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Complete report of Basic Biology with the title Anatomy Vertebrate, created
by :
name
: Bertha Tandi
reg. number
: 1414442010
group
:V
class
: ICP B of Biology Education
after its checked and consulted by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, it has
fulfilled requirement.

Makassar, Januari
Assistant Coordinator,

Djumarirmanto, S.Pd

Assistant,

Makmum Ashari
ID: 1214441004
Known by,
Lecturer of Responsibility

Drs. H. Hamka L,Ms

ID: 19621231 198702 1 005

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background

2015

Life is something that is so important for us to know so the mystery of our

lives that we need to peel deeply. Fantasize about living things actually existing
conditions within the living body? Is it the same as we see?
This question raises many opinions that would have to be proved by the fact
would have to go through the study of a scientific nature. Life creature standing
with one's body is not simple, but consists of a collection of several organs that
will form a system of organs that work together.
Based on these main ideas that add a sense of curiosity manifested in research
or scientific experimentation. From the results of experiments that have been
carried out by experts need to do so that our knowledge of composers parts and
how the structure of the living body that we have can be increased.
Our experiments on these units can help us to answer these questions before.
We will find out about the state of the organs of living things, how the system of
coordination between the organs formed associations called organ system. To
know that, we conducted experiments using frog body representing the class
amphibious animals. That is the basic biology lab Unit IV with the title
"Structural Anatomy of Vertebrate Animals" will use it the Bufo sp (frog). This
experiment had used Bufo sp (frog) because it gave a general image and general
example of main organ in the vertebrate animal.
Anatomy is a scientific that was studied about the structure and the relation
the part of body. In the anatomy vertebrate animal observation it needed the
dissection to make the easy the collagen to observation the shape, color, location
organs and it relation with other organs. Beside that we can know about the
digestive system, blood circulation, breath, excretion system and reproduction
organs.
B. Purpose
The purpose of this lab is that students can recognize the shape, color, and
location of the organ and its relation to other organs in an organ system.
C. Benefit

Based on this practicum the benefit of this practicum the collagen will know
about a shape, color, organ position, and it relation with other organ in the organ
system.

CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE
Animal body consists of various organs of the body. The organs that work
together to perform the function of a higher form organs. Anatomy of a frog can give

a general overview on the major organs in vertebrates. Anatomy of an animal

observations needed surgery to facilitate observing the shape, position and its
relationship with other organs. Which will be observed in this lab is the digestive
system, circulatory, respiratory, and reproductive ekresi (Tim pengajar, 2014).
Amphibians are a class of vertebrate animals (vertebrates) that includes
animals salamanders, salamander worms, frogs and bangkong. The term amphibian
means double life, that life which concerns the way these animals live in water and on
land. The difference between amphibians and reptiles as its closest relatives, is
located on the skin soft, moist and not covered by anything and egg shell that does
not consist of hard and supple skin that can prevent the egg is dry. Therefore
amphibian egg can only live in water or in wet locations. These animals are
descendants of vertebrate animals in the world that began about 350 million years ago
(Hoeve, 1992).
Amphibian (derived from amphibious, meaning ~both ways of life) refers to
the life stages of many frog species that are also some ovoviviparous and viviparous
species that retain the eggs in the female reproductive tract, where embryos can
develop without drying out stage ofa frog, called a tadpole, is usually an aquatic
herbivore with gills, a lateral line system resembling that of aquatic vertebrates, and a
long, finned tail. The tadpole initially lacks. Many amphibians exhibit complex and
diverse social behaviors, especially during their breeding seasons. Frogs defend their
breeding territory or to attract females. In some species, migrations to specific
breeding sites may involve vocal communication, celestial navigation, or chemical
signaling. Most amphibians are found in damp habitats such as swamps and
rainforests. Even those adapted to drier habitats, much of their time in burrows or
under moist leaves, where humidity is high. Amphibians generally rely heavily on
their moist skin for gas exchange with the environment. Some terrestrial species lack
lungs and breathe exclusively through their skin and oral cavity. Fertilization is
external in most amphibians; the male grasps the female and spills his sperm over the
eggs as the female sheds them. Amphibians typically lay their eggs in water or in

