only small variations. For example, the Tongchang intrusive rocks consist of plagioclase (4652%), quartz (1623%),
K-feldspar (1417%), amphibole (711%) and biotite (29%). Accessory
minerals in these rocks include magnetite, apatite, titanite, and rare

ilmenite, zircon, pyrite, chalcopyrite and molybdenite (Rui et al., 1984;

Zhu et al., 1983).
The Fujiawu intrusive rocks comprise plagioclase (4355%), quartz
(1823%), K-feldspar (1318%), amphibole (710%) and biotite (3
7%). Accessory minerals are magnetite, apatite, titanite, and zircon
(Rui et al., 1984; Zhu et al., 1983). The Zhushahong intrusive rocks are
composed of plagioclase (4752%), quartz (1921%), K-feldspar (13
16%), amphibole (810%) and biotite (47%). Their accessory minerals
are magnetite, apatite, and zircon (Rui et al., 1984; Zhu et al., 1983).
Magnetite is the dominant accessory phase; ilmenite is absent in the
Dexing granitic porphyries. Granodiorite porphyries are characterized
by 6263 wt.% SiO2, ~15 wt.% Al2O3, 1.942.07 wt.% K2O, low
K2O/(Na2O + K2O) (0.330.84), enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) and LREE, low high eld strength elements (HFSE) and
HREE depletion (REE = 24.9 ~ 216.2 ppm, LREE = 22.2 ~ 206.3 ppm,
HREE = 2.7 ~ 17.0 ppm, La/Yb= 8 ~ 44). Zhu et al. (1983) reported the
initial strontium isotopic value (Isr) of 0.7043, and a date of 171
3 Ma using the SHRIMP zircon UPb method (Wang et al., 2004).

J. Mao et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 43 (2011) 203216

3.1.2. Orebodies and ore components

The orebodies of all of three deposits, form classic stockworks, and
disseminated ores, overprinted on both granodiorite and the country
rocks, and exhibit cylindrical shapes concentrated around the granodiorite porphyries. CuAuMo mineralization is developed at the endoand exo-contact zone, with main orebodies (about two thirds) in the
country rocks (exo-contact zone) (Rui et al., 2005; Zhu et al., 1983)
(Fig. 3). The Tongchang orebody is the largest of the three. It is ovalshaped at the surface, with a NWSE-strike 2.54 km length and an
inner barren core, measuring 400 m by 700 m. The Fujiawu orebody
has a round shape with a diameter of 100 m and an inner barren core diameter of 800 m. Both the Tongchang and Fujiawu orebodies are about
1000 m deep, whereas the Zhushahong orebody comprises several
smaller en-echelon ore zones (Rui et al., 2005). The suldes in the ores
are mainly pyrite and chalcopyrite, and lesser molybdenite, tennantite
and bornite, and minor chalcocite, galena, sphalerite, digenite, bismuthinite, cubanite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, aikinite, carrollite, siegenite,
bravoite, millerite, gersdorfte, seligmannite and matildite. The gangue
minerals are mainly quartz, hydromuscovite (illite), chlorite and anhydrite. Silver, rhenium, sulfur, selenium, tellurium and cobalt also can
be recovered as by-products in addition to copper, molybdenum and
gold.

3.1.3. Alteration and mineralization

Rui et al. (1984, 2005) recognized three alteration zones: quartz
sericite; chlorite(epidote)sericite; and chloriteepidoteillite surrounding the granodiorite porphyry outwards and upwards. There is
weak K-feldspar and biotite alteration in the Fujiawu, but these are not
present at Tongchang and Zhushahong. Li and Sasaki (2007) recognized
four types of vein systems as follows: (1) granular quartzK-feldspar
sulde or K-feldspar veins (A vein); (2) quartzmolybdenitechalcopyrite veins (B vein); (3) suldequartz veins (D vein); and (4) carbonate
sulfateoxide veins (H vein). The D veins are the most important for the
mineralization in the Dexing porphyry deposit. Primary uid inclusions
in the D vein include liquid-rich, vapor-rich and halite-bearing ones.
Based on the thermometric measurements of uid inclusions and stable
isotope systematics Li and Sasaki (2007) suggested that the temperatures of mineralization of D veins are between 115 and 430 C, at a corresponding pressure range of 20400 105 Pa.
The hydrothermal uids responsible for muscovite in the D vein
have an isotopic composition (18Ovalues = 3.6 to 5.4, Dvalues = 49
to 46), similar to that of typical magmatic uids (D = 80 to
40; 18Owater = 5.5 to 9.5), as suggested by Ohmoto (1986)
and Sheppard (1986), indicating that hydrothermal uids of the late alteration stages are predominantly magmatic. Carbon and oxygen isotope values for hydrothermal calcite in H veins are 4.8 to 6.2
and 6.818.8, respectively. The 34S of pyrite in the D vein ranges
from 0.1 to 3, whereas 34S for chalcopyrite in H vein ranges from
4 to 5, suggesting a magmatic origin for sulfur. The above data indicate
that the ore-forming uids of the Dexing porphyry copper ore system
are derived from the exsolution of uids from the cooling magma. Theoretically, a connate uid that circulates through the magmatic system
at low uid rock ratios also would end up with the same isotopic signature. However, there are no evidences to prove a connate uid kept in
the phyllite of the Mesoproterozoic Shuangqiaoshan Group, the host
rocks for the ore-related porphyries. The O, Nd and Sr isotopic compositions of different altered rocks in the Tongchang (Jin et al., 2002) indicate that there are three types of hydrothermal uids: 1) magmatic; 2)
deep-seated non-magmatic; and 3) meteoric water. Magmatic uids
play a predominant role in the ore-forming process. Jin et al. (2002)
also explained that strontium isotope (87Sr/86Sr)i values increase gradually from the interior of a porphyry body towards the contact with
country rocks (0.705 0.711), possibly indicating that the hydrothermal uids carrying the ore-forming metals from the interior of the porphyry to the discharge zone along the contacts with country rocks.

