4.counseling Theory Slides

THEORIES OF COUNSELING
WHAT IS A THEORY
n
Patterson (1986): Theory is a (a) set of

stated assumption regarding a certain
field, (b) set of definitions of the ideas
and concepts in the theory, (c)
concepts that bear certain
relationship to one another, and (d)
hypothesis constructed from these
assumptions, definitions and
relationships Guidance and
Continuum of theories
n
n
n
n
Frank Parsons
1909-1940s: developing better means
of assessing people aptitudes and
interest
Directive counselling heavily on
advising and also known as traitfactor
1942 - Carl Rogers: Non-directive as
helper is not adviser
Directive vs non-directive?
Key points in different theories

n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
Nature of human being

Basic assumptions
Goals
Key concept/construct
Personality development
Adaptive/maladaptive behavior
Learning process/change
Techniques
Guidance and
The Five Schools of Thought

n
Psychodynamic
Human beings are basically determined by

psychic energy and by early experiences.
Unconscious motives and conflicts are
central in present behavior. Irrational forces
are strong and the individual is driven by
impulses.
These impulses as solely sexual and
aggressive.
Early development is of critical importance
as later personality problems are rooted in
repressed childhood conflicts.
n
n
Guidance and
Behavioral
n
n
Humans are shaped and determined

by socio-cultural conditioning.
The view is basically one that is
determinist as all behaviors are a
product of learning through
conditioning and reinforcement
What was learnt can be unlearnt
Guidance and
Humanistic
n
n
n
n
Humans are viewed positively as we have a

basic inclination to become fully functioning.
The context of counselling is often focused
on the affective world of the client, moving
towards self-actualization, gaining trust,
spontaneity and focusing on the human
condition.
Humanistic approaches take a
phenomenological, here-and-now approach.
The relationship is thought to be fundamental
to successful therapy.
Guidance and
Cognitive-Behavioral
n
n
What we think is the root of our

emotional and behavioral life.
Consequently a change in cognition
will inevitably cause a change in our
behaviors and emotions.
Dysfunction and maladjustment are
problems of faulty or irrational
thoughts.
Guidance and
Emerging Approaches
n
n
As information on counseling is
collected new theories emerge.
Emerging approaches often include
aspects of previously founded
theories.
Contemporary emerging approaches
tend to focus heavily on
phenomenology, uman uniqueness,
multicultural concerns and client
empowerment.
Theory and Practice of Counseling

and Psychotherapy
Psychoanalytic Approach
Transparency
The Structure of Personality

n
THE IDThe Demanding Child

u Ruled by the pleasure principle
THE EGOThe Traffic Cop

u Ruled by the reality principle
THE SUPEREGOThe Judge

u Ruled by the moral principle
Transparency
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 4 (1)
Conscious and Unconscious

Conscious:
Whats on the surface
i.e. logic, reality
Transparency
Unconscious:
What lies deep,
below the surface
i.e. drives, instincts
The Unconscious
n
Clinical evidence for postulating the unconscious:

u Dreams
u Slips of the tongue
u Posthypnotic suggestions
u Material derived from free-association
u Material derived from projective techniques
u Symbolic content of psychotic symptoms
NOTE: consciousness is only a thin slice of the total mind
Transparency
Anxiety
n
Feeling of dread resulting from repressed feelings, memories and

desires
u Develops out of conflict among the id, ego and superego to control
psychic energy
Reality Anxiety
Neurotic Anxiety
Moral Anxiety
Transparency
Ego-Defense Mechanisms
n
Ego-defense mechanisms:
u Are normal behaviors which operate on an unconscious level and tend
to deny or distort reality
u Help the individual cope with anxiety and prevent the ego from being
overwhelmed
u Have adaptive value if they do not become a style of life to avoid facing
reality
Transparency
The Development of Personality

n
ORAL STAGE
First year
u Related to later mistrust and rejection issues

n
ANAL STAGE
Ages 1-3
u Related to later personal power issues

n
PHALLIC STAGE
Ages 3-6
u Related to later sexual attitudes

n
LATENCY STAGE
Ages 6-12
u A time of socialization
GENITAL STAGE
Ages 12-60
u Sexual energies are invested in life

Transparency
Transference
u The client reacts to the therapist as he did to an earlier significant other
This allows the client to experience feelings that would otherwise be
inaccessible
ANALYSIS OF TRANSFERENCE allows the client to achieve insight into
the influence of the past
Countertransference
Copyright 2009 Wadsworth Group. Brooks/Cole is an imprint of the

