Cinvestav

Master Degree Thesis in Physics

Geometric Aspects of the Feynman

Path Integral on Lie Groups

Author:
Carlos Jonathan Ramrez Valdez

Thesis Advisor:
Dr. Hector Hugo Garca Compean

Physics Department

December 15, 2014

To my family and friends

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my gratitud to my advisor Dr. Garca Compean. Besides my

advisor, I would like to thank my thesis committee: Dr. Perez Lorenzana and Dr.
Cordero Elizalde.
Similarly, thanks to Conacyt for the economic support.

iii

iv

ABSTRACT

The problem of quantizing a classical system in physics can be formulated in terms

of the A-model on a complexification of the phase space. This perspective creates a
relation between the quantization of a classical system and the A-model. In other
words, if we find the associated A-model then we can get the quantized version of the
system.
With this in mind we are interested in the associated A-model to phase space
with structure G/H where G is a Lie group and H is a subgroup. The reached
A-model in this work was a twisted topological A-model, with two A-branes being
these a Lagrangian A-brane and a coisotropic A-brane (that fills all the complexified
phase space). In other words we did a generalization of the correspondence establish
between quantum mechanics and a non-lineal type A -model with a complexification
of G/H as target, through the algorithm developed by Edward Witten.
Finally, we do an example, tacking SL(2, R)/U (1) as the phase space and we
obtain the corresponding A-model.

vi

RESUMEN

El problema de cuantizar un sistema clasico en fsica puede se reformulado en terminos

de un modelo tipo A en la complexificacion del espacio fase. Esta perspectiva crea
una relacion entre la cuantizacion de un sistema clasico y el modelo A. En otras
palabras, si encontramos el modelo A asociado, entonces hemos obtenido la version
cuantizada del sistema.
Con esto en mente, estamos interesados en el modelo A asociado a un espacio
fase con estructura G/H, donde G es un grupo de Lie y H un subgrupo. El modelo
A alcanzado en este trabajo fue un modelo A topologico torcido, con dos A-branas
siendo estas, una Lagrangiana y una coisotropica (la cual llena todo el espacio fase).
En otras palabras hemos realizado una generalizacion de la correspondencia establecida entre la mecanica cuantica y el modelo- no lineal con una complexificacion
de G/H como espacio objetivo, a traves del algoritmo desarrollado por Edward Witten.
Finalmente, hacemos un ejemplo, donde tomamos SL(2, R)/U (1) como el espacio
fase, y obtenemos el correspondiente modelo A.

vii

viii

CONTENTS

1 Introduction

2 Path Integral on Group Manifolds

2.1 Path Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.1 Path Integral in Curved Spaces
2.2 Example SU(2) Lie Group . . . . . . .
2.2.1 Finite times path integral . . .

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3 Quantization
3.1 Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.1 Morse Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.2 Lagrangian and Coisotropic submanifolds
3.2 Quantization Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Brane Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.1 A new perspective on quantization . . .
4 Path Integral Quantization of G/H
4.1 Basic Construction . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.1 Analytic Continuation . . . .
4.1.2 Simplest Cycle of Integration
4.1.3 Another Cycle of Integration .
4.2 Sigma Model . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 Boundary conditions of the A-model
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28

CONTENTS
4.4

Example SL(2, R)/U (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29

Conclusions

35

Bibliography

36

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The quantization of a classical system is a very important topic in physics, if we take
any classical system, it does not exist a unique quantum version of it. Some problems
to quantize a physical system will be explained in the section 3.2. Many authors
are making efforts for a better understanding of the meaning of quantization, one of
these efforts is called brane quantization [1].
This approach to quantization relies on the equivalence between two structures,
a symplectic manifold, (M, ), that describes completely a classical system, and
an A-model of a complexification of M . The so reached quantization of (M, ) is
precisely the space of strings with boundary conditions on two A-branes, Lagrangian
the first and coisotropic the other. The Lagrangian A-brane is supported on M , while
the symplectic structure defines the coisotropic A-brane. With this in mind we
want to inquire in the case when the phase space M is a coset G/H. And with this
extend the scope of the theory in [2].
An interesting way to introduce this approach is to start from the Feynmans
formalism of the quantum mechanics [2]. That is the reason to review it in chapter 2.
We also clarify this formalism by quantizing the Lie group SU (2). After doing this,
we delve in some needed definitions and describe the problem of quantizing a physical
system in chapter 3.
Subsequently, in chapter 4 we developed the main theory, i.e. we applied the
method given in [2] to cosets G/H. The procedure is briefly described as follows, we
1

Chapter 1. Introduction
take a complexification of the coset phase space. In doing this, we have to carefully
choose the integration cycles. Since, if we do not pick them up correctly then there
convergence problems could exist. We can choose different cycles of integration,
but we are particularly interested in one that has a direct interpretation as a two
dimensional quantum field theory in which the target is the complexification of our
phase space. The output theory would be a topologically twisted A-model with a
fermionic symmetry and a coisotropic brane as the cycle of integration.
[
In our work we are interested in the case when the target is a complex coset G/H
where G is a Lie group. With this in mind, we first establish the structure of the
path integral in curved spaces [3][4]. The elements that appear in the exponential
of the path integral for these spaces are a term pa dq a and an effective Hamiltonian, where pa and q a are the usual canonical coordinates while the last term arise
from the ordering problem that we will explain in section 3.2. Fortunately, the term
of our interest, pa dq a , is the same independently of the choice of the order of operators.
Once we clarify the starting point, we can follow the theory developed in [2]. We
do a complexification of our phase-space (and as consequence the complexification
of our integration space) duplicating our degrees of freedom. The main difference
between this work and [2] is the quotient structure of the initial phase space. As
[ of the quotient G/H has to be a
in [5] we suppose that the complexification G/H
Kahler manifold, this implies that we have a compatible metric with a complex
structure J, and a Kahler form A.
As mentioned, the complexification of the phase space, implies a complexification
of our integration space, but this is not necessarily our final integration cycle because
the exponential of the path integral could be divergent, then, we have to build
our integration cycles properly. As a first approach we construct a simple cycle of
integration. This is achieved by constructing a new submanifold (G/H)0 with the
same structure of G/H and a with different integration cycle. This new construction
could arise from a different classical system, but it reaches the same complexified space.
On the other hand a different integration cycle can be constructed through the
Morse flow equation. Through this we can narrow the divergence term on the path integral, and also add a new evolution parameter. Then, the associated action becomes
into a non-linear sigma model. Next step is to analyse the corresponding boundary
conditions for the coset structure to relate the holomorphic and anti-holomorphic parts
of the bosonic and fermionic fields. With this relations we reach a Kazama Suzuki
2

model with type A boundary conditions [6]. In our case this conditions correspond to
a coisotropic D-brane wrapping around our integration cycle.
The final theory reached in this work is a topological twisted A-model with
fermionic symmetry [5] constructed from a coset theory G/H.
Finally, we apply the theory to an example, we take the Lie group SL(2, R) and
the subgroup U (1) to form the coset the coset G/H = SL(2, R)/U (1). Next, we
obtain the cycles of integration via the Morse flow, and we build the Lagrangian and
the coisotropic A-branes.

