SUBTOPIC 5.

1 : UNDERSTANDING MITOSIS
Learning outcomes (LO):
5.1.6
5.1.7
5.1.8
5.1.9
5.1.10
5.1.11

Arrange the various stages of mitosis and cytokinesis

Compare and contrast mitosis and cytokinesis in animal cell and plant cell.
Explain the importance of controlled mitosis
Explain the effects of uncontrolled mitosis in living things
Describe the application of knowledge on mitosis in cloning
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of cloning.

Bombastic words:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Benign tumor
Malignant tumor
Clonning
Explan

5.1.6 Arrange the various stages of mitosis and cytokinesis

1. Draw the diagram of nucleus in each mitosis stages. Complete the process in each stages.
PROPHASE

O1 spindle fibre
C - ________________
C&E ____________________________
______________
O2 chromatid
C ____________________________
O3 nucleolus
C ___________________________
O4 nuclear membrane
C- _________________________
C&E ____________________________

METAPHASE
O chromosomes
C _____________________________
C&E ____________________________
R - ________________________________

ANAPHASE

O1 spindle fibre
C _________________________
C&E _______________________
O2 sister chromatid
C ____________________________
C&E _________________________
R ______________________________
______________________

TELOPHASE

O1 spindle fibres
C ____________________
O2 chromatid
C ______________________
O3 nuclear membrane
C ______________________________
___________________________
R1 _______________________
R2 ____________________________

2. Understanding Cytokinesis
D- __________________________________________________________________
E _________________________________________________________________
S ____________________________________________________________________
Diagram

Explanation

Animal cell
In animal cell, __________filaments in the
cytoplasm contracts to pull a ring of plasma
membrane ___________.

Forming a groove called a ___________

______________ .

Plant cell

In plant cell, membrane-enclosed vesicles

gather at a plant cells equator between the
two nuclei

The vesicles fuse to form a ____________.

The cell plate grows outwards until its edges

with the plasma membrane of the parent cell.

5.1.7. Comparison cytokinesis in animal and plant.

Similarities:
Both cytokinesis is the process _______________________________________________________.
Differences:

Cytokinesis in animal cell

Criteria

Cytokinesis in plant cell

Reaction happened/
Structure involve

Membrane- enclosed vesicles

gather at plant cell equator
that fuses to form cell plate.

Terminology
Direction of cytokinesis

Cell plate

New plasma membrane

New structure forms

afterward

The differences of cytokinesis process between animal cell and plant cell
1.
2.
3.

4.
Characteristics : A pinched of cytoplasm at the cells
(Cr)
equator.
Cleavage furrow
(N)

Function : separate the cytoplasm to form two daughter

cells
(F)

Cleavage furrow is a process of a ____________________________________________ to separate

the cytoplasm to form ____________________________________.

Process cytokinesis in plant.

O: cell plate
C: grows outwards until its edges
CE1: the cell plate enlarges
CE2: contact with plasma membrane
R : cellulose fibres are produced by the cells to
strengthen the new cell walls.
Explainprocess
the process
of cytokinesis
in plant cell.
Explain
of cytokinesis
in plant.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

5.1.8 Importance of controlled mitosis.

a) When the cell cycle operates normally, the mitotic cell division will function at optimal
rate. This can produce sufficient cells which are needed by organisms for growth,
maintainace and repair.
b) Generally, when uncontrolled mitotic division occurs, a group of cells is known as
a tumour forms. There are two kinds of tumours; a benign and malignant.

5.1.9 Effect of uncontrolled mitosis.

Cancer is a disease which is formed by uncontrolled growth of tissue which is develops after normal
cells are exposed to factor W.
Explain the formation of this cancerous tissue.
OC:
CE:
CE:
CE:
CE:
R1:
R2:

cells divide uncontrolled

too much exposure to carcinogenic sources / radiation/ X-ray/ preservatives food/
harmful chemical substance
disturb the cell cycle process/ system
cells do mitosis uncontrolled
cell compete with normal cells to obtain sufficient nutrient, spaces and energy
will form mass of cells called tumor
tumor cells destroying neighboring cells

Cancer are formed by uncontrolled growth of tissue. It happens because too

much_________________________________________________________ and it will disturb the
cell___________________. Cells will do_________________. So cell compete with normal cells to
5.1.10
: APPLICATION OF
MITOSIS
___________________
nutrient,
_____________ and____________. It will form _____________
called ___________. Tumor cells ______________________________.
1. The diagram below shows the sequence in the cloning process. Fill in the blanks with the correct
answers.

BLACK & WHITE RABBI

(somatic cell donor)

WHITE RABBIT (Egg cell donor)

An unfertilized ____________ is taken from ovary

Somatic cel
Diploid nucleus is removed

___________ (n) nucleus is removed using UV light

Egg cell without a _________

_______ (2n) nucleus is inserted into empty eg

Egg cell contains diploid nucleus

Early embryo
Embryo is ____________ into surrogate mother

New cloned rabbit (genetically identical

2. Fill in the blanks with the correct answers.

Tissue culture is the growth of tissues of living organisms in a suitable and sterile
_______________, containing nutrients and growth hormones.
3. The figure below shows the in vitro tissue culture technique. Complete the flow chart below.

A small piece of tissue that is root or ____________, is taken from the carrot

The ____________ is placed onto the culture medium

Plant cells divide by _________ to form a callus

Cells in the _________ develop into embryos and later into plantlets

Plantlets are then transferred to the _______ and grow into adult plants.

5.1.11 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CLONING.

5.Complete the graphic organizer regarding the advantanges and disadvantanges of cloning below.

Cloning

Advantages

Disadv

Produce a ______number of genetically identical young plants in Clones

a shortdo
time.
not show any __________
Cloned plants and animals give better and increased _________ for
All clones
example,
have
better
the same
and more
levelfruit
of _
Cloning prevents endangered species from ___________
prevent the process of ___________
If the ___________ environment cha