A.

Definition Of Cement

What is cement? Cement is a fine mineral powder

manufactured with very precise processes. Mixed with water,
this powder transforms into a paste that binds and hardens
when submerged in water. Because the composition and
fineness of the powder may vary, cement has different
properties depending upon its makeup.
Cement is the main component of concrete. It's an
economical, high-quality construction material used in
construction projects worldwide.

B.

Functions Of Cement

Cement is an essential material and widely used in

infrastructure projects in the civil construction sector. If you
add water, cement will be become the cement paste. If it is
mixed with fine aggregate, cement paste will be the mortar.
If it combined with the coarse aggregate will be a mix of
fresh concrete and then becomes a hard concrete.
The main function is to bind aggregate grains (with water)
forms a solid mass and fills the air cavity between the
aggregate grains. Although the composition of the cement in
concrete is only about 10%, but due to its function as a
cement binder, the role becomes important.

C.

How To Make Cement

The manufacture of cement is a very carefully regulated

process comprising the following stages:
1.Quarrying a mixture of limestone and clay.
2.Grinding the limestone and clay with water to form a
slurry.
3.Burning the slurry to a very high temperature in a kiln, to
produce clinker.
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4.Grinding the clinker with about 5% gypsum to make

cement.
5.Raw Materials Extraction
The limestone and clay occur together in our quarries at
Cape Foulwind. It is necessary to drill and blast these
materials before they are loaded in 70t capacity trucks.
The quarry trucks deliver the raw materials to the crusher
where the rock is crushed to smaller than 100mm (4
inches). The raw materials are then stored ready for use.
6.Raw Materials Preparation
About 80% limestone and 20% clay are ground in ball mills
with water, producing very fine, thin, paste called slurry.
The chemical composition of the slurry is very carefully
controlled by adjusting the relative amount of limestone
and clay being used.
the slurry is stored in large basins ready for use.
7.Clinker Burning
The slurry is fed into the upper end of a rotary kiln, while
at the lower end of the kiln, a very intense flame is
maintained by blowing in finely ground coal.
The slurry slowly moves down the kiln and is dried and
heated until it reaches a temperature of almost 1500
degrees Celsius producing "clinker". This temperature
completely changes the limestone and clay to produce
new minerals which have the property of reacting with
water to form a cementitious binder. The hot clinker is
used to preheat the air for burning the coal, and the
cooled clinker is stored ready for use.
8.Cement Milling
The clinker is finely ground with about 5% gypsum in
another ball mill, producing cement. (The gypsum
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regulates the early setting characteristic of cement). The

finished cement is stored in silos then carted to our wharf
or packing plant facilities.

There are 2 ways to make cement, wet process and dry

process
a. Wet Process
When chalk is used, it is finely broken up and dispersed in
water in a washmill. The clay is also broken up and mixed with
water, usually in a similar washmill. The two mixtures are now
pumped so as to mix in predetermined proportions and pass
through a series of screens. The resulting cement slurry
flows into storage tanks.
When limestone is used, it has to be blasted, then crushed,
usually in two progressively smaller crushers (initial and
secondary crushers), and then fed into a ball mill with the clay
dispersed in water. The resultant slurry is pumped into storage
tanks. From here onwards, the process is the same regardless
of the original nature of the raw materials.
The slurry is a liquid of creamy consistency, with water
content of between 35 and 50%, and only a small fraction of
material about 2% - larger than a 90 m (sieve No. 170). The
slurry mix mechanically in the storage tanks, and the
sedimentation of the suspended solids being prevented by
bubbling by compressed air pumped from bottom of the tanks.
The slurry analyze chemically to check the achievement of the
required chemical composition, and if necessary changing the
mix constituents to attain the required chemical composition.
Finally, the slurry with the desired lime content passes into
the rotary kiln. This is a large, refractory-lined steel cylinder, up
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to 8 m in diameter, sometimes as long as 230 m, which is

slightly inclined to the horizontal.The slurry is fed in at the
upper end while pulverized coal (oil or natural gas also might
be used as a fuel) is blown in by an air blast at the lower end of
the kiln, where the temperature reaches about 1450oC.
The slurry, in its movement down the kiln, encounters a
progressively higher temperature. At first, the water is driven
off and CO 2 is liberated; further on, the dry material undergoes
a series of chemical reactions until finally, in the hottest part of
the kiln, some 20 to 30% of the material becomes liquid, and
lime, silica and alumina recombine. The mass then fuses into
balls, 3 to 25 mm in diameter, known as clinker. The clinker
drops into coolers

b. Dry Process
The raw materials are crushed and fed in the correct
proportions into a grinding mill, where they are dried and
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reduced in size to a fine powder. The dry powder, called raw

meal, is then pumped to a blending silo, and final adjustment is
now made in the proportions of the materials required for the
manufacture of cement. To obtain a uniform mixture, the raw
meal is blended in the silo, usually by means of compressed air.
The blended meal is sieved and fed into a rotating dish called a
granulator, water weighing about 12% of the meal being added
at the same time. In this manner, hard pellets about 15 mm in
diameter are formed.
The pellets are baked hard in a pre-heating grate by means
of hot gases from the kiln. The pellets then enter the kiln, and
subsequence operations are the same as in the wet process of
manufacture.