Chapter 1. Introduction

CHAPTER 2
PATH INTEGRAL ON GROUP
MANIFOLDS
In this chapter we review the Feynman path integral formalism of Quantum Mechanics
in curved spaces. Also, we quantize a group manifold as an example, being this
SU (2).

2.1

Path Integral

The year 1925 can be seen as the beginning of modern quantum mechanics marked
by the two almost simultaneously published papers of Heisenberg and Schrodinger.
In the former it is proposed the formalism of matrix mechanics, while the latter
proposes the formalism of wave mechanics. Schrodinger was the first in showing that
the two formulations are physically equivalent. Both of these approaches were combined heuristically by Dirac into a more general formulation of quantum mechanics.
The mathematically rigorous development of this general formulation of quantum
mechanics was carried out by von Neumann.
The general formulation of quantum mechanics developed by Dirac and von
Neumann lay on the Hamiltonian formalism of classical mechanics. The Lagrangian
formalism did not have place in this general formulation of quantum mechanics,
except in the derivation of Schrodingers wave equation from the Hamilton-Jacobi
equation.
5

Chapter 2. Path Integral on Group Manifolds

The first hint of the possible importance of the Lagrangian in quantum mechanics
was given by Dirac, he remarked
that the quantum amplitude hqt |qt0 i corresponds to
R
i t
Ldt
the classical quantity e ~ t0 . This remark led Feynman in 1941 to a new formulation
of quantum mechanics.
Feynman and Hibbs gave a heuristic introduction to this new approach to Quantum Mechanics, whereas Schulman provided a more rigorous introduction to the
Feynmans path integral on configuration space and considered a number of applications of the method in different fields of physics.
This new approach can not lead us to new discoveries that the ordinary quantum
mechanics could not reach. However, the Feynmans formalism brings new ways to
resolve some issues in easier manner and performs a better understanding of the
connection of quantum mechanics and classical mechanics [7].

2.1.1

Path Integral in Curved Spaces

We know that the Feynmans path integral of Quantum Mechanics is deduced as an

integral over the phase space of the system and has the following form
Z

Dp(t)Dq(t)e ~

pa dq a H(pa ,q a )dt

(2.1)

where pa and q a are the usual canonical coordinates of the phase space and H(pa , q a )
the corresponding Hamiltonian, but this is for a flat space, and we want the Feynmans
path integral over a phase space of a Riemannian manifold M , because we want to
extend the scope of the the theory in [2].
First, let g be a metric on a manifold M . If we try to construct the Feynmans
path integral from the formulation of operators of the quantum mechanics, we arrive
to the ordering problem. This is the arbitrariness in choosing the order of operators
in the Hamiltonian. Then, the path integral depends on this choice of order. Taking
into account this fact, the Feynmans path integral in curved spaces can be writing as
Z

Dp(t)Dq(t)e ~

pa dq a Hef f (p,q)dt

(2.2)

2.2. Example SU(2) Lie Group

where the dependence on the ordering in Quantum Mechanics arises, as effective
Hamiltonians.
We will introduce the effective Hamiltonians for the most used orderings, which
are the Weyl, symmetric-rule (SR) and anti-standard (AS) orderings,




1 0
1 0
00
00
(q + q ) ,
Hef f (p, q , q ) = H p, (q + q ) + VW eyl
2
2
1
Hef f (p, q 0 , q 00 ) = (H(p, q 0 ) + H(p, q 00 )) + VSR (q 00 ),
2
Hef f (p, q 0 , q 00 ) = H(p, q 0 ) + VAS (q 0 ),
0

00

(2.3)

where q 0 and q 00 are consecutive elements of the partition that is used to calculate the
path integral, and the potential corrections V given by


~2 ab d c
g ac bd R ,
8m

~2 
a b g ab 2g 1/4 LB g 1/4 ,
=
8m
~2
=
R,
6m

VW eyl =
VSR
VAS

(2.4)

where R is the scalar of curvature, abc are the Christoffel symbols and LB 1 is the
Laplace-Beltrami operator.

2.2

Example SU(2) Lie Group

In this section we will quantize the Lie Group SU(2) with the Feynmans path integral
of Quantum Mechanics.
SU (2) is the set of special unitary matrices of order 22. This set is isomorphic to
S , so we will consider a parametrization of the 3-sphere in R4 . This parametrization
is given by the euler angles, as follows
3

LB f |g|1/2 i |g|1/2 g ij j f , where f is a scalar function, gij the metric and g his determinant

Chapter 2. Path Integral on Group Manifolds

u1
u2
u3
u4

 



+
= cos
cos
,
2
2


 
+

sin
,
= cos
2
2
 



= sin
cos
,
2
2
 



= sin
sin
,
2
2

(2.5)
[0, ]

(2.6)

[0, 2]

(2.7)

[0, 2]

(2.8)

with this parametrization the Lagrangian of a free particle over SU (2) is given by


1
1
L = I u 2 = I u1 2 + u2 2 + u3 2 + u4 2 ,
2
2
where I is the inertial moment.