Wadsworth Group, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc.
Transference and Countertransference
u The reaction of the therapist toward the client that may interfere with
objectivity
Transparency
Not always detrimental to therapeutic goals; can provide important means

of understanding your clients world
Countertransference reactions must be monitored so that they are used to
promote understanding of the client and the therapeutic process.
Free Association
u Client reports immediately without censoring any feelings or thoughts
Interpretation
u Therapist points out, explains, and teaches the meanings of whatever is
revealed

Psychoanalytic Techniques
Dream Analysis
Transparency
u Therapist uses the royal road to the unconscious to bring

unconscious material to light
u Latent content
u Manifest content
Resistance
u Anything that works against the progress of therapy and prevents the
production of unconscious material
Analysis of Resistance
u Helps the client to see that canceling appointments, fleeing from
therapy prematurely, etc., are ways of defending against anxiety

Resistance
These acts interfere with the ability to accept changes which could lead
to a more satisfying life
Transparency
Group work provides a rich framework for working through

transference feelings
u Feelings resembling those that members have experienced toward
significant people in their past may emerge
u Group members may come to represent symbolic figures from a clients
past
Competition for attention of the leader provides opportunities to

explore how members dealt with feelings of competition in the past
and how this effects their current interactions with others.
Projections experienced in group provide valuable clues to a clients

unresolved conflicts
Transparency

Application to Group Counseling
Limitations of Classical Analysis

This approach may not be appropriate for all cultures or socioeconomic
groups
Deterministic focus does not emphasize current maladaptive behaviors
Minimizes role of the environment
Requires subjective interpretation
Relies heavily on client fantasy
Lengthy treatment may not be practical or affordable for many clients
Transparency

and Psychotherapy
Indivdual Psychology
Transparency
Alfred Adlers Individual Psychology

Based on the holistic concept
A phenomenological approach
Teleological explanation of human behavior
Social interest is stressed
Birth order and sibling relationships
Therapy as teaching, informing and encouraging
Basic mistakes in the clients private logic
The therapeutic relationshipa collaborative partnership
Transparency
The Phenomenological Approach

n
Adlerians attempt to view the world from the clients subjective

frame of reference
u How life is in reality is less important than how the individual believes
life to be
u It is not the childhood experiences that are crucial
it is our present interpretation of these events
Unconscious instincts and our past do not determine our behavior
Transparency
Social Interest
n
Adlers most significant and distinctive concept

u Refers to an individuals attitude toward and awareness of being a part
of the human community
u Embodies a community feeling and emphasizes the clients positive
feelings toward others in the world
u Mental health is measured by the degree to which we successfully
share with others and are concerned with their welfare
u Happiness and success are largely related to social connectedness
Transparency
Lifestyle
n
A life movement that organizes the clients reality, giving meaning

to life
u fictional finalism or guiding self ideal
u Psychiatric symptoms are failed attempts at achieving our lifestyle
u Adlerian therapy helps clients to effectively navigate lifestyle tasks
Lifestyle is how we move toward our life goals

private logic
Values, life plan, perceptions of self and others
Unifies all of our behaviors to provide consistency
Makes all our actions fit together
Transparency
u
u
u
u
Inferiority and Superiority

n
Inferiority Feelings
u Are normal
u They are the wellspring of creativity.
u Develop when we are young--characterized by early feelings of
hopelessness
Superiority Feelings
u Promote mastery
u Enable us to overcome obstacles
Related Complexes
u Inferiority Complex
u Superiority Complex
Transparency
Birth Order
n
A concept that assigns probability to having a certain set of

experiences based on ones position in the family
Adlers five psychological positions:
Transparency
u 1) Oldest child receives more attention, spoiled,

center of attention
u 2) Second of only two behaves as if in a race, often opposite to first
child
u 3) Middle often feels squeezed out
u 4) Youngest the baby
u 5) Only does not learn to share or cooperate with other children, learns
to deal with adults
Four Phases of Therapy

n
Phase 1: Establishing the Proper Therapeutic Relationship

u Supportive, collaborative, educational, encouraging process
u Person-to-person contact with the client precedes identification of the problem
u Help client build awareness of his or her strengths
Phase 2: Exploring the Individuals Psychological Dynamics