207

The ReOs molybdenite age of 170.4 1.8 Ma (Lu et al., 2005) is

consistent with the granodiorite age of 171 3 Ma (Wang et al.,
2004), indicating that the mineralization event occurred in the Middle Jurassic.
3.2. Yinshan AgPbZnCu deposits
Yinshan AgPbZnCu deposit is a volcanicsubvolcanic hydrothermal deposit or porphyryepithermal deposit. The mineralization
is spatially, temporally and genetically related to the Middle Jurassic
volcanic and/or subvolcanic quartz porphyry.
3.2.1. Country rocks
The host rocks for the Yinshan orebodies are Middle Jurassic volcanic
subvolcanic rocks (porphyry) of the Ehuling Formation and phyllite and
tuffaceous phyllite of the Mesoproterozoic Shuangqiaoshan Group.
Three discontinuous cycles of felsic, felsicintermediate and intermediate
magmatic activities have been identied in the Yinshan area. Felsic and
felsicintermediate magmatic activities began with pyroclastic eruptions,
to lava extrusion and ending with subvolcanic intrusions. During the rst
cycle rhyolitic dacite and rhyolite erupted along fractures, at the intersections of approximately EW-trending structures and NE-trending structures in the northeastern and eastern parts of the deposit area.
Subvolcanic quartz porphyries were emplaced as EW-trending
dykes or small porphyries (Fig. 4), hosted by phyllite of the Mesoproterozoic Shuangqiaoshan Group at the margin of the volcanic
basin in the Qiulongshangtian-Beishan area, in the northern part of
the mine area. The second cycle of magmatic rocks, comprising
dacite and dacitic porphyries (Fig. 4) dated at 181 3 Ma by SHRIMP
zircon UPb method (Li et al., 2007b), are mainly distributed in
Xishan and surrounding areas. Volcanism in this stage started
along fractures and ended as calderas in Xishan (Fig. 4). The third
cycle of magmatic activity is characterized by only a small amount
of andesitic lava conned to the volcanic edice of Xishan in the
west of the deposit area (No. 11 porphyry) (Ye, 1987).
3.2.2. Structures
The major structures in the Yinshan deposit area are the Yinshan
NE-plunging anticline and faults that controlled volcanic activity
and the formation of explosive breccias pipes. Major faults trend
NNE, NE and NNW, with subordinate NW- and NWW-trending
splays, as well as small scale NS faults. A series of NNE-, NE-, and
NNW-trending faults hosts the mineralization (Ye, 1987). The quartz
porphyry associated with the ores was emplaced at intersections of
the NE-trending and the EW-trending faults, exhibiting equidistant
right-lateral distribution along the NE-trending hanging wall (NW
side) of the Yinshan anticline axis (Li, 1994).
3.2.3. Orebodies and mineral assemblages
The Yinshan deposit can be divided into ve ore sections and twelve
ore belts, comprising Nanshan, Yinshan, Jiulongshangtian (simplied as
Jiuqu) Xishan, and Beishan (Fig. 4) from south to north, where AgPb
Zn mineralization occurs as veins, that connect with the porphyry system below (Fig. 5). The dominant ore belts are No. 7 and No. 8, in the
Nanshan section, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, and No. 5 in Yinshan area, No. 12
in the Xishan section, No. 9 and No. 11 in the Jiuqu section, No. 10 in
the Beishan area. Each of the belts comprises about ten ore veins. The
PbZnAg ore veins occur in Beishan, Jiuqu and Yinshan. In the rst
two, the ore veins show nearly EW-trends with steep dips either to
the N or S. The ore veins in the Xishan section show NE- and NNE-strikes,
with steep dips to the NS or NNW, whereas in the Yinshan section they
strike NW with steep dips to the SW or SE. These ore veins are 300 and
600 m long, 1 to 15 m wide and extend to depths of 200 to 600 m (rarely
to 1050 m). The major ore minerals are galena, sphalerite, siderite, a
small amount of pyrite and arsenopyrite, and minor pyragyrite, chlorargyrite native silver and a number of PbAgSb-sulphosalts. Gangue

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J. Mao et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 43 (2011) 203216

Fig. 4. Plan of the Yinshan porphry CuAu vein-type AgPbZn deposit in the Dele Mesozoic basin. There is an apparent mineralization zonation with the CuAuS in the center and
AgPbZn at the outer margin (modied from Ye(1987), and Li et al.(2007a, 2007b, 2007c)).