(2.9)

On the other hand, the isomorphism between SU (2) and S 3 is given by the
following relation


u1 + iu2 iu3 u4
(u1 , u2 , u3 , u4 )
,
(2.10)
iu3 + u4 u1 iu2
in terms of the euler angles an element of SU (2) has the following form
!
+

cos 2 ei 2
i sin 2 ei 2
,

+
i sin 2 ei 2 cos 2 ei 2

(2.11)

now, considering two points on the manifold Ua and Ub , we define a product

in
1
1
the Lie Group through an invariant of the group given by ua ub 2 T r Ua Ub .
Since, SU (2) is a group, there exist an element U in the group such that U =
Ua Ub1 , so we obtain the following result

1
1
T r Ua Ub1 = T r (U ) ,
2
2
hence if we take the trace of (2.11),
1

+
T r (U ) = cos cos
.
2
2
2
8

(2.12)

(2.13)

2.2. Example SU(2) Lie Group

In addition, the inverse of eq. (2.11) is given by
+

cos 2 ei 2
i sin 2 ei 2

+
i sin 2 ei 2
cos 2 ei 2

!
,

(2.14)

when considering the product in the relation (2.12), we obtain the following equations:
cos = cos a cos b sin a sin b cos (a b ) ,

e
[sin a cos b cos a sin b cos (a b ) i sin b sin (a b )] ,
sin
(2.16)


1
a
b i
a
b i
cos cos e 2 (a b +a b ) + sin sin e 2 (a b a +b ) . (2.17)
=

2
2
2
2
cos 2

ei =

ei

+
2

(2.15)

ia

Furthermore, we can bring U to a diagonal form by doing a similarity transformation, we will obtain a diagonal matrix that transforms Ua into Ub by a rotation
around of his principle axis. Considering them as initial and final states, respectively,
the transformation have the meaning of the evolution of the system by a rotation
around this principle axis. The diagonal matrix has the form
 i

e2
0

.
(2.18)
0 ei 2
An easy way to see this, is that the characteristic polynomial is of degree two, so
it has two real or complex roots. The eigenvalues have to be the same for any , so, if
we take = 2 and = 2 the matrix U gives rise to a rotation matrix of dimension
2 2 and we know that there does not exist any real eigenvalues that diagonalize
such a matrix. Then, the only option is to have complex eigenvalues. Hence, the
roots have to be complex conjugate of each other. In addition, the determinant of
the matrix has to be one, this implies that the only option for the matrix is to have
the form of equation (2.18).
By the properties of the trace, we know that the traces of the (2.11) and (2.18)
have the same value. Thus we obtain

+
= cos cos
,
(2.19)
2
2
2
this equation enables us to relate the inner product with only one angle, that
corresponds to the parameter of the diagonal matrix.
cos

Chapter 2. Path Integral on Group Manifolds

2.2.1

Finite times path integral

The path integral is constructed through slices of time. That implies that the most
important part is to find his form at very small times and build the complete path
integral by the method that we wish. Then for very small time, we propose as usual
the semiclassical approximation [8]
Kj = eiSj ,

(2.20)

where Sj is the action of the system and Kj is the kernel (propagator) between uj1
and uj at short times. For the free particle case we can calculate Sj by integrating
the equation of motion,
I
(
uj uj1 )2 ,
2
and the fact that |
u| = 1 we rewrite the action as
Sj =

using (2.19) with =

(2.21)

I
(1 cos j ) .
(2.22)

As we know, we have to include the ordering correction in the action [3][8], so the
Kernel at short times has to be,


I

Kj = exp i
(1 cos j ) +
,
(2.23)

8I
Sj =

we just found the kernel for SU (2) at short times. Now, we could try to calculate
the path integral with the kernel (2.23) but it does not have a practical form, and so
we need to do some changes before proceeding it.
Using the identity [3][8]
e

with = , u =

u cos




k=
1 X
1
1
2

exp ik + u
k
,
2u k=
2u
4

(2.24)

iI
we can change the cosine term in the exponential as follows,

I

Kj = ei(  + 8I ) ei  cos j

i
i i X ikj cos 2I
2 1
e 8I
e
e (kj 4 ) ,
2I
k =
I

10

2.2. Example SU(2) Lie Group

For our purpose it is useful to split the sum as follows




 X


l
i i X
i
1
i 2 1
2
8I
Kj e
lj
exp
(lj + 1) +
exp
eimj ,
2I
2I
4
2I
4
l=0
m=l
(2.25)
the difference of the exponential with the indexes lj can be simplify with the following
property [8][3]
"
#

2 2
Y
x
(a b) x
eax ebx = (a b) xe(a+b) 2
1+
,
(2.26)
4s2 2
s=1
then

X
l=0






1
i
1
2
2
lj
exp
(lj + 1) +
4
2I
4
"
#

2 


i
1
4I
(2lj + 1) 
(2lj + 1) exp
lj +
sin
2I
2
(2lj + 1) 
4I
"
#

2
i
1
(2lj + 1) exp
lj +
.
2I
2

i
exp
2I

i
2I

i
2I

where we have made an approximation considering that  0.

Besides, using the matrix representation with weight l and the addition angles
theorem on SU (2), we can expand the summation over mj as follows
lj
X

imj

mj =lj

lj
X

lj
X

eimj (j1 j ) einj (j1 j ) Pmljj nj (cos j1 ) Pnljj mj (cos j ) ,

mj =lj nj =lj

(2.27)
so, the kernel reaches the form

Kj

i
2I

Pmljj nj

2 X
lj

lj
X

i

(2lj + 1) e 2I

l=0 mj =lj nj =lj

(cos j1 ) Pnljj mj (cos j ) .

11

lj (lj +1) imj (j1 j ) inj (j1 j )

Chapter 2. Path Integral on Group Manifolds

Now we are ready to integrate the kernel, so we consider the finite time path
integral [4],
Z


m xn xn1
i PN
V ( xn +xn1
) , (2.28)
n=1 2
~

2
K (tf , xf ; ti , xf ) = lim AN dx1 . . . dxN 1 e
N


N2
m
where AN = 2~
, and for our case we have I = m|
u|2 = m, ~ = 1 and
dxj = sin j dj dj dj . Replacing our kernel in eq. (2.28), we get

K (ua , ub , T ) = lim

N


I
2i

 N2+1 Z Y
N

dj ei

PN +1
l=1

Sl

(2.29)

j=1

where T (N + 1) and dj sin j dj dj dj .

