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What Are Cervical Polyps?

Cervical polyps are small, elongated tumors that grow on the cervix. The cervix is the narrow canal at the
bottom of the uterus that extends into the vagina.
Polyps are fragile structures that grow from stalks rooted on the surface of the cervix or inside the
cervical canal. There is usually only one polyp presentor at most, two or three.
Cervical polyps occur in about four percent of women of reproductive age. They are most common in
women in their 40s and 50s who have had more than one child. Polyps almost never occur in young
women prior to the start of menstruation. Polyps are also common during pregnancy. This may be caused
by an increase in the hormone estrogen.
Cervical polyps are usually benign (not cancerous), and cervical cancer is rare. Cancer of the cervix
occurs in only one percent of women of reproductive ageabout 12,000 new cases per year, according to
the American Cancer Society.
Why Polyps Occur
It is not fully understood why cervical polyps occur. Their formation may be linked to:

increased levels of estrogen (female sex hormone)

chronic inflammation in the cervix, vagina, or uterus

clogged blood vessels


High Estrogen Levels
Estrogen levels naturally fluctuate throughout a womans life. The most common times are during
menstrual cycles, pregnancies, and in the months leading up to menopause. For example, estrogen levels
can reach 100 times the normal range during pregnancy.
Man-made chemicals that mimic estrogen are present everywhere in our environment today. For example,
xenoestrogens are found in commercially produced meats and dairy products.

Chemical estrogens can also be released into food that is heated in Styrofoam or plastic containers. Even
some air fresheners contain phthalates, another estrogen-like chemical.
Inflammation
An inflamed cervix appears red, irritated, or eroded. Some of the known causes of cervical inflammation
include:

bacterial infection

condyloma cuminata virus (warts)

human papillomavirus (HPV) infection

herpes

yeast infections

pregnancy, miscarriage, or abortion

hormonal changes
HPV infection is also a known cause of cervical cancer. Regular pelvic exams and pap tests (also called
pap smears) are an important precaution for women of any age. The pap test is done by scraping a small
amount of tissue from the cervix, which is sent to a laboratory. The test checks for infection and abnormal
cells.
http://www.healthline.com/health/cervical-polyps#TrendingNow7

Cervical Polyps
Cervical polyps are fingerlike growths on the cervical canal, the passage that connects the uterus to the
vagina.
Cervical polyps rarely cause symptoms. They are normally discovered during routine pelvic exams. Most
women have only one polyp, but two or three can develop. They are easy to remove and do not usually
grow back.
The vast majority of cervical polyps are benign (not cancerous). All polyps should be examined for signs
of cancer after removal.
What causes cervical polyps?
Cervical polyps occur when a group of cells within the cervix form an abnormal growth. The exact cause
of these growths isn't known. They may result from:

Cervical infection

Chronic inflammation

An abnormal response to the female hormone estrogen

Clogged blood vessels in the cervical canal

Am I at risk for cervical polyps?


Cervical polyps are common in women over age 20 who have given birth to more than one child. They
are most common in pre-menopausal women.
Ali, N.A., Binder, G.L., Dietrich, J.E., Ivey, R.T., Leong-kee, S.M., Raine, S.P., Riene, G.R., Timmins,
A.E., Vyas, A., Young, R.L., dan Zurawin, R.K.
Diakses 29 April 2015. https://www.bcm.edu/healthcare/care-centers/obstetricsgynecology/conditions/cervical-polyps

Cervical polyps
Definition
Cervical polyps are fingerlike growths on the lower part of the uterus that connects with the vagina
(cervix).
Alternative Names
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
The cause of cervical polyps is not completely understood. They may occur with:

An abnormal response to increased levels of the female hormone, estrogen

Chronic inflammation

Clogged blood vessels in the cervix

Cervical polyps are common, especially in women over age 20 who have had children. Polyps are rare in
young women who have not started their period (menstruation).
Most women have only one polyp, but some women have two or three.
Katz VL. Benign gynecologic lesions: Vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, oviduct, ovary. In: Katz VL, Lentz
GM, Lobo RA, Gershenson DM, eds. Comprehensive Gynecology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby
Elsevier; 2007:chap 18.
http://umm.edu/health/medical/ency/articles/cervical-polyps

The prevalence of any abnormality within a cervical polyp is significantly lower in postmenopausal,
compared with premenopausal, women. Younger women (teenagers to 20s) have little risk associated with
cervical polyps. Middle-aged women (30s-50s) have a higher risk of dysplasia. Women in the
perimenopausal to postmenopausal years have a slightly higher likelihood of a malignancy associated
with cervical polyps.
Schnatz, P.F., Ricci, S. O'Sullivan, D.M. Cervical polyps in postmenopausal women: is there a
difference in risk?. Menopause. 2009. 16(3):524-8.

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