Ch 8

Radar Signal Processing

Lecture 8 : Radar Signal Processing

Objective

-
- MTI, MTD
- SAR

Introduction
Signal Integration
Correlation / Convolution
Moving Target Indicator (MTI)
Moving Target Detection (MTD) Doppler Processing
PRF Ambiguity
Improvement Factor
High Resolution Radar - SAR
Reference

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Introduction
RSP objective
-

Improve S/N and Pd of target

High clutter rejection
High Interference/jamming rejection
Exact information extraction : characteristics

Clutter - surface, volume clutters

Interference jamming, ECM, spiky noise
Target RCS scintillation SW 1~4
Noise & noise jamming = randomness(amp/phase)
Desired target = small, orderliness phase

Environments

Differences between signal and noise

- orderliness vs randomness in phase & amp
- rate of changes of the phase of orderly signal

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Introduction
Processes
- signal integration : vector sum, orderly from hit-to-hit
- correlation(pulse compression) : matching the desired signal to the
reference
- filtering & spectrum analysis

windowing used in correlation & spectral analysis to reduce leakage error

convolution : windowing in time convolution in freq. Domain

Block diagram
- Digital pulse compression

< Typical signal Processor, Digital Pulse Compression >

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Introduction
- Analog pulse compression

< Typical signal Processor, Analog Pulse Compression >

S / H : once per range bin, complex voltage VI jVQ
A / D : analog to digital converter number of bit
Signal storage : temporarily
Matched filter : correlates the echo wave with a delayed copy of the transmitted signal
Signal filtering : MTI clutter filtering
Spectrum analyzer : segregates the signal componentsby Doppler shift
Inphase Doppler into the Doppler bin

random noise distribute all the bins

CFAR detector : detection of threshold

S / N or S /( I N ) improvement

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Sampling Range &Doppler

Range Bin Rate
- PRF : rate at which an individual target can change

target sampling freq.

phase shift from hit to hit caused by the Doppler shift.
sample at a rate or equal to at least twice the highest Doppler
frequency, otherwise Doppler ambiguity

- Range/Doppler trade-off
Range bin rate = A/D sampling

= Range resolution

Doppler sampling rate = PRF

16 FFT (ex)

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PRI Dwell Time, CPI,

Burst, Scan
SCAN

Scani-1 Scani Scani+1

DWELL

DT1 DT2 DTk DTm-1 DTm

CPI1

CPI2

TIME

CPI3

P1 P2 Pa P1 P2 Pa P1 P2 Pa
R1

R2

Ri

Rk

Effective Range

Rj

Rl

CPI

RANGE
CELL

Guard Time
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Radar Range-Gated Data Structure

3 D Structure

Rangel/Azimuth/Doppler

: No. of Range Cell

Ti
N
: No. of Interation Pulse
T
360
K
: No. of Bean

BW

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(1)

1st PRF

2nd PRF

(2)

PRF

Radar Echo Signal

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(3) MTI

PRF

(4) AMTI

PRF

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f
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(5) Doppler

Filter Bank

(FFT)
f

PRF

PRF/N

(6) CFAR
/

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Signal Integration
Non-Coherent Integration
- Signal plus Noise

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Signal Integration
Non-Coherent Integration
- Signal plus Clutter

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Signal Integration
Coherent Integration
- Stationary Target

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Signal Integration
Coherent Integration
- Bin-1 Moving Target

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Signal Integration
Integration Loss
- Type of integration (coherent or non-coherent)
- Number of pulse integrated
- Required detection & false alarm probability
- Target fluctuation statistics
- Processing window used
Coherent integration loss is determined by
- processing window used

Window loss for most window is less than 3 dB

- target fluctuation statistics

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Correlation
Correlation
- process of matching two waveforms in time domain
- determine the time at the maximum correlation coefficient

z (t )

x( )h(t )d

z (kt )

N 1

x(iT ) h[(k i)T ]

i 0

application : pulse compression

< Correlation >

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Convolution
Continuous Convolution

y (t )

x( )h(t )d

y (kt )

N 1

x(iT ) h[(k i)T ]

i 0

< Convolution >

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Gated CW Convolution
Gated CW Convolution