moist environments on land. The eggs lack a shell and dehydrate quickly in dry air.
Some amphibian species lay vast numbers of eggs in temporary pools, and egg
mortality is high. In contrast, other species lay relatively few eggs and display various
of parental care. Depending on the species, either males or females may house eggs
on their back, (in their mouth, or even in their stomach) Certain tropical tree frogs stir
their (Cambal, 2008).
Frogs are the most diverse group of amphibians, with approximately 5,000
species that live on all continents except Antarctica. Frogs have a body plan that is
more specialized than the salamander body plan for movement on land. Adult frogs
use their hind limbs to jump many times their body length on land. Frogs have a
number of modifications that allow them to avoid predators, including skin that acts
as camouflage and defensive chemicals that are poisonous to predators secreted from
glands in the skin. Frog eggs are fertilized externally, as they are laid in moist
environments. Frogs demonstrate a range of parental behaviors, with some species
exhibiting little care, to species that carry eggs and tadpoles on their hind legs or
backs. The life cycle consists of two stages: the larval stage followed by
metamorphosis to an adult stage. The larval stage of a frog, the tadpole, is often a
filter-feeding herbivore. Tadpoles usually have gills, a lateral line system, long-finned
tails, but no limbs. At the end of the tadpole stage, frogs undergo a gradual
metamorphosis into the adult form. During this stage, the gills and lateral line system
disappear, and four limbs develop. The jaws become larger and are suited for
carnivorous feeding, and the digestive system transforms into the typical short gut of
a predator. An eardrum and air breathing lungs also develop. These changes during
metamorphosis allow the larvae to move onto land in the adult stage (Melinda, 2013).
There are about 3000 species of amphibians live in the world, which are
grouped into 3 groups, namely Anura (frogs and toads). Caudata or Urodela
(salamanders). And Gymnophiona or Apoda (Caecilia). Only about 60 species of
Caecilia and about 200 species of salamander, an amphibian of the nation so largely
consists of frogs and toads. Amphibian terminology applied to members of this class

because the animals spend most of the early stages in the life cycle of water, from the
shape of a tadpole larvae that breathe with gills outside larvae then undergo
metamorphosis into frogs with a respiratory lung. Thus life is not absolute for all
amphibians, there are some who never leave the water and there are others that never
get into the water at a certain stage of the life cycle. There also are not have the lungs
to mature and breathe through the skin, so the skin is always moist and glandular
(Sukiya, 2001).
Frogs are bilaterally symmetrical . Digestive tract are visible from the outside
is the cavum oris , limited by the maxillae ( upper jaw ) roof on the top , being
bounded on the bottom by the mandible ( lower jaw ) and hyoid os . Then followed
by the pharynx, esophagus , and intestinal ventricullus located in the oral cavity ,
Lingula ( tongue ) which flattened stems at the base of the mouth anteriorly . On the
surface there are taste buds and the optic disc , coated with mucus , can be extended
from the rear to the front to catch prey. Lingula supported by the os hyoid ( which
form cartilage ) which allows the tongue tough but limp . On the outside there are
denta maxillae maxillaris ( tooth maxillaris ), was on the roof of the cavum oris denta
vomerin are useful to hold the prey to be swallowed . Close denta vomerin there are
two internal nares holes associated with the nares externa . Glottis is located at the
back of the pharynx ventral medium lingua , is a door leading to the pulmonary
(lung). Behind each eye near the corners of the mouth are pharyngeum ostium of the
Eustachian tube which connects the auditory cavum oris with inner ear space
(Jasin, 1992).