u Lifestyle assessment
Subjective interview
Objective interview
Transparency
Family constellation
Early recollections
Basic Mistakes
Four Phases of Therapy

n
Phase 3: Encouraging Self-Understanding/Insight

u Interpret the findings of the assessment
u Hidden goals and purposes of behavior are made conscious
u Therapist offers interpretations to help clients gain insight into their
lifestyle
Phase 4: Reorientation and Re-education
Transparency
u Action-oriented
u Useful vs. unhelpful
Encouragement
n
Encouragement instills self confidence by expecting clients to

assume responsibility for their lives and embrace the fact that they
can make changes
Encouragement is the most powerful method available for

changing a persons beliefs
Transparency
u Helps build self-confidence and stimulates courage

u Discouragement is the basic condition that prevents people from
functioning
u Clients are encouraged to recognize that they have the power to choose
and to act differently

Group provides a social context in which members can develop a
sense of community and social-relatedness
Sharing of early recollections increases group cohesiveness
Action-oriented strategies for behavior change are implemented to

help group members work together to challenge erroneous beliefs
about self, life and others.
Employs a time-limited framework
Transparency
Limitations of the Adlerian Approach

n
Adler spent most of his time teaching his theory as opposed to

systematically documenting it
u Hence, some consider Adlerian theory simplistic
Many of Adlers theoretical constructs (i.e. lifestyle) are difficult to

measure and require empirical testing
Research on treatment efficacy is limited

Transparency

and Psychotherapy
Person Centered
Transparency
Person-Centered View of Human Nature

n
At their core, humans are trustworthy and positive
Humans are capable of making changes and living productive,

effective lives
Humans innately gravitate toward self-actualization

u Actualizing tendency
Transparency
Given the right growth-fostering conditions, individuals strive to

move forward and fulfill their creative nature
Person-Centered Therapy
(A reaction against the directive and psychoanalytic approaches)

n
Challenges:
u The assumption that the counselor knows best
u The validity of advice, suggestion, persuasion, teaching, diagnosis,
and interpretation
u The belief that clients cannot understand and resolve their own
problems without direct help
u The focus on problems over persons
Transparency
Person-Centered Therapy
n
Emphasizes:
u Therapy as a journey shared by two fallible people
u The persons innate striving for self-actualization
u The personal characteristics of the therapist and the quality of the
therapeutic relationship
u The counselors creation of a permissive, growth-promoting climate
u People are capable of self-directed growth if involved in a therapeutic
relationship
Transparency
Therapy is a Growth-Promoting Climate

n
Congruence
u Genuineness or realness in the therapy session
u Therapists behaviors match his or her words
Unconditional positive regard

u Acceptance and genuine caring about the client as a valuable person
u Accepting clients as they presently are
u Therapist need not approve of all client behavior
Accurate empathic understanding
The therapist need not experience the situation to develop an understanding of it from
the clients perspective
Transparency
u The ability to deeply grasp the clients subjective world

u Helper attitudes are more important than knowledge
Six Conditions
(necessary and sufficient for personality changes to occur)

u 1. Two persons are in psychological contact
u 2. The first, the client, is experiencing incongruence
u 3. The second person, the therapist, is congruent or integrated in the
relationship
u 4. The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard or real caring
for the client
u 5. The therapist experiences empathy for the clients internal frame of
reference and endeavors to communicate this to the client
u 6. The communication to the client is, to a minimal degree, achieved
Transparency
The Therapist
Focuses on the quality of the therapeutic relationship
Provides a supportive therapeutic environment in which the client is the agent

of change and healing
Serves as a model of a human being struggling toward greater realness
Is genuine, integrated, and authentic, without a false front
Can openly express feelings and attitudes that are present in the relationship
with the client
Is invested in developing his or her own life experiences to deepen selfknowledge

move
self-actualization
Theory
and Practice of and
Counseling
and toward
Psychotherapy
- Chapter 7 (6)
n
Transparency

n
Therapist takes on the role of facilitator

u
u
u
u
u
Creates therapeutic environment

Techniques are not stressed
Exhibits deep trust of the group members
Provides support for members
Group members set the goals for the group
Group setting fosters an open and accepting community where

members can work on self-acceptance
Individuals learn that they do not have to experience the process of

change alone and grow from the support of group members
Transparency
Person-Centered Expressive Arts

