CHEM%31.

1%TESTS/REACTIONS%
TEST/REACTION+

DESCRIPTION/NOTES+

LUCAS%TEST%

3%Forced%Sn1%reaction%
3%Works%only%for%alcohols%with%
less%than%6%carbons%

OXIDATION%OF%
ALCOHOL%

%
3%Primary%(to%carboxylic%acids)%
and%secondary%alcohols%(to%
ketones)%give%positive%result%
%

3%Phenols%form%phenoxide%
which%forms%colored%complexes%
with%FeCl3%

PRESENCE%OF%
PHENOL%

%
REAGENT+
%
Lucas%Reagent:%
anhydrous%
ZnCl2/concentrated%
HCl%
%

RESULT+
Two3layer%formation%
(gives'a'false'positive'for'
insoluble'alcohols)%

KMnO4%

Wine%red%solution%or%
brown%precipitate%

FeCl3%

%
Colored%solution%
%
Phenol''violet'solution'
p/nitrophenol''wine'red'
solution'
/naphthol''milky'brown'
solution '
'

%
3%Bromine%reacts%with%phenol%to%
form%an%insoluble%
Br2%in%H2O%
White%precipitate%
tribrominated%product%
%
%
3%Phenols%undergo%oxidation%to%
Decolorization%of%
form%quinones%upon%reaction%
KMnO4%
permanganate%
with%oxidizing%agents%
%
%
3%Aromatic%substitution%reaction%
FRIEDEL3CRAFTS%
3%Benzene%reacts%with%t/butyl%
ALKYLATION%
t/butyl%chloride/AlCl3% AlCl3%crystals%turn%orange%
chloride%in%the%presence%of%a%
TEST%
catalyst%(AlCl3)%
%
%
3%Saturated%hydrocarbons%react%
ALKANE%
with%Br2%in%the%presence%of%light%
Br2,%uv%
Discoloration%of%bromine%
HALOGENATION%
(uv)%via%free3radical%
substitution%%
%
%
3%Unsaturated%hydrocarbons%
DIHALOGENATION% react%by%polarizing%Br2%to%create%
Br2%
Discoloration%of%bromine%
Br%electrophile%(EA)%
%

BAEYERS%TEST%

AROMATIC%
HALOGENATION%

2,%4%%DNPH%%

%
3%Test%for%presence%of%
oxidizable%functional%groups%
3%Alkene%and%alkyne%give%a%
positive%result%
3%Can%be%inconclusive%when%
test%compounds%contain%other%
oxidizable%functional%groups%
(1%and%2%ROH)%
%
%
3%Presence%of%EWG%and%EDG%
affect%the%rate%of%EArS%
3%Aromatic%halogenations%are%
carried%out%with%a%Lewis%acid%
as%a%catalyst%
%

KMnO4%

Brown%precipitate%

Br2%in%HOAc%

Decolorization%of%
bromine%

%
2,4%%DNPH%in%HCl%

3%Test%for%carbonyl%
functionality%(C=O)%
3%C=O%becomes%C=N%
3%Best%reacts%with%a%dilute,%
strong%acid%

-O

%
%

N+

N+

N
H

%
O-

Yellow%orange%to%orange%
precipitate%
O2N

NO2
R/H

NH2

%
[Ag(NH3)2]NO3%
3%Test%for%presence%of%aldehyde%
TOLLENS%TEST%%
Ammoniacal%silver%
(aromatic%and%aliphatic)%
nitrate%
%
%
3%Test%for%presence%of%aliphatic%
Na%citrate,%NaHCO3%and%
aldehydes%(carbonyl%not%
BENEDICTS%TEST%
CuSO4%in%water%(blue3
directly%attached%to%aromatic%
colored%reagent)%
ring)%
%
%
Schiffs%reagent/%
Leucofuchsin%(pink%
SCHIFFS%TEST%
3%Test%for%presence%of%aldehyde%
fuchsin%dye%
decolorized%with%
H2SO4)%
%

N
H

C
R

Silver%mirror%

Brick%red%precipitate%
(Cu2O)%

Indigo/deep%reddish3
purple%solution%
(Light'pink'solution'with'
some'ketones'is'a'negative'
result)'

IODOFORM%TEST%

3%Test%for%methyl3carbonyl%
group%(CH33C=O)%or%its%
reduced%form%23alkanol%(CH33
CH2OH)%
3%Trihalogenation%on%methyl%
group%
%
%