Then, we have

K (ua , ub , T ) = lim

N


I
2i

 N2+1 Z Y
N

dj

j=1

N
+1
Y

Kl ,

(2.30)

l=1

additionally, we know the following normalization relation

Z
dj sin j

Pnl j mj j

dj ei(mj j +nj j ) ei(mj+1 j +nj+1 j )

dj
2

1
l l m m n n ,
(cos j ) Pmj+1 nlj+1 j+1 (cos j ) =
2lj + 1 j j+1 j j+1 j j+1

(2.31)

with the purpose of simplifying the calculations, we define the following new variables
X

lj
lj
X
X
X
lj =0 mlj nlj
i

j (2lj + 1) e 2I lj (lj +1)

(2.32)

Kj+s ei(ms j +ns j ) Pnlss ms

Kjs ei(ms j +ns j ) Pmlss ns .
With those eq. (2.31) can be rewritten as
Z
1
dj Kjj Kjj+1 =
lj lj+1 lm lm+1 ln ln+1 .
2lj + 1
12

(2.33)

2.2. Example SU(2) Lie Group

Thus, the kernel eq. (2.30) is given by

K (ua , ub , T ) = lim

N


I
2i

 N2+1 Z Y
N

dj

j=1

N
+1 X
Y
l=1

j
j Kj1
Kjj ,

(2.34)

the kernel is now in a very manageable form. In order togain a better understanding
of his structure let us analyse two successive elements of the product in the integrand.
Z XX
j
j+1
j j+1 Kj1
Kjj Kjj+1 Kj+1
d
j
j+1
Z

XX
j
j+1
j j+1
j j+1 Kj1 Kj+1
Kj K j
d
=
j
j+1


(2.35)
XX
1
j
j+1
j j+1 Kj1 Kj+1
lj lj+1 lm lm+1 ln ln+1
=
j
j+1
2lj + 1
X
1
j
j
Kj+1
,
Kj1
=
j2
j
2lj + 1
then, we do over the above procedure until we obtain (doing the integration N times),
X
1

1N +1

1
2lj + 1

N

K01 KN1 +1 ,

(2.36)

finally, we obtain the kernel for two arbitrary points in the group, in other words we
quantized the SU (2) group. The final form of the kernel is then
K (ua , ub , T )
=A

iT
l(l+1)
2I

(2l + 1) e

l
l
X
X

l
l
ei(ma +na ) ei(mb +nb ) Pmn
(cos a ) Pnm
(cos b ) .

m=l n=l

l=0

(2.37)
We have reached the quantized version of SU (2), from here we can directly obtain
the quantization of SU (2)/U (1). Equation (2.37) can be reduce to the quantization
of SU (2)/U (1) through the identification of a = b , thus obtaining the following
result

K (ua , ub , T ) = A

X
l=0

iT
l(l+1)
2I

(2l + 1) e

l
X
n=l

13

ein(b a ) Pnl (cos a ) Pnl (cos b ) . (2.38)

Chapter 2. Path Integral on Group Manifolds

We know that SU (2)
= S 3 which is compact and connected. Similarly, SU (2)/U (1)
=
S is compact and connected. These are the principal reasons for the validity of
eq. (2.38) as quantization for the coset SU (2)/U (1).
2

14

CHAPTER 3
QUANTIZATION

In this chapter, we will introduce some fundamentals, like the notion of Lagrangian
manifolds and coisotropic manifolds. The aim is to establish the essential tools to
build the A-model.

3.1

Fundamentals

3.1.1

Morse Function

Let Z be a m-dimensional manifold with local coordinates wi i = 1, ..., m, and

h : Z R the Morse function with non-degenerated critical points.
If p is a critical point of h then i h(p) = 0, and the matrix i j h(p) is invertible
since h is non-degenerated.
The number of negative eigenvalues of i j h(p) is defined as the Morse index of h
at p and is denoted by ip .
Let gij dwi dwj be the metric on Z and introduce a time coordinate s through the
following equation called Morse theory flow equation
dwi
h
= g ij j .
ds
w
15

(3.1)

Chapter 3. Quantization
The flow equation eq. (3.1) implies that the Morse function h is always decreasing
along any non-constant flow.
In the neighborhood of a critical point p, with the Hessian matrix of h diagonalized, we can find a system of normal coordinates wi centring at p, such that in these
coordinates the Morse function h can be expand as h = h0 + ei wi + O(w3 ) and the
metric as g ij = ij + O(w2 ), where h0 = h(0) and the ei s are the eigenvalues of the
Hessian matrix at p.
Then, the flow equation to a first order in w will become
dwi
= ei wi
ds

(3.2)

wi = ri eei s

(3.3)

with solutions

for these solutions, we can ask ourselves at what limit s reaches the critical point
p = 0, i.e. wi = 0 for any i. The answer depends on the sign of the eigenvalues ei . For
a non-trivial solution the limits at which s reaches a critical point are s and
s . Each solution leaves some free parameters. Without lost of generality we
now focus in the solutions s , then we have ip indeterminate values because
we have to fix ri = 0 for each ei > 0.
Thus the solutions at p = 0 form a family of dimension ip , now we define the
subspace Cp of Z as the set of all values of h at s = 0 with flows that begin in
s .
Since h is a decreasing function, its maximum value is h(p) and this value also
belongs to Cp because it is the value of the trivial flow. Hence, the maximum value
of Cp is h(p).
Now consider the case when Z is a complex manifold, with complex dimension n
with a function h = Re S where S is holomorphic. Then,
local form of h near
Pn the
i 2
to a non-degenerated critical point p is h = h0 + Re i=1 (z ) , with local complex
coordinates z i . Since Re z i = xi y i the stable and unstable directions for h are paired,
then the subspace Cp of each p is middle dimensional. In this situation the Cp generates a basis that classifies cycles on which h is bounded above and goes to at .

16

3.2. Quantization Problem

For the case where the critical points are not isolated, we have to do some changes.
Let C be a component of the set of critical points, this set also will be a submanifold
of Z with complex dimension r, and suppose that Z has complex dimensionPn. There
exist n r dimensions normal to C, then the local form of h is h = h0 + Re nr
(z i )2 ,
1
we have n r negative eigenvalues. This implies that CC has a real dimension,
2r + (n r) = n + r, so for obtain a middle dimension space of solutions, we have to
fix r extra parameters, obtaining a new subset V C, and as a consequence we reach
a new space of solutions CV of middle dimension.

3.1.2

Lagrangian and Coisotropic submanifolds

Let M be a manifold with a non-degenerated symplectic structure , then if we have

a submanifold X M of middle dimension such that |X = 0 the submanifold X is
called Lagrangian submanifold.
In the case where the |X = 0 where X is the ortogonal complement of X is
called coisotropic submanifold. A coisotropic submanifold is a submanifold that is
locally defined by first-class constraints.

