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Dr.Mostafa Omran Hussein

Assistant Professor of Prosthodontics
Faculty of Dentistry
Qassim University

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1) Recognize how to asses clinically magnitude of stress falling

on the partial denture.
2) Describe basic principles and philosophies used to design
partial denture that make those stresses within the
physiologic tolerance of the tissues.
3) Understanding problems associated different classes of
partial denture cases and methods to solve them.
4) Discussing methods of designing different classes of partial
dentures in different situations.

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RPD design
The denture must be adequately designed following
bio-mechanical principles. Proper design helps in
reducing the harmful effects on the oral tissues
especially those supporting the appliance.
Successful RPD design tends to keep the stresses
evoked during function and parafunction within the
physiologic limit of the stressed tissues.

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How to asses these stresses clinically ?

General musculature and health of the patient
wear facets and attrition on the remaining natural teeth

The type of opposing occlusion

Teeth inclination and cusp inclines

Width of occlusal table

Length and location of the saddle
Absence of posterior abutment

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Possible movements of RPD

1. Tissue ward movement
2. Tissue away movement
3. Lateral movement
4. Rotational movement
1. Around axis passing through abutment teeth.
2. Around axis passing through crest of the ridge.
3. Around center of the arch (fish tail movement).

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Rotation around fulcrum passing between principle abutments

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Rotation around crest of the ridge

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Rotation around fulcrum passing through center of the arch

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I.

Design for support

Support is designed to counteract vertical

tissue- ward movement of the denture.

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Design for support

Removable partial dentures are divided according
to the type of support into:
Tooth supported RPD

Tooth-tissue supported

Tissue supported

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II- design for Retention

Retention is necessary to counteract
vertical displacing forces.
This can be achieved by mechanical

means e.g. Retentive clasp arms,,

attachments, guiding planes, and by

physical means as adhesion, cohesion

and interfacial surface tension.

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Design for retention

The selection of Clasp form depends on:
- Position of the tooth: I-bar clasps are indicated for
premolars for better esthetics.

- Condition of the abutment tooth: For strong abutment tooth

rigid clasp is preferred.

- Position of retentive undercut

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Undercut:
An area of tooth or soft tissue which is beyond the
survey line when viewed from a particular
direction. An undercut is formed when the base of
an object is smaller than its top.

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Undercuts

Bulbous shape of the crown

Undercut due to tooth
inclination

Soft or bony
tissue
undercuts

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All the Undercuts are Undesirable

undercuts Except that used for Denture
Retention

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Paralleling Instrument Used to Determine the Survey

Line, delineate and Measure area of Undercuts. It
may also determine the Relative Parallelism of the
Surfaces of Teeth and Other Areas on the Cast.

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1- Horizontal plateform.
2- Vertical column.
3- Horizontal or cross arm.
4- Vertical spindle.
5- Surveying table.
6- Base equipped with a
lock screw and universal
joint.
7- Surveying tools.
8- storage compartment,
9- tool rack.

3
4

2
5

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Analyzing rod: is a rigid metal rod used for

diagnostic purposes in the selection of the
path of placement
Carbon marker: is used for the actual marking
of the survey lines on the cast. A metal shield
is used to protect it from breakage.
Undercut gauges: are used to measure the
extent of the horizontal undercuts that are
being used for clasp retention. Usually there
are three sizes: 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03 of an inch

Wax trimmer is used to trim excess wax that

may be inserted into those undercut areas,
which are to be obliterated

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Design for retention

- Position of retentive undercut
If the undercut is on the mesio-buccal side, I- bar,
combination wrought wire clasp, RPI RPA clasp
or back action can be used.

If the abutment tooth exhibits an undercut, on the

disto-buccal side, then a reverse circlet or
modified T clasp can be used.

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III- Design for bracing and denture stability

Bracing is necessary to counteract horizontal forces
generated due to lateral movement of the mandible
during mastication and the presence of cuspal inclines.
Rigid components placed on one side of the arch
stabilizes the denture against horizontal forces acting
on the opposite side i.e. bilateral stabilization.

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Design for bracing & stability

Bracing & stability achieved by:
Rigid part of retentive arm

Slope of palatal
connector

Proximal plate
Buccal & lingual
flanges

Distal area of tuberosity

Proper occlusion

Reciprocal arm

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IV- design for Reciprocation

Reciprocation is necessary to counteract forces acting
on one side of the tooth by an equal and opposite force.
This can be achieved by reciprocal clasp arms
contacting the tooth prior to or at the same time the
retentive tip crosses the survey line of the tooth.
Cross arch reciprocation should also be provided.

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Reciprocal
Reciprocal

Retentive

Retentive

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VI- design for Indirect retention

Indirect retention should be designed in
free-end saddle cases to counteract
rotation of the partial denture away

from the underlying tissues.