minerals include sericite, chlorite, quartz, dickite, kaolinite, illite, barite,

uorite, dolomite and chalcedony (Ye, 1987).
Apart from these large AgPbZn ore veins, there are also stringer
veins, veinlets and disseminated CuAu ores hosted by quartz porphyries
and andesitic volcanic rocks. Surrounding the quartz porphyry in the
Jiuqu and Xishan sections, CuAu orebodies are present in the altered porphyry in the roof pendants, then along the south and north contacts, to
the explosive breccia pipes nearby, with stringer veins, stockworks and
disseminated ores. The larger CuAu orebodies exhibit tabular shapes.
Major ore minerals are pyrite, chalcopyrite, tennantite, enargite, tetrahedrite, galena, and sphalerite; gangue mineralogy is dominated by quartz,
sericite, chlorite, calcite and kaolinite. In past 2 years a new orebody
with Cu reserve of 200,000 t was explored at depth within the Jiuqu section, where pyritechalcopyrite assemblages occur along the shear zone
(Fig. 6).
3.2.4. Mineralization and alteration
Ye (1987) reported the presence of two mineralization episodes: 1)
early Cu-pyrite stage; and 2) late PbZnAg stage. Li et al. (2007b) applied
muscovite 40Ar/39Ar methods to obtain ages for these two mineralization
stages, resulting in an early age of 178.21.4 Ma and a late age of 175.4
1.2 Ma. After detailed investigation Zhang et al. (2007) recognized four
stages, from early to late: 1) barren quartz; 2) pyritequartz; 3) pyrite
chalcopyritequartz; and 4) pyritesphaleritegalenaquartz.
Ye (1987) recognized alteration zoning of sericitization, sericitization
carbonation and chloritizationcarbonation, and associated metal zoning
of Cu, CuPbZn, PbZn, Pb, surrounding the quartz porphyry or dacitic
porphyry. Yang et al. (2004) proposed a similar zoning, characterized by
(from the dacitic porphyry outwards): (weak) sericitized dacite porphyry

zonepyritic and sericitized dacite porphyry zone and phyllite zonepyritic, sericitized and chloritized (carbonate) phyllite zone chloritized
and carbonated phyllite zonecarbonated and chloritized pyroclastic
rocks zone. The mineralization also shows a metal zoning of CuCu
PbZnPbZnPb (Ag) from the dacitic porphyry outwards. These alteration and metal zoning are similar to those in the classic porphyry Cu
systems (Seedorff et al., 2005; Pirajno, 2009).
Zhang et al. (2007) carried out systematic uid inclusion studies in
the Yinshan district area, and recognized that three major types of uids
were involved in the ore-forming process. They are: type I vapor-rich;
type II liquid-rich (accounting for N90% of total); and type III halitebearing inclusions within the H2ONaCl system. Textural characteristics
indicative of boiling are commonly seen in the Yinshan deposit. The
early uids exsolved from such silicate melts (represented by type I inclusions) have a very low salinity due to the low pressure conditions.
Such a dilute hot uid is considered responsible for the development
of early barren and possibly some pyrite-bearing quartz veins. With
continued crystallization saline uids were then exsolved from the
crystallizing magmas. Under high pressure conditions (N900 bar)
high-salinity uids were trapped. Collapse of the overpressured system
through explosion and accompanied by introduction of meteoric water
resulted in the generation of low to moderate salinity uid inclusions.
Therefore, the latter two mineralization stages are mainly dominated
by vaporliquid inclusions, locally with coexisting high-salinity and
low to moderate salinity uid inclusions indicating boiling. Zhang et al.
(1997) obtained 18O values of uids from 6.6 to 9.5 and D values
of inclusion uids from 48 to 34 with calculated temperatures
from 390 C to 270 C. Zhang et al. (1996) proposed that the isotopic
compositions of the late mineralization uids related to galena and

J. Mao et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 43 (2011) 203216

209

Fig. 5. Section through the Yinshan ore deposit showing the mineralization zoning with CuAuS in the depth and AgPbZn upward (after Ni(2010)).

calcite, are characteristics of meteoric waters (18OH2O = 0.5 and

DH2O =70). The uid inclusion characteristics of the Yinshan deposit area are typical of porphyry Cu polymetallic deposits.
3.3. Jinshan Au deposits
The Jinshan gold deposit, located about 34 km SW of Dexing, is
hosted in the Jinshan brittleductile EW, and NE-trending shear
zone, which also hosts other gold deposits, including Huaqiao and
Bashiyuan (Fig. 2). The country rocks in the Jinshan mine area are

Mesoproterozoic metamorphic rocks, which are similar to those in

the Dexing porphyry Cu deposit area.
3.3.1. Structures
The Jinshan brittleductile shear zone is composed of several parallel
deformation bands at scales ranging from 0.1 m to 650 m in width that
consist of mylonite, protomylonite and ultramylonite, having dip angles
of 5 to 35NW, N and NE, locally enclosing lenses of undeformed rocks,
linking the regional NE-trending strike-slip shear zone along the margins
of the deposit area.
3.3.2. Orebodies and mineral assemblages
The gold orebodies in the Jinshan mine are layer-like, tabular and
lenticular and parallel to the main shear plane (C foliation). They have
thicknesses ranging from 1.2 m to 16 m, averaging 3.5 m, and are
conned within the quartzpyriteankerite alteration zone at the
center of the Jinshan shear zones (Fig. 7). The Au grade is irregular,
averaging 6 g/t, with the single highest value of 1687 g/t. Gold mineralization occurs in altered rocks (silica, pyrite and ankerite) and in
quartz veins. Ore mineral assemblages are simple, including mainly
pyrite, subordinate magnetite, hematite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite,
chalcopyrite and galena. Gangue minerals are quartz, subordinate
sericite, albite, ankerite and chlorite. Pyrite is the most important
gold-bearing mineral host. Native gold has a neness of 953.6969.4
(Wei, 1995). The ne-grained and xenomorphic native gold occurs
as disseminations or as micro-veinlets hosted in pyrite and quartz
coexisting with chalcopyrite, galena and tetrahedrite.