CHAPTER III
OBSERVATION METHOD
A. Time and place
Day / date : Monday, December 28th 2014
Time
: 04:00 pm 05:50 pm

: Laboratory of Biology, 3rd East floor Mathematics and Science

Place

Faculty State University of Makassar

A.

Tool and Materials

1.

Tools

a. Bottle killer
b. Surgical tray
c. Surgical instrument

Scissors 1 peace
Tweezers 1 peace
Needle 1 peace
Scalpel 1 peace
2. Material
a. Frogs (Bufo sp )
b. Cotton
c. Chloroform / ether (tranquilizer)
d. Drinking straws

Work Procedure

C.
1.
a.

Observations outside
Deadly frog
Taken wad of cotton (for joint masters fingers), moistened with ether /
chloroform, and then put in a killer bottle, put the frog into a bottle, sealed
properly left until the frog dead.
b. Issued a frog that has been passed out and placed on a surgical tray cotton

is left in the bottle and close tightly (dangerous fumes).

c.

Observed the outside of the frog

1)
2)
3)
4)

Eyes, eyelids, and the membrane was

External nostrils
Tympanum, membranes of the listener
Cracks mouth

5) Forelimb
6) The upper arm (Branchium)
7) Forearm (Ante branchium)
8) The soles of (Manus)
9) The fingers (digit)
10) Hind limb
11) Thigh (femur)
12) Calf (Crus)
13) The soles of unified (Pes)
14) The fingers are webbed swimming
15) Cloaca (specify location)
16) Touched the surface of the skin and pay attention to the color.
d.

Drawn from the back and name the parts.

Surgery

2.

a. Frog laid on his back on a surgical tray. Nailed four fingers with the needle

on wax, so it is not easy to shake.

a

With tweezers, clamped longitudinal abdominal skin near the thighs, lifted
slightly, cut crosswise tweezers under the skin, forming a slit in the skin of
the abdomen.

b
c

Through the skin slit, put the blunt end scissors, cut the skin toward the head
until hit by a pair of scissors. Turned to slits before, cut toward the groin.
Leather cut to the side so that the left and right abdominal skin can be
revealed. Examined muscle tissue attachment to the skin. Only at certain
points in the muscles attached to the skin, forming a kind of pouch (saccus).

Note also the center of the abdominal muscles. Looks white line along the
longitudinal abdominal muscles (called the linea alba).

Clamped with tweezers abdominal muscles in addition to the linea alba, and
cut crosswise, forming a gap. blunt tip scissors are inserted into slits cut
abdominal muscles and start to head towards the bottom of the
f Continued cutting through the groin.

Abdominal muscle tissue exposed to the left and right side of the abdominal
cavity that opens looks innards.

3.

Observation of the digestive system

a. Opened mouth with a scalpel and tweezers, so the mouth is open. the

observed shape of the teeth, in touch with the finger on the upper jaw and
teeth on the vomer ceiling.
With tweezers pulled his tongue out, observed form attachments.

b.

c. Contained observations a stomach containing offal. The observed shapes

and colors:
1) Heart of the right, there are several lobes, look for gall bladder, how
the color.
2) The stomach to the left heart, raised slightly will appear duodenum and
pancreas.
3) Trace the small intestine continues until thick intestine. Noting the
meeting.
4) Rectum that turn into the cloaca.
4.

Observations Circulatory System

Toward the head of the liver, the heart appears in the membrane.

a.

b. Sticked heart wrapping membrane with a needle or scalpel end up broke,

the observed shapes and sections:

1) Chambers (ventricles).
2) Porch (atrial) left and right.
3) The main arteries (truncus arteriosus) comes out of the ventricle and

5.

c.
6.

then branched into two aorta (left and right).