This is mainly achieved by using rests
located on the opposite side of the
fulcrum axis and/or unrelieved

maxillary major connectors.

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VII- design for connection

Saddles are joined together by a suitable rigid
major connector.
Other components as clasps. additional rests or
indirect, retainers are joined to the saddle or to
the major connector by minor connectors.

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1. Lack of posterior abutment

2. Support is derived from both the residual ridge and abutment teeth

3. Major support is obtained from the residual ridge

4. If resorption occurs and relining of the denture is neglected further bone
resorption occurs with subsequent torque acting on the abutments.
Mucosa 2 mm

PDL 0.2 mm
bone

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Reduction of the load.

Distribution of the load between
abutment teeth and residual ridges.
Wide distribution of the load.

Providing posterior abutments.

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I- Reduction of the load

This can be achieved by:
1- The use of small and narrow teeth to increase the masticatory
efficiency and reduce the masticatory load.
2-Developing harmonious occlusion and reducing the cusp angle of
artificial teeth.
3- Leaving a tooth off the saddle.
4-Placing the artificial teeth on the anterior two-thirds of the base (no
3rd molar).

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II. Distributing the load between abutments

and residual ridge
This could be achieved by:
Correct choice of the abutment tooth with suitable
crown and root morphology and efficient alveolar
bone support.

Correct choice of direct retainer (clasps having

stress releasing action) and using stress equalizing
design.

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II. Distributing the load between abutments

and residual ridge
Clasps that have stress releasing action:

RPI clasp

Gingivally approaching clasp

Wrought wire clasp

RPA clasp

Back action clasp

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Mesial placement of the occlusal rest

provides the following advantages:
1. Changing the direction of torque on the abutment from the
distal to the mesial side of the tooth, where the resistance
to torque action will be applied to the neighboring teeth.
2. Achieving mechanical advantage from class I to class II lever
R

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3. Clasp disengagement from the tooth during function provides

less stresses on the abutment.
Occlusal view
Buccal view

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4. The farther the anterior placement of the rest, the more vertical will be the
forces, the less is the horizontal component of force falling on the ridge.
5. As rest is moved anteriorly, this will increase the area of, support (decrease
the force /unit area) and hence less stresses on the ridge and less torque
on the abutments.
6.The bone near the abutment will thus share the distal part of the ridge in
bearing the occlusal load.

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II. Distributing the load between abutments

and residual ridge
The use of :
Physiologic impression
Before metal framework construction

Selective pressure impression

After metal framework construction

Functional reline method

After denture construction

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Ill- Wide Distribution of Load

Wide distribution of the load over the ridge.
The broader the coverage, the greater the distribution of load,
that provides more denture ability to withstand vertical and
horizontal stresses.

Wide distribution of load over the teeth

Placing additional rests on the teeth adjacent to the
abutment.
Splinting of one or more teeth, either by fixed partial
dentures or by an embrasure or multiple clasp.
Using a kennedy bar to distribute the lateral load on
multiple teeth.

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IV- Providing Posterior Abutments

Using an implant at the distal part of the ridge.
Salvaging a hopeless posterior tooth to be used
as a partial overdenture abutment.

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1. Lack of posterior abutment

2. inadequate physical means of retention.

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Designing Kennedy class I

1- Denture base:
A combined metalacrylic base is used to:
Allow further relining
Allow mechanical
retention with the acrylic
base.
Make physiologic basing
more applicable.

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Designing Kennedy class I

2- Rests :
Mesially placed saucershaped rest seats is used
to:
Allow dissipation of
stresses
Allow transmission of
stresses along the long
axes of teeth.

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Designing Kennedy class I

3- Direct retainers :
Diagonally placed clasp
with stress releasing action
to:
Reduce torque to the
abutment tooth
Minimize interference with
normal stimulation of
gingiva.
Good stabilizing
components.

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Designing Kennedy class I

4- Indirect retention:
In the form of rests or
maxillary major
connector
located as far anterior to
the fulcrum axis as
possible on a strong
tooth.
Preferably bilateral.

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Designing Kennedy class I

5- connectors:
Lingual bar is preferred
than lingual plate and
sublingual bar?
Middle palatal strap is
preferred than
anteroposterior palatal
strap?
Any condition prevent
their use change to another
choice.

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Designing Kennedy class I

6- Artificial teeth:
Small narrow teeth buccolingual.
Teeth with sharp cutting
edges.
Centric occlusion is in
harmony with centric
relation.
Lower teeth over crest of
the ridge.

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How to design this maxillary arch

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Class I Kennedy With Anterior Modification

It is wise to restore modification space with
fixed restoration?

When the remaining teeth are weak swing lock

design could be used to aid in splinting.

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