Fig. 6. Photograph showing the porphyry CuAu ore taken in the adit in the Jiuqu mine,
Yinshan ore deposit. The ore displays a structure of orientation arrangement mainly
consisting of quartz, sericite and pyrite.

3.3.3. Mineralization and alteration

Alteration of country rock in the Jinshan gold deposit is expressed as
silicication, albitization, pyritization, sericitization, chloritization and

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carbonation; both silicication and pyritization are closely associated

with gold mineralization. Wei (1996) recognized a distinct alteration
zoning along the Jinshan shear zone, from the margin to the center of
the shear zone, consisting of a chloritecalcite zone, a quartzsericite
dolomite zone and a quartzpyriteankerite zone. Based on the metamorphism and deformation of the rocks and mineral paragenesis, Li et
al. (2007a, 2010) proposed that alteration patterns can be divided into
three zones from the center of the shear zone outward, as follows: (1)
quartzalbiteankeritepyrite, occurring around the main shear zone
with the highest strain and a vertical thickness of several meters to
tens of meters, but generally less than 50 m, and containing the highest
gold grades; (2) quartzsericiteankerite, developed on both sides of
the rst alteration zone with vertical thickness of ca. 100 m; and (3)
chloritecalcitesericite, occurring in the outermost parts of the shear
zone but not extending beyond it.
Fan and Li (1992) divided the mineralization into three stages, and
then determined the uid inclusion characteristics of each: (1) quartz
pyrite, with trapping temperatures of quartz uid inclusions ranging
from 250 C to 215 C; (2) quartzsulde, with homogenization temperatures ranging from 225 C to 190 C; and (3) carbonate with homogenization temperatures ranging from 190 C to 160 C. Salinities of 12.3 to
14.5 wt.% NaCl were determined for medium- and low-temperature
uids. Fan and Li (1992) reported a large number of universally small
uid inclusions dominated by liquid-dominant or liquid-only uid inclusions. Zhang and Tan (1998) recognized four types of uid inclusions: (1)
gasliquid brine inclusions, making up 8085% of the total; (2) pure hydrocarbon inclusions (1015%); (3) saline daughter mineral-bearing
polyphase inclusions (~1%); and (4) pure CO2 inclusions, as well as liquid
CO2-bearing three-phase inclusions (b1%). Zou (1993), Zhang and Tan
(1998) proposed that high contents of organic matter in ore-forming
uids are important for gold transportation and precipitation. According
to the characteristics of uid inclusions, Fan and Li (1992), Zhang and
Tan (1998) suggested that mineralization in the Jinshan gold deposit is related to a granitic intrusion at depth. He/Ar isotopic systematics investigated by Li et al. (2009) suggest that the ore-forming uids are mainly
crustally-derived, but with involvement of a small amount of mantle
uids. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic systematics have led researchers
to propose several different and contradictory sources of ore-forming
uids such as mixtures of magmatic and meteoric waters (Fan and Li,
1992; Zhang and Tan, 1998), mixture of magmatic and metamorphic
water (Huang and Yang, 1990; Yang et al., 2000), metamorphic waters
(Li et al., 2007a, 2009; Wei, 1996), mixtures of metamorphic and meteoric

water (Ji et al., 1994), and nally mixtures of magmatic water, metamorphic water and meteoric water (Liu et al., 2005).
Apart from the three large deposits mentioned above, other quartz
vein-type gold deposit include Hamashi, Dongjia and Naikengalso
within a NE-trending shear zone, to the northeast of the Yinshan deposit
and southwest of the Zhushahong (Fig. 2). Small-scale auriferous quartz
vein-type gold mineralization is also developed along a steep strike-slip
brittleductile shear zones. The altered wall rocks have low grade gold
on both sides of the auriferous quartz veins. Wall rock hydrothermal alteration consists of silicication accompanied by arsenopyrite and
pyrite.
Li et al. (2009) suggested that mineralization in the Hamashi gold
deposit can be divided into three (a) quartzpyrite stagecomprising
dominant quartz and a small amount of pyrite and native gold; (b)
sulde stagecharacterized by massive sulde (pyrite, arsenopyrite,
chalcopyrite, minor galena and sphalerite); and (c) carbonatesulde
or sulfatesulde stageconsisting of abundant calcite, siderite and
ankerite. Ore minerals are native gold, pyrite and arsenopyrite, with
small amounts of galena and sphalerite; gangue minerals comprise
quartz, calcite and sericite.
4. Discussion and conclusions
4.1. Porphyry copperepithermal AgPbZndistal hydrothermal Au
deposits: a new mineral system
Porphyry mineral systems are usually divided into porphyry CuAu
and porphyry CuMo, but most porphyry deposits in China are porphyry
CuMo and CuMoAu deposits; porphyry CuAu deposits are quite rare.
These differences in the element associations of porphyry systems can be
related to tectonic setting and its implications to the composition of the
magmatic system. Copper could be derived from the mantle (including
remelting of subducted slab and mantle or basaltic underplates), whereas
Mo would be mainly from the lower crust. In the southwest Pacic
islands arcs there are many porphyry CuAu deposits and these are usually associated with epithermal Au and/or AuAg deposits. Along the
western South American continental margin and in the southwestern
part of the United States of America and the northwestern part of Mexico
CuMo porphyry deposits are dominant (Cooke et al., 2008). Recently,
the Pebble porphyry CuAuMo deposit in southwest Alaska (Kelley et
al., 2010; Lang et al., 2008; Rebagliati and Payne, 2005) has been shown
to contain a similar element association as the Dexing porphyry deposit.

