DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this report was written by us in every respect and supervised by Dr
Akwasi Acheampong Aning. It is towards the award of BSc. (Physics) and that, it has not
been submitted for any degree in any university and it also contains no other published
material except for the references to other literary works, academics and projects reports
which has been duly credited and cited. This work is the result of our independent research.

...

Addo Dorcas Attuabea

Dhywill Dzikunoo

Date..

Date.

CERTIFICATION
I certify that I have supervised the students in undertaking the study reported herein and I
confirm that the students have my permission to present it for assessment.

Dr. Akwasi Acheampong Aning.

Date

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First thanks go to the Almighty God.
We are indebted to our lecturer and supervisor Dr. Akwasi Acheampong Aning whose advice,
patience and help has been immeasurable in helping us coordinate and in writing this report.
Also we thank our course lecturers especially, Professor S.K. Dannour, Mr Reginald Noye,
Dr Kwesi Preko who contributed their quota in our education.
We also appreciate the help from our mates Mr. M. O Barimah, Mr. Emmanuel Appiah, Mr
Adusei Poku Benedict who worked on seismic and continuous vertical electrical sounding
methods with which we compared our results. And also to all students who helped us in our
field work.
Thanks to all those who have helped, advice, taught and encouraged us throughout this
project especially our course mates who assisted us in our data collection.
We also appreciate the guidance given to us by the panels in our project presentation that has
helped improve our presentation skills by their comment and tips.
Finally we thank our families, without whom this report would not have been a success. Your
encouragement and support has never faltered.

ABSTRACT.
The Mala GPR equipment with the 100 MHz unshielded antenna was used for the subsurface
investigation of the area between the Finance Office and the University Hall, KNUST,
Kumasi. The purpose was to delineate the subsurface structure and compare the results to that
of the Continuous Vertical Electrical Sounding (CVES) and Seismic refraction in the same
area. It was carried out on a rectangular block of 80 m by 28 m with 7 profile lines with an
interspacing of 4 m. The results revealed an unconsolidated layer of thickness of about 3 m, a
water table located at a depth of about 16 m. An underground culvert was also delineated as
hyperbolic diffraction on the radar gram. When the results were compared with the CVES
and seismic refraction results, it was observed that the GPR and CVES show a top layer of
thickness 3 m.

TABLE OF CONTENT.
Chapter One.
1.0 Introduction1
1.1 Literature Review3
1.2 Objective.6

Chapter two (theory).

2.0 Principle of operation.7
2.1 Velocity, magnetic permeability and dielectric permittivity..8
2.2 Penetration and Frequency.9
2.3 Dielectric permittivity and electric conductivity of the ground.9
2.4 Attenuation and skin depth10
2.5 Transmission and reflection..13

Chapter three (methodology)

3.0 Site description.15
3.1 Geology of study area..15
3.2 Equipment for the survey.16
3.3 Measurement parameter17

3.4 Field procedure.18

3.5 GPR data processing20

Chapter four (result and discussion)

4.0 Introduction.................................................................22
4.1 Results and interpretation23
4.2 Profile discussion.30
4.3 Comparison of GPR results with seismic and CVES results..32
Chapter 5
5.0 Conclusion.35
5.1 Recommendation...36

Refereces..37