3.2

Quantization Problem

In this section we will define the motivation of this work. We will establish some of
the problems of quantization [1].
Usually, the passage from classical to quantum mechanics is through the correspondence principle. This is a recipe that establishes the bridge between the two
worlds. Consider for example the Hamiltonian formulation of classical mechanics
in which one of its big achievements is the introduction of canonical transformations, (x, p) (X, P ), that preserve the Poisson brackets {x, p} = {X, P }. Here the
recipe consist in replacing the last with commutators. Let a and b be two classical
observables, Oa and Ob their associated operators, then the recipe is summarized as
follows
1
[Oa , Ob ],
(3.4)
i~
however, this simple description has some problems even for a basic phase space
i.e. the plain space R2n . For example, for a classical system, two different sets of
coordinates related by a canonical transformation are equivalent, but the associated
{a, b}

17

Chapter 3. Quantization
quantum systems for each set of coordinates can be different, and these could not be
connected through an unitary transformation U , i.e. a change of basis between the
different associated Hilbert spaces.
Another difficulty is the so called ordering problem, let f (x, p) be an observable
on the phase space and his associated operator Of . The function f could have a
combination of products of x and p that generates an ambiguity in the choosing of
his operator Of . This problem is avoided only if the function f is linear or a linear
combination of powers of only one variable. In this case we have a simple relation
eq. (3.4) given by
[Of , Og ] = i~O{f,g} .

(3.5)

The two mentioned problems are related because a well defined observable function
does not remain invariant under canonical transformations, so these different choices
lead to different quantizations.
Now, consider a phase space M of dimension 2n. Still, if we can identify locally
M with R2n , we can not quantize the manifold since the quantization of R2n is not
unique. Even, if we have a prequantum line bundle, there does not exist a recipe to
instruct us how to do the quantization of M , because we do not know how to glue
the local quantizations of the charts of M , so we need this information as a prerequisite.
Then, we can not quantize M without more information than the symplectic
structure and a prequantum line bundle, regrettably the additional structure required
it is unknown. Hence, there does not exist a general theory of quantization.
In practice, the quantization is an ambiguous notion. An example in which we
know what quantization means is the R2n space with an affine structure (that is
equivalent to establish the meaning of our linear observable functions). This structure
does not need extra information to be quantized. The usual procedure is to split
the linear functions in coordinates and momenta and then regard these to act as
multiplication and differentiation respectively. The resulting Hilbert space admits
an straightforward action of the symplectic group Sp(2n, R), or instead, of his double cover, without any dependence on the splitting between coordinates and momenta.
Another important example is the quantization of a cotangent bundle M = T U
for a manifold U with a given symplectic structure. This structure can be quantize in
a direct way through half-densities on U . A similarly procedure exist for quantization
18

3.3. Brane Quantization

of Kahler manifolds in which the basis of the method is the selection of holomorphic
sections of an appropriate line bundle.
Now suppose that we known how to quantize a manifold M with a defined action
group G, besides some slight restrictions one can define a quantization of the symplectic quotient M//G by consider the G-invariant part of the quantization of M .
These different ways to quantize a theory can be combined, but one does not
necessarily reach equivalent quantizations. Hence if M is constructed to be cotangent
bundle, or a Kahler manifold or a symplectic quotient, we have not the certainty to
find equivalent quantizations.

3.3
3.3.1

Brane Quantization
A new perspective on quantization

Let us start with a symplectic manifold, (M, ), endowed with a prequantum line L as
in the geometric quantization, this line bundle is complex with an unitary connection
of curvature .
be a complexification of M with an antiholomorphic involution , such that
Let M

M is a component of fixed points. Here, acts as a restriction through of =

with a connection Re .
and the line bundle L is extended over M
The approach of ref. [1] to quantization is based on the A-model associated with
the imaginary part of the symplectic form M = Im. The A-model is obtained by
. The assumption of having a good
twisting a supersymmetric -model with target M
admits a complete hyper-Kahler metric
A-model refers to have a model where M
compatible with the symplectic structure .
The A-model admits some types of A-branes. Some of the most familiar are
Lagrangian A-branes that are supported on Lagrangian submanifolds with middle
dimension, but they also can admit A-branes whose support has a dimension greater
than the half dimension of the manifold. The support of such A-branes are the
coisotropic submanifolds.

19

Chapter 3. Quantization
with curvature Im deIn particular, the choice of the line bundle L M
as support. The
termines a canonical coisotropic brane in the A-model with all M
quantization of (M, ) is achieved by standing that the associated Hilbert space H
is the vector space of (Bcc, Bl) strings, where Bcc refers to a canonical coisotropic
A-brane and Bl to a Lagrangian A-brane. This definition gives a vector space depending on the choice of Bl. Aldi and Zaslow shown in examples [9] that the explicit
construction of this vector space is similar to quantization. Finally, the resulting
,L, and Bl.
Hilbert space H, depends only on the choices of M
Only one thing remains unsolved, we need a natural way to quantize a large class
of functions on M , i.e. to define the operators on H. The functions on M that can
that have a suitable behavior
be naturally quantized are holomorphic functions on M
at infinity. In some cases these holomorphic functions could be only the functions of
polynomial growth.

20

CHAPTER 4
PATH INTEGRAL QUANTIZATION OF
G/H

4.1

Basic Construction

In essence, the quantization of a physical system means to establish a clear relation

between the classical system described on a phase-space M (with a symplectic form
that is a closed two form) and a quantum system described by a Hilbert space H.
Consider a phase space with structure G/H where G is a Lie Group and H a
subgroup of G, G/H has not necessarily a group structure. In particular, we will be
interested in the case when G/H is a Kahler space.
The Hilbert space H that we can associate to the quotient G/H will be finitedimensional if and only if G/H has a finite volume. For our case we associate the
1-loop n-point correlation function hU1 U2 . . . Un i to the observables U1 , U2 , . . . , Un .
We know from chapter 2 eq. (2.2) that the corresponding Feynman path integral for
curved manifolds is given by
Z
hU1 U2 . . . Un i =

l
Dp(t)Dq(t) ei (pl dq Hef f dt) u1 (t1 )u2 (t2 ) . . . un (tn ).

(4.1)

where U is the space of cycles of integration, pl (t) and q l (t) are cyclic variables of
period 2 over the phase space of G/H and ui (t) are observables. For our purpose
21

Chapter 4. Path Integral Quantization of G/H

it is unimportant the value of the effective Hamiltonian, so hereinafter we fix Hef f = 0.
Consider a phase space G/H with canonical coordinates (pl , q l ) and a symplectic
form f given by f = db where b is an arbitrary connection, this canonical coordinates
can be viewed as the embedding map of the 1-sphere to the phase space, i.e. S 1
G/H.

