8.20.7 Diaphragms
Diaphragms shall be provided at abutments and piers. The diaphragms shall be proportioned to transfer
loads to the supports and to allow for future jacking of the girders. Intermediate diaphragms shall be
provided if required for improving load distribution or for stability during construction.
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8.22.3 Diaphragms
Diaphragms shall be provided at abutments, piers, and locations of abrupt angular changes of the soffit of
the girders. Provision shall be made in the diaphragms for openings for access, future strengthening, and
utilities.
8.22.6.1.2 Joints
Precast segments shall be match cast and erected with epoxied joints. The minimum thickness of epoxy
shall be 2 mm on each surface if applied to both surfaces or 3 mm if applied to one surface.
A minimum compressive stress of 350 kPa shall be provided over the entire cross-sectional area between
precast segments by temporary post-tensioning until the permanent tendons are fully stressed.
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8.22.6.2.3 Joints
The contact surfaces between cast-in-place segments shall be clean, free of laitance, and intentionally
roughened. Longitudinal reinforcing bars in the segments shall extend across the joints.
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Table 8.12
Construction tolerances
(See Clause 8.22.6.5.2.)
Condition
Tolerance, mm
The horizontal force acting on the lateral guides of the launching bearings shall be not less than 1/100
of the vertical support reaction.
For stresses during construction, one-half of the force effects due to construction tolerances and
one-half of the force effects due to temperature as specified in Section 3 shall be superimposed on those
arising from gravity loads.
8.22.7.2 Joints
Joints between the segments shall be epoxied or cast in place.
Epoxied joints shall be formed between match-cast surfaces. The match-cast effect in spliced
pretensioned girders shall be created by casting against precision-made steel bulkheads. The joints shall
meet the requirements of Clause 8.22.6.1.2.
Cast-in-place joints shall be wide enough to permit the coupling of duct sheaths and placing of
concrete. The strength of concrete in the joints shall be compatible with that of the adjacent girder
concrete.
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8.23.3 Handling
Account shall be taken of the handling and transportation of precast piles. An allowance for impact of 50%
of the weight of the pile shall be made in proportioning the pile.
8.23.4 Splices
The shape and size of a splice shall be such as not to affect the performance of the pile. The strength of a
splice shall be at least equal to the strength of the pile in compression, tension, and flexure. The slack in
mechanical splices shall be less than 0.5 mm in either compression or tension.
8.23.6.2.2 Precast
For precast concrete piles, the area of longitudinal reinforcement shall not be less than 0.015 and shall not
be more than 0.08 of the cross-sectional area of the pile. Longitudinal reinforcement shall be enclosed
within spirals that meet the requirements of CSA G30.3.
For piles up to 600 mm in diameter, the spiral wire shall have a diameter of at least 5 mm. At the end of
a pile, the spiral shall have a pitch of 25 mm for five turns followed by a pitch of 75 mm for 16 turns. For
the remainder of the pile, the spiral shall have a pitch of not more than 150 mm.
For piles more than 600 mm in diameter, the spiral wire shall have a diameter of at least 6 mm. At the
ends of a pile, the spiral shall have a pitch of 40 mm for four turns followed by a pitch of 50 mm for 16
turns. For the remainder of the pile, the spiral shall have a pitch of not more than 100 mm.
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tf min
Figure C8.55
Flange reinforcement
(See Clause C8.20.5.)
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Commentary on CAN/CSA-S6-06,
Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code
C8.22.6.1.2 Joints
Epoxy serves as a lubricant during placement of segments, provides water proofing of the joints for
durability, provides a seal to avoid cross-over of grout during grouting of internal tendons, and provides
some tensile strength across the joint.
The temporary post-tensioning should provide a prestress that is as uniform as possible to avoid epoxy
thickness variations, especially if this could lead to a systematic accumulation of geometric error. Stress
changes at epoxy joints should be avoided during the initial curing period.
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bw
A
dk >30
mm
4dk
0.75h
Section A-A
0.75bw
Figure C8.56
Shear keys
(See Clause C8.22.6.1.3.)
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Commentary on CAN/CSA-S6-06,
Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code
150 mm min.
80 mm
min.
Bottom of superstructure
Launching pad
Sliding surface (steel PTFE)
Launching bearing
Top of pier
Figure C8.57
Location of launching pads
(See Clause C8.22.6.5.3.)
CL Web
CL Slab
L Bearing
Figure C8.58
Eccentric reaction at launching pads
(See Clause C8.22.6.5.3.)
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