Introduccin
Leccin: Velocidad de
reaccin
C INTICA Q UMICA
La Cintica Qumica estudia la velocidad de las reacciones qumicas la evolucin de las concentraciones de las substancias
con el tiempo.
La ecuacin estequiomtrica solo es una relacin cuantitativa
pero a escala molecular las reacciones qumicas pueden tener
lugar a lo largo de diferentes etapas elementales.
Ej.
2 N 2 O 2 N 2 + O2
i)
N2O N2 + O
ii) O + N2O N2 + O2
Mecanismo de reaccin
C INTICA Q UMICA
Monomoleculares A . . .
Bimoleculares A + B . . .
Trimoleculares A + B +C . . . (raras).
Los mecanismos de reaccin son modelos tericos:
C INTICA Q UMICA
[A]2 [A]1
t2 t1
v = lm
t0
d[A]
[A]
=
t
dt
a A + b B cC + d D
v=
1 d[A]
1 d[B] 1 d[C] 1 d[D]
=
=
=
=
a dt
b dt
c dt
d dt
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d[A]
= kv [A]n
dt
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Br2 + H2 2 HBr
d[HBr] k [H2][Br]1/2
=
[HBr]
dt
1 + k0
[Br2 ]
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d[A]
= k [A] [k] : tiempo1
dt
d[A]
= k dt
[A]
Z [A]t
d[A]
Z t
=k
dt
[A]
[A]0
0
[A]
ln[A] [A]t0 = k t
ln
[A]t
= kt
[A]0
[A]t = [A]0 ek t
C INTICA Q UMICA
2
1 1
2 A . . . d[A]
dt = k [A] [k] : tiempo M
2
A + B . . ., con [A]0 = [B]0 d[A]
dt = k [A][B] = k [A]
d[A]
= k dt
[A]2
Z [A]t
d[A]
[A]0
[A]2
Z t
=k
dt
0
1
1
= kt
[A]t [A]0
[A]t =
[A]0
1 + k [A]0 t
C INTICA Q UMICA
C
B
B
A
C
d[A]
= kB [A] + kC [A] = (kB + kC ) [A]
dt
[A]0 6= 0, [B]0 = [C]0 = 0
[A]t = [A]0 e(kB+kC )t
d[B]
= kB [A] = kB [A]0 e(kB +kC )t
dt
Z [B]t
0
Z t
d[B] = kB [A]0
(kB +kC )t
d[C]
= kC [A] = kC [A]0 e(kB +kC )t
dt
Z [C]t
dt
kB
(kB +kC )t
[B]t =
[A]0 1 e
kB + kC
Z t
d[C] = kC [A]0
e(kB +kC )t dt
kC
(kB +kC )t
[C]t =
[A]0 1 e
kB + kC
C INTICA Q UMICA
kB
[A]0
t
kB + kC
kC
[A]0
lm [C]t =
t
kB + kC
lm [B]t =
kB > kC
[B]t kB
=
t [C]t
kC
lm
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k1
AB
k1
d[A]
= k1 [A] + k1 [B]
dt
[A]0 6= 0, [B]0 = 0
, [A]0 = [A] + [B] [B] = [A]0 [A]
d[A]
= k1 [A]0 (k1 + k1 ) [A]
dt
Z [A]t
[A]0
d[A]
=
k1 [A]0 (k1 + k1 ) [A]
Z t
dt
0
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C INTICA Q UMICA
[A]t
1
ln(k1 [A]0 (k1 + k1 ) [A]) [A]0 = t
k1 + k1
[A]0
(k1 +k1 )t
[A]t =
k1 + k1 e
k1 + k1
(k1 +k1 )t
lm [A]t =
k1 + k1 e
k1 + k1
k1
k1
[A]0 lm [B]t =
[A]0
t
k1 + k1
k1 + k1
[B]t
k1
=
= Keq
t [A]t
k1
lm
k1 [A]t = k1 [B]t
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C INTICA Q UMICA
[A]t
t
[A]0
t0
[A]1
t1
III. Determinacin de la
cte. de velocidad
[A]2
t2
[A]t = [A]0 ek t ?
ln[A]t = ln[A]0 k
t
| {z } | {z } | {z }
ln[A]t
t
+a x
ln[A]0
t0
ln[A]1
t1
ln[A]2
t2
13
C INTICA Q UMICA
[A]
0 ?
[A]t = 1+k [A]
0t
1
1
=
+k t
[A]t [A]0 | {z }
|{z} |{z} +a x
y
1
[A]t
1
[A]0
1
[A]1
1
[A]2
t0
t1
t2
III. Determinacin de la
cte. de velocidad
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C INTICA Q UMICA
III. Determinacin de la
cte. de velocidad
[A]
[A]0
ln 2
k t
= [A]0 e 1/2 t1/2 =
2
k
[A]
0
Reaccin de segundo orden [A]t = 1+k [A]
0t
[A]0
1
[A]0
=
t1/2 =
2
1 + k [A]0 t1/2
k [A]0
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