4.1.1

Analytic Continuation

[ with an
Here we complexify our quotient G/H to get a complex manifold G/H
extended closed holomorphic (2, 0) symplectic form W = A + if and require the
. That we can
existence of an antiholomorphic involution such that (W ) = W
interpret as the minimal requirement to develop the theory [5][2][10][11]. Schematically
[
G/H G/H,
f W,
the definition of implies the constraint Re W |G/H = 0.
[ as g .
Hereinafter we will denote the real components of our coordinates on G/H
We know that W is closed, then, it can be written as W = d, where = dg .
For convenience we write down = c + ib. This implies that dc = A and db = f .
Thus the path integral is rewritten as
Z
H

Dg(t) e dg u1 (t1 )u2 (t2 ) . . . un (tn ),

(4.2)

where is a subset of the complexification of U. That has to be a middle dimension

space of integration cycles, where eq. (4.2) converges. Let us write the complexification

of U as U.

4.1.2

Simplest Cycle of Integration

Next, we will construct some cycles of integration, with the purpose of to have
[ and
middle dimension we take a middle dimensional sub-manifold (G/H)0 G/H
as the free loop space over (G/H)0 , i.e. parametrizes maps from S 1 to (G/H)0 .
We have to
H handle carefully the real part of the exponent of the path integral
(4.2), h = Re dg , because it is unbounded by above. With the purpose to avoid
22

4.1. Basic Construction

this problem we choose h to vanish identically over (G/H)0 . This implies that any
variation of h have to be zero i.e.
I
h = A g dg = 0.
(4.3)
Then, A|(G/H)0 = 0, i.e. (G/H)0 is a Lagrangian submanifold with respect to A. This
condition makes h constant over all connected components of G/H 0 . If we would
require c to be pure gauge then we have to fix h = 0.
If the imaginary part of the exponent on eq. (4.2) is non-degenerated, then, we have
basically the same properties between G/H and (G/H)0 , and the path integral over
(G/H)0 will match with the Feynman path integral associated with the quantization
of G/H. In other words the quantization of G/H and (G/H)0 correspond to different
[
cycles of integration in the same complexified space G/H.

4.1.3

Another Cycle of Integration

In order to obtain integration cycles with h bounded by above, we use the Morse
flow
eq. (3.1). In our case the Morse function will be the real part of the exponent
H

dg which is an holomorphic function on U,

I
I

h = Re dg = c dg .
(4.4)
the Morse flow equation will be
g (s, t)
h
= .
s
g

(4.5)

now, we have to find the space of critical points of the Morse function that are given
by
I
h = A g dg = 0.
(4.6)
since A is non degenerated we obtain dg = 0, and so the set of critical points is
the set of constant curves, i.e. there exist a one-to-one relation between the constants
[ Then the set of critical points can be identified with
curves and the points on G/H.
[ Let us name this copy as G/H
[ . Later on, we chose a middle dimensional
G/H.

[
space V G/H and we consider all the solutions in the half-line that starts in V .

23

Chapter 4. Path Integral Quantization of G/H

As we know, initially we have a parametrization g (t) that is constant over V , such
[ Now we will introduce a new parameter s through the Morse
that g : S 1 G/H.
equation, such that g (t) g (t, s), i.e. g will be a function of two parameters
[ Let us to denote the new domain by C.
g : S 1 R {0} G/H.
The flow equation will not be automatically a differential equation over the new
We choose dg dg to be
domain C. For this, we need to define a metric on U.
[ defined by
this metric and also as the metric for G/H,
2

|g| =

g g dt.

(4.7)

with this metric we reach the following flow equation,

g (s, t)
g (s, t)
= A
.
s
t

(4.8)

The condition at s over g (s, t) is the approaching to some element lying

on the subspace V of the set of critical points. For s = 0 the only condition is that
g (0, t) have to be regular.
Now we choose I = A such that I I = (the space of metrics that
have this property is always not empty and contractible). With this condition we
[ if is an Hermitian metric 1 .
obtain an almost complex structure I on G/H,
[ is holomorIf I is an integrable complex structure then the map g : C G/H
phic. If it is not, then g is known as an pseudoholomorphic map.
The theory is conformally invariant then we do a convenient conformal mapping
given by z = ew , where w = s + it, this maps the cylinder C to a unit disc |z| 1 that
we will denote by D. The map may not extend continuously at z = 0 but in this case
converges to the limit g (t) V and is independent of t. Then it is continuous at z = 0.
On the other hand, we can ask ourselves if I coincides with the complex structure
given by the complexification of G/H. We denote this complex structure as J. If
I = JL
then has to be (1, 1) with respect L
to J. Also, we know that A is real, then it is
(2, 0) (0, 2) and so have to be (2, 0) (0, 2). But this contradicts the hypothesis
1

If is K
ahler, then I represents a complex structure.

24

4.2. Sigma Model

of a positive definite metric that stands for a metric type (1, 1) with respect to J.
Hence I and J have to be different complex structures.

4.2

Sigma Model

We have a complexified path integral eq. (4.2), but we want to define the integration
only over the disk D. For this we insert a Lagrangian multiplier T that restricts
the integration over the coordinates related through the Morse flow equation (4.8).
[
T is a one-form on D with values in the pullback of the cotangent bundle of G/H,

obeying T = ?I T .
First we rewrite the condition on eq. (4.8) as follows
U = dg + ?I dg ,

(4.9)

where ?ds = dt and ?dt = ds, then we insert the restriction in the path integral on
eq. (4.2) as a Dirac delta,
Z
H

Dg(s, t)(U ) e dg u1 (t1 ) . . . un (tn )OV (0),

(4.10)

where
1

(U ) = |det(U/g)|

DT ei

R
D

T U

(4.11)

and OV (0) is a closed operator that impose the constraint that the point z = 0 is
mapped to s = 0 or s = (the critical set given by the Lagrangian submanifold).
Now, we want to introduce in the path integral fermions and with different
fermionic quantum number +1, 1, respectively, with kinetic energy that is the
linearization of the equation U = 0. This term added has as a consequence the
cancellation of the bosonic determinant up to a sign, in our case this sign can be
taken as +1 since CV is connected.
Therefore are zero-forms that take values in the pullback of the complexified
[ of G/H,
[ and are (anti)holomorphic one-forms with
tangent bundle TC (G/H)
[ Also obey
values in the pullback of the complexified cotangent bundle TC (G/H).

