Table of Contents

Course Guide

xi-xvii

Topic 1

Differentiation
1.1 Derivative of a Function
1.1.1 Differentiation from the First Principles
1.1.2 Differentiation of xn
1.1.3 Differentiation of ex
1.1.4 Differentiation of In x
1.1.5 Differentiation of sin x, cos x and tan x
1.1.6 Differentiation of kf(x) where k is a Constant
1.1.7 Differentiation of Sums and Differences of Functions
1.1.8 Differentiation of Products of Functions
1.1.9 Differentiation of Quotients
1.1.10 Differentiation of Composite Functions
1.2 Differentiation of Composite Functions
1.2.1 Differentiation of Implicit Functions
1.2.2 Differentiation of Parametric Equations
1.3 Application of Differentiation
1.3.1 Gradient of a Curve
1.3.2 Equation of the Tangen and the Normal to a Curve
1.3.3 Stationary Points
1.3.4 Maximum or Minimum Points (Local Points)
1.3.5 Point of Inflexion
1.3.6 Absolute Minimum and Maximum Values
1.3.7 Solving Problems
Summary
Key Terms
References

1
2
2
3
4
4
5
6
7
8
8
8
10
10
11
12
12
13
16
17
19
22
23
25
27
27

Topic 2

Analytical Geometry: Circle and Conic Cross-section

2.1 The Circle
2.1.1 Equation of a Circle with Centre (a,b) and Radius r
2.1.2 Equation of a Cirle with Centre at the Origin
2.1.3 The General Equation of a Circle
2.1.4 Tangent to a Circle
2.2 Analytical Geometry: Basic Concepts
2.2.1 The Parabola
2.2.2 The Ellipse
2.2.3 Hyperbola

29
30
30
31
32
33
35
36
37
40

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

2.2.4 Rectangular Hyperbola

2.3 Shifted Conic
2.3.1 Parametric Equation
2.3.2 Applications to Chords, Tangents and Normals
2.3.3 Problem Solving
Summary
Key Terms
References

42
44
44
46
50
51
52
52

Topic 3

Integration
3.1 Integration
3.1.1 Integration as Anti-derivative
3.1.2 Standard Integrals
3.1.3 Integration of kf(x) and f(x) + g(x)
3.1.4 Integration by Partial Fractions
3.1.5 Integration by Substitution
3.1.6 Integration by Parts
3.2 Definite Integration
3.2.1 Approximate Integration
3.2.2 The Trapezium Rule
3.3 Application of Integration
3.3.1 Areas of Plane Regions
3.3.2 Volume of Revolutions
Summary
Key Terms
References

54
55
55
56
59
60
61
62
64
64
65
66
66
71
78
81
81

Topic 4

Linear Programming
4.1 Problem Formulation
4.1.1 Basic Concept of Problem Formulation
4.1.2 State the Objective Function and the Constraints
4.2 Graphical Solution
4.2.1 Feasible Region in a Plane
4.2.2 Determine the Optimal Solution
4.3 Simplex Method
4.3.1 Standard Form for Maximisation Problems
4.3.2 Standard Form for Minimisation Problems
4.3.3 Construct Simplex Tableaux
4.3.4 Determine the Optimal Solution by Considering
Basic Feasible Solutions
Summary
Key Terms
References

82
83
84
85
87
87
92
96
97
100
101
102
109
110
110

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Topic 5

Network Planning
5.1 Network
5.1.1 Activities, Events and Network
5.1.2 Construction and Interpretation of Network
5.2 Critical Path
5.2.1 Identifying Critical Paths
5.2.2 Calculating Completion Time
5.3 Floats
Summary
Key Terms
References

112
113
114
116
120
120
122
124
127
127
127

Topic 6

Permutation and Combination

6.1 Permutation
6.1.1 Permutation of N Different Objects
6.1.2 Permutation of r from n Objects
6.1.3 Permutation when there are Similar Objects
6.1.4 Permutation in a Circle
6.1.5 Solving Problems
6.2 Combination
6.2.1 Arrangements
6.2.2 Combination
6.3 Arrangements and Conditional Selection
Summary
Key Terms
References

128
129
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
142

Topic 7

Probability
7.1 Basic Probability
7.1.1 Basic Concepts of Probability
7.1.2 Techniques of Counting
7.1.3 Probability of Events/Outcomes
7.1.4 Sets Presentations
7.2 Mutually Exclusive Events
7.2.1 One Event or More Mutually Exclusive Events
7.2.2 Probability Laws
7.2.3 Probabilty Trees
7.3 Independent and Conditional Events
7.3.1 Independent Events
7.3.2 Dependent Events
7.3.3 Probability Involving Three or More Events
7.3.4 Miscellaneous Problems

144
144
145
145
148
150
152
153
155
156
158
159
161
162
164

vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Summary
Key Terms
References

165
169
169

Topic 8

Probability Distributions
8.1 Random Variables
8.1.1 Random Variables
8.1.2 Discrete Random Variables
8.1.3 Continuous Random Variables
8.1.4 Probability Density Function (PDF)
8.2 Mathematical Expectation
8.2.1 Experimental Approach
8.2.2 Theoretical Approach
8.2.3 The Expectation of Any Function of X
8.3 Expected Value of:
8.3.1 Variance
8.3.2 Standard Deviation
Summary
Key Terms
References

170
170
171
172
174
175
177
177
178
180
181
182
182
184
185
186

Topic 9

Binomial and Normal Distribution

9.1 Binomial
9.1.1 Binomial Distribution and Function
9.1.2 Binomial Probability Tables
9.2 Normal Distribution
9.2.1 Probability Debsity Function
9.2.2 Normal Variable: Z
9.2.3 Use of the Standard Normal Distribution Tables
9.2.4 Using Standardised Normal Table for Any Normal
Distribution
9.2.5 Mean and Standard Deviation and
9.3 Poisson Distribution
9.3.1 Distribution of Random Events
9.3.2 Approximation of Poisson Distribution
Summary
Key Terms
References

187
188
188
189
191
191
192
193
200

Correlation and Regression

10.1 Scatter Diagram
10.1.1 Scatter Plots and Diagram
10.1.2 Least Sqares and Regression Lines

208
209
209
213

Topic 10

201
203
203
204
205
207
207

TABLE OF CONTENTS

10.2 Pearson Correlation and Coefficient

10.2.1 Correlation Coefficient
10.3 Linear Regression Lines
Summary
Key Terms
References
Answers

vii

217
217
219
221
221
221
223247

viii X

TABLE OF CONTENTS