Fig. 7. Section through the Jinshan shear zone-hosted gold deposit, reecting the relationship of the gold orebodies to the mylonitic rocks (modied from Wei(1996); Li et al.
(2007a)).

J. Mao et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 43 (2011) 203216

Porphyry CuAu deposits are associated with low-K, mid-K and high-K
calc-alkaline granitoids, whereas porphyry CuMo deposits are related
to alkali-rich granitoids (Cooke et al., 2008). If the denudation of a metallogenic belt is comparatively shallow, one can observe the coexistence of
a porphyry copper deposit developed in the lower part of the volcanic edice, evolving upward to epithermal systems in andesitic to dacitic volcanic rocks (Seedorff et al., 2005) and laterally to base metal (CuPbZn)
vein systems (Pirajno, 2009). Comparable systems are known, for example, from the Metaliferi Mts., Romania (Cook and Ciobanu, 2004).
In the recent past, almost all calc-alkaline granitoids related to
porphyry (or porphyryskarn) Cu deposits have been argued to be
adakitic rocks (Zhang et al., 2001), which used to be classied as
magnetite-series granitoids (Ishihara, 1977) or crustmantle syntectic granitoids (or syntexis type) (Xu et al., 1982). These granitoids
are derived from a deep source (lower crust), high level of emplacement and high oxidation degree. As mentioned above, these porphyry deposits are also associated with epithermal AuAg deposits,
skarn deposits (if carbonate rocks are present), and vein-like Ag
PbZn deposits. The Yinshan AgPbZn deposit in Northeastern
Jiangxi province is genetically related to the Mesozoic volcanicsubvolcanic rocks, similar to deposits in Mexico (Simmons et al., 2005).
More specically, the epithermal AgPbZn ore veins in the Yinshan
mine are connected with the porphyry CuAu at depth, forming a
mineral system.
Dexing is a typical porphyry CuAuMo deposit. In outlining a genetic model, Rui et al. (1984) and Pei et al. (1998) proposed that
when 3560% of phenocrysts crystallized from the magma in a shallow
chamber, secondary boiling would lead to exsolution of an independent
criticalsupercritical magmatic uid phase. This uid phase is alkali and
silica-rich, and has high concentration of volatiles (i.e., H2O, HCl, HF,
SO2, and P2O5) as well as ore-forming metals. At temperatures of
650 C to 750 C and salinities of 0.155 wt.% NaCl equiv., the nature
and composition of this uid has two remarkable implications for the
deposition of mineralization. Firstly, the uids replaced (altered) the
porphyry and country rocks, resulting in a hydrothermal alteration
that is expressed as spotted biotite and K-feldspar (alkali metasomatism). Secondly, its large volume triggers formation of a stockwork fracture system in the roof pendants of the porphyry intrusion which, in
turn, is conducive to extensive convective circulation of magmatic uids
and meteoric water and the precipitation of ore. In fact, the uids that
exsolved from the magma adjusted or changed constantly with temperature decrease, depressurization, immiscibility of brine and gas (phase
separation), water/rock reaction and mixing with meteoric water. All
these contribute to the formation of signicant mineralization, hydrothermal alteration and their zoning from the intrusion outwards (see
Pirajno, 2009, and reference therein).
Since the Dexing porphyry and Yinshan porphyry CuAuepithermal
AgPbZn deposits occur within a small area and share the same Middle
Jurassic age it can be reasonably assumed that they belong to the same
mineralizing system (Chen et al., 1989; Pei et al., 1998; Ye, 1987). Following a comparative study of available geochemical data and Sr/Nd isotopic
systematics, we can safely assume that the granodiorite in the Dexing
area and the andesitic volcanicsubvolcanic rocks in the Yinshan area
are part of the same magmatic event. The igneous rocks of the Yinshan deposit plot in the elds of both high-K calc-alkaline granitoids and shoshonite, whereas those of the Dexing deposits plot in the eld of high-K calcalkaline granitoids (Fig. 8). Igneous rocks from both deposits have similar
REE patterns (Fig. 9) and both have an adakitic signature (Fig. 10), suggesting that they originated from enriched mantle with some mixing
with upper crustal material (Fig. 11). We therefore propose that the Dexing porphyry and Yinshan porphyry CuAuepithermal AgPbZn deposits belong to the same mineral system, with Dexing porphyry Cu
AuMo at depth and epithermal AgPbZn at shallow levels.
Whether the Jinshan gold deposit is genetically associated with the
Dexing porphyry CuAuMoYinshan porphyryvein CuAgAuMo
deposit system remains debatable. This is because of the lack of suitable