= ?I . Then the fermionic action can be written as

Z
D .
(4.12)
D

25

Chapter 4. Path Integral Quantization of G/H

in this way the integral reaches the following structure
Z

DgDDDT e

D (T ?U

dg

n
Y

uk (tk ),

(4.13)

In the case of a symmetric Kahler coset group we know from [10][11][12] that the
fermionic symmetry transformations of the twisted topological A-model are
g
+
+

= i(g+ + g),
= = 0,
=  g 1 z g,
= + (zg)g 1 ,

(4.14)

where  is the fermionic susy parameter and g is the embedding map of to G,
[ , into the splitting T
are the projectors of complexified tangent space TC of G/H
due to the almost complex structure J. = and = , where are
Weyl fermions with values on TC . The set of equations eq. (4.14) can be rewritten as
g = ,
= T ,
= T = 0,

(4.15)

with the
where we used the exponential map g = eg X (X are the generators of G)
[ and also the following
purpose of introduce the coordinates g of the target G/H,
relations

= i(+
+
),

= + + ,
T =  ( z + + z) g .

(4.16)

The action is invariant by exact terms, then, let us add the following exact term
 Z

Z
Z




?T =
T ?T +
R
2 D
2 D
4 D

(4.17)

thus the complete integral on the disc D yields

Z 




T ?T + iT ?U i D + R

4
D 2
26

(4.18)

4.2. Sigma Model

this integral is precisely a Gaussian integration over the Lagrangian multiplier T , and
after an elementary computation we find.
Z



DgDD e D ( 2 U ?U i D + 4 R ) e

dg

n
Y

uk (tk )OV (0).

(4.19)
Then, the bosonic kinetic energy is


2
1

s g s g + t g t g + A s g t g ,
U ?U =
dsdt
2

D
D
(4.20)
let us rewrite the RHS of eq. (4.20) with the following identity




s g s g + t g t g = ij Tr (g 1 i g)(g 1 j g) ,
(4.21)
1
2

[ and the latin indexes refers to i = (t, s).

where g is the embedding map of D to G/H
We note also that
Z
Z
Z
I

dsdt A s g t g =
A=
dc =
D

c = h.

(4.22)

then, we get a bosonic kinetic energy given by

Z
2
1
ij Tr(g 1 i g)(g 1 j g) + h
2 D


(4.23)

now, by adding the term that comes from pa dq a on eq. (4.2) to the term proportional
to h, and fixing  = 2 we obtain
I
I
I
h+
(c + ib) = h + h + i
b=i
b.
(4.24)
D

Thus, without consider the terms with fermions, the exponential on eq. (4.19) is
found to be
Z
I
1
ij
1
1

Tr(g i g)(g j g) + i
b.
(4.25)
2 D
D
this is the W ZW action in an open non-linear twisted sigma model of type A.

27

Chapter 4. Path Integral Quantization of G/H

If we do not fix the  = 2 we rather obtain
Z
Z
I
1
ij
1
1

Tr(g i g)(g j g)  A + i
b
2 D
D
D

(4.26)

where  = 1 2 .
[ with a
Now we introduce the associated coisotropic D-brane L defined as G/H
connection b and a curvature f . Therefore the action, eq. (4.26), is a WZW action
describing open strings atached to a D-brane, or more precisely, to an A-brane. In
the next section we will argue that this is precisely a coisotropic A-brane BG[6].
If we choose 1

2


= i there also holds another symmetry given by

A = ,
b = .
here we can ask ourselves, whether it is possible to reach an N = 2 superconformal
[ With the purpose to clarify this point we introduce
field theory from a coset G/H.
the following theorem [10].
Theorem 1. When rank G = rank H, a necessary and sufficient condition for a
model on a coset G/H to have N = 2 superconformal symmetry is that G/H is
kahlerian.

4.3

Boundary conditions of the A-model

D-branes can be studied by using the techniques of perturbative string theory. They
can also be described in terms of boundary conditions of open strings, or as boundary
states in the closed string sector. The concept of a boundary state describes how
closed strings are emitted or absorbed on the D-brane world volume.
For the study of bosonic D-branes on cosets G/H we require certain boundary
conditions [5] for the bosonic and fermionic fields given by
z ),
I(z) = RI(
z ),
(z) = R(
28

4.4. Example SL(2, R)/U (1)

where R is an endomorphism of T X|Y , with Y being a submanifold that contains
some or all the components of g(D) given by
R = idN Y (|Y F )1 (|Y + F ),

(4.27)

where T X|Y = N Y T Y and F = db, i.e. the curvature of a gauge field b. Also R
satisfies the following conditions
R R = ,

(4.28)

R R A = A ,

(4.29)

R R R f = f ,

(4.30)

where f are the structure constants of the group.

The above conditions are known as A-type boundary conditions of the D-brane [5].
[ through the Morse
Now consider the cycle that we define in our target space G/H
flow, we want to study the D-branes wrapping around this cycle.
Let the cycle be n-dimensional then we have a basis constituted by n tangential
[ n normal vectors. The boundary conditions type
vectors to the cycle and dimG/H
A in eq. (4.28) imply that the metric is block diagonal, i.e.
= k +

(4.31)

where k refers to the parallel components and to the normal components of the
metric along the cycle. In contrast, eq. (4.29) implies that
A |k = 0 or A | = 0.

(4.32)

The vanishing of A and his non-degeneracy implies that the dimension of the
[ So we have a Lagrangian submanifold of G/H.
[
cycle has to be 12 G/H.
[ we do not have perpendicular components for
In the case when Y = G/H
[ that correspond to a
neither for A. Then we have an A-brane supported on G/H,
coisotropic A-brane with a connection b.

4.4

Example SL(2, R)/U (1)

As an example, we consider the coset SL(2, R)/U (1) as the symplectic structure that
we want to quantize. The complexification of SL(2, R)/U (1) is SL(2, C)/U (1)C , and
29

Chapter 4. Path Integral Quantization of G/H

can be rewritten as

[ = SL(2, C)/U (1)C = SU (2) SU (2) = SU (2) SU (2) = S 2 S2 , (4.33)

G/H
U (1) U (1)
U (1)
U (1)
[ is
The complex symplectic structure of G/H
W = A0 + if 0 ,

(4.34)

[ and f 0 = ImW is the analytic continuation to

where A0 is a Kahler form on G/H
[ of the original real symplectic structure f on G/H.
G/H
[ They are given in terms of the coordiLet g be the local coordinates on G/H.
).

nates of S 2 and S2 . Namely g = (, , ,

A0 is precisely the Kahler form given for each S 2 as

A0 = A A,

(4.35)

where
A = 2i

dz dz
A = 2i
,
(1 + zz)2

dz d
z
;
(1 + z z)2

(4.36)

),

in terms of the coordinates g (, , ,

z=

sin ei
x1 + ix2
=
,
1 x3
1 cos

(4.37)

with x1 = sin cos , x2 = sin sin , x3 = cos . Moreover,

x1 + i
x2
sin ei
z =
=
.
(4.38)
1 x3
1 cos
Eq. 4.37 represents a conformal transformation between the 2-sphere and the flat
plane with compactification points.
A0 from eq. (4.35) vanishes when one restricts to the diagonal submanifold
2
Sdiag
= {S 2 S2 |z = z(and z = z)}.