Bright%yellow%precipitate%
I

NaOH,%I2%in%KI%

H
C
I

TEST+BASED+ON+
FURFARAL+AND+
FURFARAL+
DERIVATIVES+
PRODUCTION+

MOLISCHS%TEST%

BIALS%TEST%

+
4+Reaction+of+phenolic+
compounds+and+furfural+or+ Phenolic+compounds,+
hydroxymethylfurfaral+in+
pentose+!+furfural+
Colored+condensation+
acid+
hexose+!+
products+
4+Trioses+and+tetroses+do+ hydroxymethylfurfaral+
not+undergo+this+test+
+
%
3naphthol,%H2SO4%
3%General%test%for%the%presence%
Red%violet/purple%ring%
OH
of%carbohydrate%
at%the%aqueous%and%
3%Detects%aldopentoses%and%
organic%layer%
aldohexoses%
interphase%
%
Orcinol,%HCl,%FeCl3%
Pentoses%%blue3green%
%
OH
3%Test%to%differentiate%
solution%
%
pentoses%from%hexoses%
Hexoses%%yellow%to%
%
brown%solution%
%
OH

%
3%Test%to%differentiate%
For%the%same%time%
Resorcinol,%H2SO4%
ketohexoses%and%aldohexoses%
interval:%
3%Resorcinol%only%reacts%with%
Ketohexoses%%bright%
HO
OH
SELIWANOFFS%
monosaccharides%
red%condensation%
TEST%
3%Dehydration%of%ketohexoses%
product%
occurs%much%faster%than%
Aldohexoses%%pink%
aldohexoses%
coloration%
%
TEST+BASED+ON+REACTIVITY+OF+ALDEHYDE+GROUP+OR+POTENTIAL+ALDEHYDE+GROUP+
%
3%Test%for%reducing%sugars%
3%Monosaccharides%give%a%
positive%result%
3%Disaccharides%must%have%at%
Na%citrate,%NaHCO3%and%
least%one%free%anomeric%
Brick%red%precipitate%
BENEDICTS%TEST%
CuSO4%in%water%(blue3
carbon%
(Cu2O)%
colored%reagent)%
3%Polysaccharides%are%non%
reducing%
3%Reducing%power:%
glucose>fructose>maltose%
%

BARFOEDS%TEST%

3%Test%to%differentiate%
reducing%monosaccharides%
from%disaccharides%
3%Reacts%at%different%rates;%
only%the%monosaccharide%will%
react%within%a%time%interval%
(usually%10%minutes)%

Cu%acetate,%CH3COOH%

Brick%red%precipitate%
(Cu2O)%

OSAZONE%
FORMATION%

%%
%
Phenylhydrazine%
3%Used%to%identify%
%
monosaccharides%and%
%
reducing%disaccharides%
NH2
3%Only%C1%and%C2%are%involved% %
N
H
%
%
Sucrose%=%glucose%+%fructose%
3%Hydrolyzed%by%heating%with%
H+/H2O%

Yellow%to%yellow3
orange%crystals%

Unhydrolyzed%solution:%
NVR%

Concentrated%HCl,%10%%
NaOH,%Benedicts%
reagent%

Hydrolyzed+solution:+
brick+red+precipitate+
Unhydrolyzed:%NVR%

HYDROLYSIS%OF%
POLYSACCHARIDES%

Benedicts%reagent%

Hydrolyzed:+brick+red+
precipitate+

Starch%=%amylose%(water%
soluble)%+%amylopectin%(water%
insoluble)%

Unhydrolyzed:+blue4
violet+complex+

I2%in%KI%

SOLUBILITY%OF%
CARBOXYLIC%ACIDS%
IN%BASES%
%
TEST%FOR%ACETIC%
ACID%
%

+
R

NaHCO3

%
HYDROXAMIC%
TEST%
%

+ H2O + CO2

OH

Na

NaOH

%
Red%solution%

FeCl3

OH

Fe(OH)2

OH

Effervescence%(CO2)%

TEST%FOR%BENZOIC%
ACID%

Hydrolyzed:%yellow%
solution%

+ NaOH2

+ FeCl3

Flesh%precipitate%

Fe3+

%
3%Test%for%presence%of%esters%

Alcoholic%NH2OH3HCl,%
alcoholic%KOH,%FeCl3%

Magenta%colored%
complex%

Anhydrides%

H2O%

Blue%to%red%litmus%
paper%

Esters%

H+/H2O%%
OH3/H2O%

Sour%smell%

HYDROLYSIS%

H+/H2O%%
Amides%
OH3/H2O%

Sour%smell%%
Carboxylic'acid'(RCO2H)'+'
NH4+''

Pungent%odor,%red%to%
blue%litmus%paper%
Carboxylate'(RCOOD)'+'NH3''

%
1%amine:%yellow%ppt%
O
NH

1)%Benzene%sulfonyl%
chloride%
O
S

%
%
2%amine:%globular%
residue%

Cl

HINSBERGS%TEST%

3%Used%to%differentiate%
primary,%secondary%and%
tertiary%amines%

N
R'

%
3%amine:%no%reaction%
1%amine:%yellow%
solution%
%
2)%OH3/H2O%
%

O
S

Na

2%amine:%undissolved%
%
H+/H2O%
%

Only%3%amine%dissolves%