211

minerals for sufciently precise dating to reveal the age of mineralization

and consequently provide some constraints for a genetic model. In the
past 30 years a large number of dating attempts have resulted in a variety
of different age data. For example, Wu and Liu (1989) obtained a whole
rock RbSr isochron age of 168 Ma on illite taken from auriferous siliceous mylonite. Zhang (1994) dated a whole rock chloritized phyllite
by RbSr methods, yielding 1616 Ma. However, Zhang (1994) also applied the whole rock RbSr method to date ultramylonite and quartz
veins and obtained an age of 717 6 Ma. Mao et al. (2008a) reported a
RbSr isochron age of 838 Ma for pyrite from the quartz ore vein. Li et
al. (2007a) reported two K/Ar ages of 299.52.7 Ma and 317.9
1.8 Ma from illite in the auriferous mylonite, and a K/Ar age of 269.9
1.7 Ma for illite in the auriferous quartz veins. Wang et al. (1999)
obtained a RbSr isochron age of 40625 Ma from uid inclusions in
quartz vein and shear zone rocks. Mao et al. (2008b) used the same
method to date the auriferous quartz vein, but obtained an age of
379 49 Ma. Due to the limitation of these dating techniques, it is
difcult to verify the reliability of these data. However, although
not accurate, the age data are nevertheless consistent with important tectonic events in the geological history of South China. Thus,
the age of 717 6 Ma and 838 Ma coincide with the period of convergence of the Yangtze Craton and Cathaysia block, possibly reecting the earliest stages of the formation of the ENE-trending strikeslip fault. The 406 25 Ma age is associated with uplift of the Cathaysia Block. The age range between 317.9 1.8 and 269.9 1.7 Ma
are not concordant with the convergence between the North China
Craton and South China Block, although the research area is located
far from the continent margin. The ages ranging from 167.9 Ma to
161 6 Ma are consistent with the Late Jurassic magmatism and related Dexing and Yinshan porphyryepithermal mineralization,
respectively.
Although there are four different opinions about the source of the
ore-forming uids responsible for the Jinshan gold deposit, the principal
difference is that they are either related to Neoproterozoic metamorphism or to Middle Jurassic granitic magmatism. This implies that the
Jinshan is either an orogenic gold or intrusion-related gold deposit. Li
et al. (2007a) pointed out that the formation of the Jinshan gold deposit
is mainly associated with Proterozoic metamorphic uids, possibly
overprinted by Mesozoic magmatic uids. Through eld investigations
and the examination of existing data, we propose that the NE-trending
strike-slip shear zones throughout the Dexing area were initiated in the
Neoproterozoic and were subsequently reactivated several times. Except for the ages above, the other evidence (below) all points to a

Fig. 8. SiO2 vs. K2O (wt.%) diagram for the igneous rocks in the Dexing area. The chemical analyzed data are from Zhu et al. (1983), Liu (1994), Ye et al. (1998), Le et al.
(2000), Zhang (2001), and Wang et al. (2004).

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J. Mao et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 43 (2011) 203216

Fig. 9. REE patterns of igneous rocks from the Dexing area. Data are from Ye et al.
(1998), Le et al. (2000), Ling and Liu (2001), Zhang (2001), Wang et al. (2004), and
Qian and Lu (2005).

MiddleLate Jurassic age of mineralization. First, the mineralized structures in Dexing area closely match the Late Jurassic regional tectonic
events. As the Izanagi plate began to subduct beneath the Eurasian continent at ca. 180 Ma (Dong et al., 2007, Mao et al., 2007, 2008a, 2008b,
2008c; Maruyama et al., 1997; Zhang et al., 2009), oblique compression
from the southeast triggered strike-slip movement on the Anlejiang,
Sizhoumiao, BashiyuanTongchang and JiangguangFujiawu faults in
the Dexing area. Furthermore, the Jinshan shear zone and its parallel
shear zones, which are oblique to the above mentioned regional
strike-slip shear zones appeared as extensional (Fig. 2). Li et al.
(2007a) identied three types of orebodies in Jinshan ore district: 1)
veins associated with fracture-lling; 2) extensional veins; and 3)
stockwork veins. These three types of veins indicate that they are the
products of hydrothermal lling and precipitation in an extensional tectonic regime.
The nature of the ore-forming uid system must exclude an orogenictype gold model. The most prominent features of orogenic-type gold deposits are ore-forming uids enriched in CO2 and 18O, low- to mediumsalinity, and a temperature range from 250 to 350 C (Goldfarb et al.,
2005). Ore uids in the Jinshan gold deposit, as revealed by abundant
but small uid inclusions, are, however, of signicantly lower temperature, medium- to high-salinity and are signicantly depleted in CO2
(Fan and Li, 1992; Hua et al., 2002; Zhang and Tan, 1998). Stable isotope

Fig. 10. La/Yb vs. Yb diagram distinguishing the types of the igneous rocks in the
Dexing area. Data are from Liu (1994), Ye et al. (1998), Le et al. (2000), Ling and
Liu (2001), Wang et al. (2004) and Qian and Lu (2005).

Fig. 11. Nd(t) vs. (87Sr/86Sr)i diagram showing the source of the igneous rocks in the
Dexing area. The elds in the diagrams are from Jahn et al. (1999) and Zindler and
Hart (1986). Isotopic data are from Zhu et al. (1983), Ye (1987), Zhu et al. (1990)
and Jin et al. (2002).