Therapy
n
Various creative art forms

u promote healing and self-discovery
u are inherently healing and promote self-awareness and insight
Creative expression connects us to our feelings which are a source of life

energy.
u Feelings must be experienced to achieve self-awareness.
Individuals explore new facets of the self and uncover insights that transform
them, creating wholeness
u Discovery of wholeness leads to understanding of how we relate to the outer world.
The clients inner world and outer world become unified.
Transparency
Conditions for Creativity

Acceptance of the individual
A non-judgmental setting
Empathy
Psychological freedom
Stimulating and challenging experiences
Individuals who have experienced unsafe creative environments feel held

back and may disengage from creative processes
Safe, creative environments give clients permission to be authentic and to

delve deeply into their experiences
Transparency
Limitations of the Person-Centered

Approach
n
Cultural considerations
u Some clients may prefer a more directive, structured treatment
u Individuals accustomed to indirect communication may not be comfortable with
direct expression of empathy or creativity
u Individuals from collectivistic cultures may disagree with the emphasis on internal
locus of control
Does not focus on the use of specific techniques, making this treatment
difficult to standardize
Beginning therapists may find it difficult to provide both support and

challenges to clients
Limits of the therapist as a person may interfere with developing a genuine

therapeutic relationship
Transparency

and Psychotherapy
Gestalt Therapy
Transparency
Gestalt Therapy
n
Existential & Phenomenological it is grounded in the clients here

and now
Initial goal is for clients to gain awareness of what they are

experiencing and doing now
u Promotes direct experiencing rather than the abstractness of talking
about situations
u Rather than talk about a childhood trauma the client is encouraged to
become the hurt child
Transparency
Principles of Gestalt Theory

n
Holism:
u The full range of human functioning includes thoughts, feelings, behaviors, body,
language and dreams
Field theory:
u The field is the clients environment which consists of therapist and client and all that
goes on between them
u Client is a participant in a constantly changing field
Figure Formation Process:

u How an individual organizes experiences from moment to moment
Foreground: figure
Background: ground
Organismic self-regulation:
u Emergence of need sensations and interest disturb an individuals equilibrium
Transparency
The Now
n
Our power is in the present

u Nothing exists except the now
u The past is gone and the future has not yet arrived
For many people the power of the present is lost

u They may focus on their past mistakes or engage in endless resolutions
and plans for the future
Transparency
Unfinished Business
n
Feelings about the past are unexpressed

u These feelings are associated with distinct memories and fantasies
u Feelings not fully experienced linger in the background and interfere
with effective contact
Result:
u Preoccupation, compulsive behavior, wariness oppressive energy and
self-defeating behavior
Transparency
Contact and Resistances to Contact

n
Contact
u Interacting with nature and with other people without losing ones
individuality
Boundary Disturbances/ resistance to contact

u The defenses we develop to prevent us from experiencing the present
fully
u Five major channels of resistance:
Deflection
Confluence
Transparency
Introjection
Projection
Retroflection
Six Components of Gestalt Therapy

Methodology
The continuum of experience
The here and now
The paradoxical theory of change
The experiment
The authentic encounter
Process-oriented diagnosis
Transparency
Therapeutic Techniques
The experiment in Gestalt Therapy
Internal dialogue exercise
Rehearsal exercise
Reversal technique
Exaggeration exercise
Staying with the feeling
Making the rounds
Dream work
Transparency

Encourages direct experience and action
Here-and-now focus allows members to bring unfinished business to the

present
Members try out experiments within the group setting
Leaders can use linking to include members in the exploration of a

particular individuals problem
Leaders actively design experiments for the group while focusing on

awareness and contact
Group leaders actively engage with the members to form a sense of

mutuality in the group
Transparency
Limitations of Gestalt Therapy

The approach has the potential for the therapist to abuse power by
using powerful techniques without proper training
This approach may not be useful for clients who have difficulty
abstracting and imagining
The emphasis on therapist authenticity and self-disclosure may be

overpowering for some clients
The high focus on emotion may pose limitations for clients who
have been culturally conditioned to be emotionally reserved
Transparency

and Psychotherapy
Behavior Therapy
Transparency
Behavior Therapy
n
A set of clinical procedures relying on experimental findings of

psychological research
u Based on principles of learning that are systematically applied
Treatment goals are specific and measurable
u Focusing on the clients current problems