4) Drawn parts of the heart and gives the name of the section.
Observations Respiratory System
a. In the note section of the right heart and the left side of the stomach,
protruding parts of the lungs.
b. At the heart of the disconnect with scissors so that it looks windpipe
(trachea).
In the chart image for frogs respiratory system.
Observation System Excretion and Reproduction (urogenitalia)

a. On the release of the digestive organs stomach began to arrive at the

rectum, as well as mesentrium (connective tissue) that hold it.

b.
It would look a pair of oval kidney attached to the back of the
abdominal cavity. Furthermore, observed:
1) Kidney and adrenal gland (whitish line)
2) Body fat (corpus adiposus) yellowish fraying.
3) Renal tract (ureter) leading from the kidney to the bladder
c. In male frogs, the ureter is also called the ductus urospermaticus. Testes
located in the upper kidney, smaller round associated with kidney through
the vasa efferensia.
c

In female frogs, there is a pair on the left and right ovaries. Lifted slightly
ovary, oviduct will appear in the form of a funnel (ostium) is near the heart.

Made part of the system image urogenitalia frog. Gave names of its parts.

CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

B. Discussion

After observing the experiment objects found in the frog parts, namely:
1.
a.

Morphology Bufo sp.

Dorsal
1) A pair of eyes that is located on a triangular-shaped head which consists

of upper eyelid and lower eyelid, the lower eyelid are advanced

transparent lids which can be considsered as a tool to keep the eyes of

friction when in the water.
2) External nostrils are located on top of the mouth slit.
3) Membrane was lying on the eyes.
4) Tympanic membrane that serves to receive sound waves, lying in the back

of the sense of sight.

5) Forelimb: the upper arm, forearm, palm, and fingers as much as four
pairs.
6) Hind limb: thigh, calf, foot, fingers five pieces.

Ventral

b.

1) Mouth slit located at the anterior end of the head.

2) Limbs consisting of front leg and lower leg. Forelimb consisting of the

upper arm, forearm, palm, and fingers as much as four pairs. Meanwhile,
the rear legs consisting of thighs, calves, feet, and fingers as much as five
pairs.
2.

3.

Anatomy Bufo sp.

Rana cancarivora anatomical structure is the entirety of the organs that have
the function of each. As for the parts, namely, mouth, esophagus, liver, fat body,
pancreas, lung, bladder, stomach, small intestine, duodenum, ileum, kidney,
colon, urine bag, the cloaca.
Respiratory System
The frog has a pair of lungs in the form of bubbles where estuary blood
capillaries. Lung surface magnified by the presence of such forms of respiratory
bag so that it can diffuse gas. Lung with the oral cavity connected by short
bronchial. In inspiration and excretion mechanisms occur.

4.

Digestive System
Digestive system in amphibians, almost the same with the fish, covering,
digestive tract and digestive glands. One of amphibians are frogs. Food such as
frogs, small animals (insects). In a row on the frog gastrointestinal tract include:
1) Oral cavity: there is a cone-shaped teeth to hold prey and tongue to catch

prey.

2) Esophagus: a short channel.

3) Gastric-shaped bag that when filled food becomes wide. Gastric frogs can be

divided into two, namely the inclusion of the esophagus and out the hole into
the intestines.
4) Intestinal (gut) can be distinguished on the small intestine and thick. Include
the small intestine, the duodenum, jejenum and ileum, but not clearly
demarcated. Thick intestine ends at the rectum and into the cloaca.
5) Cloaca: an estuary along the digestive tract of food, reproductive tract, and
urine.
5.

Circulatory System
Circulation or circulatory system in frog form a closed circulatory
system and double circulatory. In double circulatory system of blood through
the heart twice in one cycle. First, blood from the heart to the lungs and then
back to the heart. Second, the blood of the whole body toward the heart and
circulated back to the rest of the body. Frog heart consists of three chambers,
two atria (right atrium and left atrium) and a ventricle. Between the atria and
ventricles are valves that prevent the blood in the ventricle does not flow back
into the atrium.

6.