systematics suggests the involvement of magmatic uids. The sulfur isotopic values for pyrite in the Jinshan deposit (34S=+2.1 to +6.7; Fan
and Li, 1992) and for pyrite in Hamashi gold deposit (34S=+2.8 to +
3.4), are sufciently close to those of pyrite from the Dexing porphyry
deposit (34S=2.8 to 3.1; Zhu et al., 1983). However, isotopic exchange with the sulfur from the country rocks during ore formation
caused an increase of 34S, as has been shown for lode gold systems of
the Jiangnan Shield (Mao et al., 2002c). Hydrogen and oxygen isotope
compositions show a small range of values in the OH2O vs. D plot,
which are different from metamorphic uids, typically characterized by
a relative wide range. This suggests that the gold mineralization-related
uids are initially magmatic, and then gradually become dominated by
meteoric water. In the Dexing area, shear zones not only control the formation of gold deposits, but also are major controlling structures for porphyry CuAu and epithermal AgPbZn mineralization. For example, a
shear zone in the Yinshan mine hosts the epithermal AgPbZn ore
veins in the open pit, and also hosts disseminated and orientated Cu
Au ores (Fig. 6) in the quartz porphyry in the underground workings beneath the open pit. In both the North China Craton and the South China
block, Precambrian metamorphic rocks are the most important host
rocks for gold mineralization (Hart et al., 2002; Liu et al., 1993; Mao et
al., 2002a, 2002b; Mao and Li, 1997; Nie et al., 2003; Zhou et al., 2002)
and these rocks are thought to have originally contained more leachable
gold. This is probably a feature of Precambrian metamorphic rocks that
have been subjected to later tectonicmagmaticthermal events, during
which gold is leached out and transported into a new uid system, and
then deposited in a lode system. However, the question remains whether
granite intrusions could induce and maintain a high-heat in a localized
area, which is available to mineralization. Seedorff et al. (2005) estimated
that the activity of a porphyry ore-forming system can last from 50,000 to
500,000 years, during multistage emplacement of intrusions over a period of a few million years. Thus, during the Late Jurassic, the emplacement
of deeply-sourced high-K calc-alkaline granites in the Dexing area not
only formed a porphyry CuAuMu depositepithermal-type Ag polymetallic deposit system after strong fractionation, but also triggered a
temperature increase in the whole area, leading to a series of convective
hydtrothermal cells (Fig. 12). The magmatic hydrothermal uids migrated from high potential energy to low potential energy, along ancient fractures or shear zones, away from the magma chamber, increasingly
becoming mixed with meteoric water and leaching out gold from the
country rocks. These uids precipitated gold ores within suitable structural host zones upon change in the physico-chemical conditions.
In summary, the Dexing porphyry CuAuMo deposit, Yinshan
porphyry CuAu-epithermal AgPbZn deposit and Jinshan distal
hydrothermal gold deposits formed in the Middle Jurassic and are

J. Mao et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 43 (2011) 203216

genetically associated with high-K calc-alkaline granitoids. They are

thus different from classic porphyry Cu and porphyry Cuepithermal
AuAg deposit systems. They may represent a new ore system, as schematically illustrated in Fig. 12.
4.2. Metallogenic geodynamic setting
In the past 15 years, studies of the metallogenic and geodynamic processes in South China have made important progress. Shu et al. (2004),
Shu and Wang (2006) proposed that before the Middle Jurassic, South
China block was part of the Tethyan domain and was strongly inuenced
by Indosinian orogenesis, characterized by EW-trending faults and folds.
From the Middle Jurassic, South China become part of the Pacic domain
and was mainly inuenced by Paleo-Pacic plate subduction and associated back-arc extension, associated with intracontinental deep structures, NNE-trending faults and basin-and-range type rift systems, as
well as forming a large granite province. Gilder et al. (1996) recognized
a low TDM and high Nd(t) belt from Shiwandashan (or Qinzhou City) in
Guangxi Province, to the northeastern Guangxi Province, Hunan Province, central Jiangxi Province to Hangzhou in Zhejiang Province. This is
commonly referred to as the Shihang belt or QinzhouHangzhou belt
and is presumed to be a Mesozoic rift zone. Chen and Jahn, 1998 and
Hong et al. (1998) further pointed out that there are a few belts of low
TDM and high Nd(t) on the eastern side of the QinzhouHangzhou belt,
which can be considered as the result of lithospheric extension and
crust/mantle interaction. Li and Li (2007) proposed that South China experienced at subduction during 250190 Ma, affecting a large area with
a width of 1300 km. This was followed by slab break off at 180155 Ma,
triggering large scale magmatism. Support for this hypothesis comes
from the ca. 500 km long 178173 Ma volcanic belt, extending from
southern Hunan Province, through southern Jiangxi Province to the
southwest Fujian Province (Chen et al., 1999, 2002; Li et al., 2003; Tao
et al., 1998; Wang et al., 2003; Xu, 1992; Zhao et al., 1998; Zhou et al.,
2006). The belt includes bimodal volcanic rocks (alkali basalt, tholeiitic
basalt, rhyolite and a small amount of andesite). This was followed by
the intrusion of Jurassic highly-differentiated I-type granitoids (Li et al.,
2007a, 2007b, 2007c), containing W-Sn ore deposits along NE-trending
faults in South China. Mao et al. (2007, 2008) indicated that Nanling in
the center of the Cathysian block and adjacent northeastern areas, eastwards from the regional QinzhouHangzhou fault zone is a large W-Sn
metallogenic province, inferred to be related to a MiddleLate Jurassic
slab window event.