30

4.4. Example SL(2, R)/U (1)

[ = S 2 S 2 with the submanifolds represented by lines.

Figure 4.1: Diagram of G/H
2
2
2
For Sdiag
= and = and A0 |Sdiag
= 0. Thus Sdiag
is a Lagrangian submanifold
0
with respect to the symplectic structure A , see fig. 4.1.
2
On the other hand f 0 restricted to Sdiag
has to be non-degenerated. That means
2
f 0 |Sdiag
= f,

(4.39)

then
f0 =

1
1
d,
sin d d + sin d
4
4

(4.40)

and
2
f 0 |Sdiag
=f =

1
sin d d.
2

(4.41)

Moreover, remember than = c0 + ib0 and f 0 = db0 . After some calculations, it is

easy to see that c0 is given by
c0 = 2i

z
z
z
z
dz + 4i
d
z 2i
d
z

4i
dz,
1 + z z
1 + z z
1 + zz
1 + zz

(4.42)

2
it is immediate to check that on the Sdiag
c0 vanishes, that is
2
c0 |Sdiag
= 0,

(4.43)

thus the Morse function reads

I
h=
31

c0 .

(4.44)

Chapter 4. Path Integral Quantization of G/H

The field b0 can be regarded as an abelian gauge field (connection one-form) on the
[ = S 2 S2 . Then as mentioned before db0 = f 0 . Eq. 4.40 implies
entire space G/H
that
1
b0 = (1 cos)d
4
1 x1 dx2 x2 dx1
=
,
4
x3 1
sub-indexes correspond to the two posible open sets U which cover S 2 . That
means
U+ U = S 2 and U+ U = S 1 ,

(4.45)

thus the abelian gauge field

1
1
,

b0 = (1 cos )d + (1 cos )d
4
4
2
wich on the diagonal Sdiag
with = and = we get
1
2
b0 |Sdiag
= (1 cos )d.
2

(4.46)

(4.47)

On S 2 S2 we take the product metric

0 = g + g
where g is the (Kahler) metric on S 2 and
The metric on S 2 S2 is given by

1
0

0 sin2
0 =
0
0
0
0

(4.48)

g is the corresponding metric on S2 .

0
0
0
0
,
1
0
0 sin2

(4.49)

then, the Morse flow is described by

dg
h
= 0 .
ds
g
these are four equations given by
32

(4.50)

4.4. Example SL(2, R)/U (1)

d
h
= ;
ds

h
d
= ;
ds

d
h
= sin2
ds

h
d
= sin2
ds

Now, we can construct the A-branes for our example. First we recognize the
submanifolds, we have a Lagrangian submanifold, this being S 2 , and the coisotropic
submanifold has to be S 2 S 2 . Thus, by eq. (4.27) the corresponding boundary
conditions are [6]
Lagrangian A-brane,
2
2
R = idN S 2 (g f |Sdiag
)1 (g + f |Sdiag
),

(4.51)

Coisotropic A-brane,
R = ( f |S 2 S 2 )1 ( + f |S 2 S 2 ),

(4.52)

33

Chapter 4. Path Integral Quantization of G/H

34

CONCLUSIONS

We inquired in the brane quantization theory doing an approach to the quantization

of a classical system with a phase space with structure of a coset G/H where G is a
Lie group. We arrived to a twisted topological A-model with boundary conditions
that defines a Lagrangian A-brane and a coisotropic A-brane.
To reach that theory we begin with a particle moving in a quotient G/H. then
[ doing this we arrived to a modification of
we complexified the phase space to G/H,
our starting path integral in which we can construct different cycles of integration,
particularly we use the Morse flow equation to construct our integration cycles.
[ we took care of the group structure
Once we had our integration cycles in G/H
and established the supersymmetric transformations of the fields[5]. We also established the corresponding boundary conditions associated to the A-branes wrapping in
our integration cycles in a consistent way, arriving to a Kazama Suzuki model with
boundary conditions type A, where this A-branes corresponding to Lagrangian and
coisotropic submanifolds with a gauge potential b, and curvature f .
Therefore, with this work the theory developed by Edward Witten in [2] is extended to Lie groups in particular to cosets.
We provided an example to clarify the theory by taking the coset SL(2, R)/U (1)
as our initial phase space to obtain the corresponding integration cycles and the
Lagrangian and coisotropic A-branes.
35

Chapter 4. Path Integral Quantization of G/H

The prospects are, add a nonzero effective Hamiltonian to the theory and analyse
more examples like the Quaternion-Kahler symmetric spaces.

36

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] Sergei Gukov and Edward Witten. Branes and quantization. Advances in
Theoretical and Mathematical Physics, 13(5):14451518, 2009.
[2] Edward Witten. A new look of the path integral of quantum mechanics.
arXiv:1009.6032v1, September 2010.
[3] A. Demichev M. Chaichian. Path Integral in Physics, Vol. I. Springer, 1998.
[4] F. Steiner C. Grosche. Handbook of Feynman Path Integrals. Institute of Physics
Publishing, 2001.
[5] Sonia Stanciu. D-branes in kazama suzuki models. Nuclear Physics B, 526(13):295310, August 1998.
[6] Anton Kapustin and Dmitri Orlov. Remarks on a-branes, mirror symmetry, and
the fukaya category. Journal of Geometry and Physics, 48(1):8499, October
2003.
[7] Wolfgang Tome. Path Integral on Group Manifolds. World Scientific, 1998.
[8] D. Peak and A. Inomata. Summation over feynman histories in polar coordinates.
Journal of Mathematical Physics, 10(8):14221428, August 1969.
[9] M. Aldi and E. Zaslow. Coisotropic branes, noncommutativity, and the mirror
correspondence. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2005(06), June 2005.
37

BIBLIOGRAPHY
[10] Y. Kazama and H. Suzuki. Characterization of n=2 superconformal models
generated by the coset space method. Physics Letters B, 216(1-2):112116,
January 1989.
[11] Y. Kazama and H. Suzuki. New n=2 superconformal field theories and superstring
compactification. Nuclear Physics B, 321:232268, 1989.
[12] Edward Witten. The n matrix models and gauged wzw models. Nuclear Physics
B, 371:191245, 1992.

38