Excretory system
The main means of excretion in the frog is a pair of kidneys located on
the left and on the right spine. Kidney brownish red. Kidney as a filter will
excrete the rest, namely mineral salts and fluids from the blood.Frog excretory
duct is a pair of channels which will empty into the cloaca. In the male frog
renal tract and genital tract fused while the female frogs do not.

7.

Reproductive System
Male and female frogs do not have external genitalia. Fertilization
occurs outside the body. At the time of mating, the female and male frogs
frogs will do ampleksus, the male frogs will stick to the back of the female
frog and a female frog stomach pressing. Then the female frog will release the
ovum into the water.

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
After doing this experiment, it can be deduced that the amphibian frog
belongs to a class that represents the anatomical structure of vertebrate
animals. The morphology of the frog consists of the nose, eyes, mouth slit, sleep
membrane, tympanic membrane, forelimb and hind limb. Anatomy of the mouth
which consists of outer nose, teeth, holes ballot box, tongue, vomer teeth, nose
in, the attachment of the tongue. The respiratory system is made up of larynx,
glottis, bronchi, lungs. The digestive system consisting of the pharynx,

esophagus, stomach, pylorus, duodenum, liver, small intestine, large intestine,

cloaca. The circulatory system consisting of the pulmonary vein, left atrium,
booths, septum, right atrium. Excretory system consisting of the rectum, kidney,
bladder, cloaca. Male reproductive system consisting of body fat, testes, sperm
duct, kidney, ureter, bladder, cloaca. Female frog reproductive system consisting
of body fat, ovary, oviduct, kidney, ureter, uterine, bladder, cloaca.
B. Suggestion
I hope for next observation about the eternity. The quality of the tool that we
use in the influence eternity must be improve.

APPENDIX
A. Question
1.

Why are frogs classified into class amphibious?

2.

Why can frog color change? What factors change the ordinary?

3.

Where frog attached to the base of the tongue? What are the benefits to the
frogs with attaching the tongue like that?

4.

Liver and pancreas instead of the digestive tract, but into the digestive
system. Why is that?

5.

Why can not breathing frog stomach? How interesting frogs and exhale?

Explain why it is said the blood clean and dirty blood mixed in the heart of the

6.

frog when it leaves the heart?

In frog internal or external fertilization? Explain why this is so!

7.

B. Answer
Classified in class amphibious frog because frogs can live in two places,

1.

namely in the water and on land.

Discoloration of the skin of frogs is the influence of external conditions and in

2.

the body. Where is the outside conditions are temperature and light, while the
condition in question is a hormone epiphysis and hepopisis.
Contained in the frog base of the tongue and the lower jaw towards the back

3.

with the folded edges such sticking, tongue frog easily extended to assist in the
capture of prey.
Heart and pabcreas, but not the gastrointestinal tract including the digestive

4.

system because both these organs play an important role in the digestive
process. Liver is a digestive gland that serves as the manufacture of bile while the
pancreas is the organ that produces digestive enzymes.
Frogs can not do abdominal breathing because frogs do not have a

5.

diaphragm. Frogs mebarik and exhale by the abdominal muscles.

Blood clean and dirty blood mixed in the frog because the frog heart has only

6.

one chamber so mixed up when out of the atrium.

External fertilization in the frog because frogs fertilization occurs outside the

7.

body.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Sukiyah. 2001. Biologi vertebrata. Yogyakarta : JICA.
Hoeve, Van. 1992. Ensiklopedia Indonesia Seri Fauna. Jakarta : PT Ikrar Mandiri
Abadi
Melinda, Bill. 2013. Concepst of Biology. Amerika : OpenStax College
Campbell N. A. 2008. Biology 8th Edition. Jakarta : Erlangga.

Jasin.1992.Zoologi Vertebrata. Surabaya : Sinar Wijaya

Tim Pengajar Biologi. 2014. Penuntun Praktikum Biologi Dasar. Makassar :

Laboratorium FMIPA UNM.