213

In contrast, studies on the metallogenic setting for the porphyry Cu

epithermal Ag polymetallicdistal hydrothermal gold deposits in the
Dexing area are relatively rare, although Zhu et al. (1983) speculated
that it is an intracontinental mineral system. Mao et al. (2004) and Hou
et al. (2007) inferred that this mineralization is related to post-collision
extension, between the North China and South China plates. Wang et
al. (2006) concluded that granodiorite porphyries have adaktic afnitiesthat is they represent a product of remelting caused by delaminated
lower crust, along the Shihang rift valley. The Dexing porphyry copper
deposit occurs 50 km north of the Shihang rift zone (Wang et al., 2006),
whereas the Yongping MiddleLate Jurassic skarn-type Cu-deposit occurs
ca. 30 km south of Dexing. Mao et al. (2004, 2007, 2008c) noted that there
is a NE-trending polymetallic metallogenic belt extending for more than
1000 km, which includes the Dexing porphyry CuAuMo, Yinshan porphyryepithermal-type silver polymetallic deposit, Lengshuikeng
epithermal-type AgPbZn, Yongping skarn-type copper, Dongxiang hydrothermal copper, Qibaoshan and Baoshan porphyry Cu, Shuikoushan
hydrothermal vein PbZn, Tongshan porphyry copper, Yuanzhuding porphyry CuMo and Dabaoshan porphyryskarn CuMo deposits (Fig. 1)
inboard of the South China continental margin. The deposits in this metallogenic belt along the QinzhouHangzhou rift belt (or Neoproterozoic suture zone) have ages ranging from 180 Ma to 165 Ma (2008a, 2008b,
2008c, Li et al., 2007b; Mao et al., 2004), and are spatially, temporally
and genetically associated with high oxidation magnetite-series granodiorite and diorite, as dened by Ishihara (1977) or crustmantle syntectictype granites, as dened by Xu et al. (1982). Recently, Guo et al. (2010)
carried out petrological and geochemical studies on these granitic rocks
and summarized their characteristics as follows. (A) The mac minerals
of these granitic rocks are predominatly hornblende with lesser biotite;
plagioclase shows zonal textures, K-feldspar is mostly microcline, and
the magnetite content is larger than that of ilmenite. (B) These granitoids
are peraluminous high-K calc-alkaline with 56.24%68.8% SiO2, 4.02%
10.55% (K2O+Na2O), K2ON Na2O and A/CNK=0.791.57. (C) Their REE
distribution patterns show generally a right inclined smooth curve,
(La/Yb)N =4.4329.07, a weak negative Eu anomaly, Eu=0.621.36,enrichment of LILE and depletion of NbTa, Ba, Sr and Ti. (D) Their initial
(87Sr/86Sr)i =0.7050280.722376, Nd =12.31.80, are related to high
Nd(t) values, lowTDM of high-K calc-alkaline series rocks. (E). The oreforming elements are Cu, Mo, Fe, Au, Ag, Pb, and Zn. These granitoids
may be derived from the upwelling mantle, which produced partial melting of mixed crustmantle materials (Arnaud et al., 1992; Thompson,
1996; Wang et al., 2003). In comparison with melts formed by simple

Fig. 12. Schematic model of porphyry CuAu, epithermal AgPbZn and distal hydrothermal Au deposits in the Dexing area.

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J. Mao et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 43 (2011) 203216

granulite anatexis, they are characterized by positive Eu anomalies, low

K2O, high Na2O (N4.3%), Nd=6.0 to 5.8 (Kong et al., 2000, Rapp
and Watson, 1995; Sen and Dunn, 1994). Therefore, the granitoids in
the South China belt cannot have formed by anatexis of granulite facies
lower crust. The e Nd vs. 87Sr/86Sr diagram shows that these granitoids
plot on the evolutionary line of the mantle and lower crust in which it is
shown that the Dexing granodiorite porphyry is derived from the mantle,
whereas other granitoids have varying degrees of contamination with
crustal materials. The metal associations and the components of the related granitoids, indicate that as more crustal materials were involved in the
formation of the mantle-derived magmatic systems, the metal associations typically evolve from CuAuMoCuAgPbZnAgPbZn.
Considering that the 1000 km long NE-trending metallogenic belt of
porphyryskarn and epithermal CuAuMoPbZn deposits and related
magmatic rocks is oblique to the subduction zone of the Izanagi plate
(or Paleo-pacic plate), the presence of Jurassic extensive transpressional
structures and thrust nappes in the belt can be considered to have formed
in the back-arc setting of an active continental margin. In contrast, the
aforementioned 500 km long belt of 178173 Ma bimodal volcanic
rocks in southern Hunan Province, through southern Jiangxi Province to
the southwest Fujian Province, is perpendicular to the line of subduction.
Thus, unlike these bimodal volcanic rocks the magmatic rocks in the polymetallic ore belt are possibly the product of partial remelting of the subducted slab or underplating mantle in an active continental margin.
When the magma derived from the mantle rises to a shallow level in
the crust, porphyry CuAuMo deposits are formed. After more contamination with the crust these magmas will form porphyry CuAuMo to
epithermal AgPbZn deposits, and locally skarn-vein AgPbZn deposits. Where Precambrian metamorphic rocks are present, leachable
gold is extracted and precipitated in suitable fractures, such as existing
ductilebrittle shear zones.
Acknowledgments
This research was jointly supported by the Projects 2007CB411405 of
the State Key Fundamental Program, Geological Survey Project
(1212010634001) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China
(No. 40434011). We thank Dr. Xiangyun Chen and Prof. Shuibao Huang
and their teams, as well as local geologists from the mines visited, for providing invaluable assistance and constructive discussions during our eld
investigations. We are also grateful to Dr. Xiaofen Li and Prof. Zongyao Rui
for their constructive discussions and suggestions. We are indebted to the
two anonymous referees for their constructive and critical reviews, which
greatly helped us to improve this paper.
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