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D. Types Of Cement And The

Application
The ASTM has designated five types of portland cement,
designated Types I-V. Physically and chemically, these cement
types differ primarily in their content of C3A and in their
fineness. In terms of performance, they differ primarily in the
rate of early hydration and in their ability to resist sulfate
attack. The general characteristics of these types are listed in
Table. The oxide and mineral compositions of a typical Type I
portland cement were given in Tables . General features of the
main types of portland cement.

a. Types Of Cement
General features of the main types of portland cement.
Classification

Characteristics

Applications

Type I

General purpose

Fairly high C3S content

for good early strength
development

General construction
(most buildings,
bridges, pavements,
precast units, etc)

Type II

Moderate sulfate
resistance

Low C3A content (<8%) Structures exposed to

soil or water

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containing sulfate ions

Type III High early strength Ground more finely, may
have slightly more C3S

Rapid construction,
cold weather
concreting

Type IV

Low heat of
hydration (slow
reacting)

Low content of C3S

(<50%) and C3A

Massive structures
such as dams.

Type V

High sulfate
resistance

Very low C3A content

(<5%)

Structures exposed to
high levels of sulfate
ions

White

White color

No C4AF, low MgO

Decorative (otherwise
has properties similar
to Type I)

b. The Aplications Of Cement

1. Portland Cement Type I
Used for general construction purposes that do not use any
special requirements to the heat of hydration and compressive
strength early. Suitable for use on land and water containing
sulfate 0, 0% - 0, 10% and can be used for building residential
homes, high-rise buildings, pavement, structures rail, etc.

2. Portland cement type II.

Used for the construction of mass concrete that requires
endurance sulfate (At the location of land and water containing
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sulfate between 0, 10 - 0, 20%) and the heat of hydration

medium, such as building sea lane, former marshland,
irrigation, concrete mass to dams and bridge foundation.

3. Portland cement type III

Used for the construction of buildings that require high
compressive strength early phase beginning after binding
occurs, for example for the manufacture of concrete roads,
buildings high level buildings in water that does not require
resistance to sulfate attack.

4. Portland cement type IV

Is the type of cement with low heat of hydration. This type of
cement is used for construction purposes and increases the
amount of heat needed to be minimized. Therefore, this type of
cement will have a strong level of concrete with Portland slower
than type I. Such type of cement is used for massive concrete
structures such as large gravity dams where the temperature
rise due to the heat generated during the curing process is a
critical factor.

5. Portland cement type V

Used for construction of buildings on land / water containing
sulfate exceed 0, 20%, and is suitable for installation of sewage
treatment plant, construction of the water, bridges, tunnels,
ports, and nuclear power plants.

6. Super Masonry Cement

Cement can be used for the construction of residential
buildings, roads and irrigation concrete structures maximal K
225. Can also be used as raw material for the manufacture of
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concrete tile, hollow brick, block paving, tiles and other building
materials.

7. Oil Well Cement, Class G-HSR (High Sulfate Resistance).

Special cement is used for the manufacture of oil wells and gas
wells with the construction of oil under the sea and earth, who
has produced OWC is a class G, HSR (High Sulfate Resistance)
also known as "BASIC OWC". adaptive can be added for use in a
variety of depths and temperatures.

8. Portland Composite Cement (PCC)

Cement filling the same strict quality Portland Composite
Cement SNI 15-7064-2004. Can be widely used for general
construction of all concrete. Structure-rise buildings, bridge
structures, structural concrete roads, building materials,
concrete pre-press and pre-press, masonry, Plastering and
refinement, concrete panels, paving block, hollow brick, brick,
tile, tile pieces, easier to work, the concrete temperature lower
so it is not easy to crack, more resistant to sulfate, more waterresistant and acian smoother surface.

9. Super "Portland Pozzolan Cement '(PPC).

Cement that meet the quality requirements of Portland cement
Pozzoland SNI 15-0302-2004 and ASTM C 595 M-05's. Can be
widely used such as:
- Mass concrete construction (dams, dams and irrigation)
- Concrete Construction that require resistance to sulfate attack
(Building waterfront, wetlands).
- Building / installations that require a higher kekedapan.
- Couples and plastering work.
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E.

Advantages and Disadvantages

a. Advantages
Strong Compressive Strength
If we compare portland cement concrete compressive
strength with the other kind of concrete with different
bonding material, the portland cement concrete has the
most strongest compressive strength. That is why portland
cement used for the most civil engineering structure.

Assorted Type For Different Usage

Cement has many types. Each type has different functions
and benefits. Then this will help us make the construction
with conditions and different uses.
b. Disadvantages
Expensive
Unrecycleable
Portland cement cannot be reused after setting and
hardening. So if we want to build a new structure after an
old one, we have to make new mixture using new
portland cement.
Un eco-friendly
Portland cement manufacture can cause environmental
impacts at all stages of the process. These include
emissions of airborne pollution in the form of dust, gases,
noise and vibration when operating machinery and during
blasting in quarries, consumption of large quantities of
fuel during manufacture, release of CO2 from the raw
materials during manufacture, and damage to countryside
from quarrying.

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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
http://lti.northwestern.edu/cement/monograp
h/monograph3_8.html

http://hansenkammer.wordpress.com/2009/1
2/11/macam-macam-tipe-semen/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement

www.uotechnology.edu.iq/depbuilding/LECTURE/SHARING/second_class/Con
crete%2520Technology/Chapter%2520Oneportland%2520cement.pdf

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