< Spectrum of Gated CW Wave from Convolution >

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Clutter Rejection
MTI and Pulse Doppler Processing

Air Defense Scenario

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Terminology

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Doppler Frequency

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Example Clutter Spectra

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MTI and Pulse Doppler Waveforms

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MTI Processing
Separate MTI Process

< Separate MTI Process for Each Range Bin >

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Two Pulse MTI Canceller

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MTI Processing
Single Delay Line Canceller

x(k )

y(k )

f PRF 2
Amp

h(t )

y (t ) x (t ) x (t T )
h (t ) (t ) (t T )

PRF

H (w ) 1 e jwT 1 z 1

H (jw )H ( jw ) h(w )

H (w )H *(w )

1 e jwT 1 e jwT 1 1 e jwT e jwT 2(1 coswT )

using

2 - 2cos2 4(sin )2

H (w ) 4sin(wT 2)
2

H (w ) 2 sin(fT ) 2 sin(f / PRF )

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MTI and Doppler Processing

Double Delay Line Canceller (three pulse canceller)

x(t )

y(t )

h(t ) (t ) 2 (t T ) (t 2T )
H ( z ) (1 z 1 ) 2 1 2 z 1 z 2
H ( w) H1 ( w) H1 ( w) 16sin ( wT 2) 4
2

x(t )

tapped delay line

yn
y(t )
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w(n) x(n k )
k 0

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MTI and Doppler Processing

Delay Line with Feedback (Recursive)
y(t )
x(t )

v(t )

y (t ) x(t ) (1 k ) w(t )

u (t ) y (t ) w(t )
w(t ) v(t T )

1 k

w(t )

1 z 1
H ( z)
1 kz 1

(1 z 1 )(1 z )
2 ( z z 1 )
H ( z)

1
(1 kz )(1 kz) (1 k 2 ) k ( z z 1 )
2 (1 cos wT )
jwT 2
H (e )
(1 k 2 ) 2k cos wT
2

when k 0 , H (e

jwT

) 2 (1 cos wT )

k 0.25, 0.7 , 0.9

Y ( z ) X ( z ) (1 k )W ( z )

V ( z ) Y ( z ) W ( z )

1
W ( z ) z v( z )

using z e jwT , z z 1 a cos wT

single delay line

change gain factor

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Moving Target Indicator (MTI) Processing

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Clutter Spectrum Characteristics

* Responce of a double canceller MTI to ground, rain , and chaff clitter

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MTI Improvement Factor

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MTI Improvement Factor Examples

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Pulse Doppler Processing

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Moving Target Detector (MTD)

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MTI and Doppler Processing

PRF Stagger
- Blind Doppler occurs when the freq. shift is an integer
multiple of sample rate (PRF)

pulse-to-pulse PRF stagger

look-to-look & scan-to-scan stagger
f B n PRF
vB

c n PRF
2 fT

where

2v

f B : blind Doppler shift

n : integer 0
vB : blind radial velocity
fT : transmit freq.
PRF : sample rate

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Staggered PRFs to Increase Blind Speed

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Blind Rejection Filter

Staggering Filter Response
PRF1 600Hz

PRF2 750Hz
Clutter rejection ratio
blind speed
.

< Three Delay Non-Recursive Filter Response >

combination of two PRFs 1st null : 3000Hz , 2nd null : 6000Hz
Least Common Multiple( LCM ) of two PRFs
De staggering only in low PRF ( pulse to pulse stagger)

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Range Ambiguities

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Doppler Ambiguities

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Unambiguous Range and Doppler Velocity

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Limitation on Improvement Factor

Limitations on the Improvement Factor
With good canceller or filter bank design, cancellation can be
essentially perfect if
- The antenna is stationary (not scanning)
- The clutter is totally stationary, with a zero width spectrum
- Enough rang sweeps are gathered to totally charge the canceller,
or in the case of a filter bank, the number of points processed is large
- The system is totally linear
- Pulse-to-pulse stagger is not necessary to avoid blind Doppler shifts
Many MTI systems are specified and tested with the antenna stationary.
Scanning is, of all the factors listed, the most important in limiting the
improvement of MTI and MTD. Without scanning or with step-scanning,
the same antenna gain is pointed at the clutter throughout the dwell
and the echo from non-moving clutter is constant.

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