To help people change maladaptive to adaptive behaviors
u The therapy is largely educational - teaching clients skills of selfmanagement
Transparency
Exposure Therapies
n
In Vivo Desensitization
u Brief and graduated exposure to an actual fear situation or event
Flooding
u Prolonged & intensive in vivo or imaginal exposure to stimuli that evoke high
levels of anxiety, without the opportunity to avoid them
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

u An exposure-based therapy that involves imaginal flooding, cognitive
restructuring, and the use of rhythmic eye movements and other bilateral
stimulation to treat traumatic stress disorders and fearful memories of clients
Transparency
Four Aspects of Behavior Therapy

n
1. Classical Conditioning
u In classical conditioning certain respondent behaviors, such as knee
jerks and salivation, are elicited from a passive organism
2. Operant Conditioning
u Focuses on actions that operate on the environment to produce
consequences
If the environmental change brought about by the behavior is

reinforcing, the chances are strengthened that the behavior will
occur again. If the environmental changes produce no
reinforcement, the chances are lessened that the behavior will
recur
Transparency
Four Aspects of Behavior Therapy

n
3. Social-Learning Approach
u Gives prominence to the reciprocal interactions between an individuals
behavior and the environment
4. Cognitive Behavior Therapy

u Emphasizes cognitive processes and private events (such as a clients
self-talk) as mediators of behavior change
Transparency
Functional Assessment of Behavior

n
A-B-C model
u Antecedent(s)
u Behavior(s)
u Consequence(s)
Antecedent
Behavior
Transparency
Consequence
Relaxation Training to cope with stress
Systematic Desensitization for anxiety and avoidance reactions
Modeling observational learning
Assertion Training learning to express ones self
Social Skills Training learning to correct deficits in interpersonal skills
Self-Management Programs giving psychology away

Transparency
n
Multimodal Therapy a technical eclecticism
Applied Behavior Analysis training new behaviors

u Particularly effective in working with developmentally delayed
individuals
Dialectical Behavior Therapy-- learning emotional regulation and

mindfulness
u Designed for the treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Therapy meditation and yoga
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy - learning acceptance and nonjudgment of thoughts and feelings as they occur
Transparency
Application of Behavior Therapy to Group

Counseling
n
Treatments
u rely on empirical support
u emphasize self-management skills and thought restructuring
u Are typically brief
Leaders
u use a brief, directive, psychoeducational approach
u conduct behavioral assessments
Leaders and members
Transparency
u create collaborative, precise treatment goals

u devise a specific treatment plan to help each member meet goals
u objectively measure treatment outcome
Limitations of Behavior Therapy

Heavy focus on behavioral change may detract from clients experience of
emotions
Some counselors believe the therapists role as a teacher deemphasizes the

important relational factors in the client-therapist relationship
Behavior therapy does not place emphasis on insight
Behavior therapy tends to focus on symptoms rather than underlying causes

of maladaptive behaviors
There is potential for the therapist to manipulate the client using this
approach
Some clients may find the directive approach imposing or too mechanistic
Transparency

and Psychotherapy
REBT
Transparency
Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy

(REBT)
n
Stresses thinking, judging, deciding, analyzing, and doing
Assumes that cognitions, emotions, and behaviors interact and

have a reciprocal cause-and-effect relationship
Is highly didactic, very directive, and concerned as much with

thinking as with feeling
Teaches that our emotions stem mainly from our beliefs,

evaluations, interpretations, and reactions to life situations
Transparency
The Therapeutic Process

n
Therapy is seen as an educational process
Clients learn
u To identify the interplay of their thoughts, feelings and behaviors
u To identify and dispute irrational beliefs that are maintained by selfindoctrination
u To replace ineffective ways of thinking with effective and rational
cognitions
u To stop absolutistic thinking, blaming, and repeating false beliefs
Transparency
View of Human Nature

We are born with a potential for both rational and irrational thinking
We have the biological and cultural tendency to think crookedly

and to needlessly disturb ourselves
We learn and invent disturbing beliefs and keep ourselves

disturbed through our self-talk
We have the capacity to change our cognitive, emotive, and

behavioral processes
Transparency
The A-B-C Theory of Personality

n
activating
event
belief
consequence
disputing
intervention
effective
philosophy
New feeling
Transparency
Irrational Ideas
n
Irrational ideas lead to self-defeating behavior
Some examples:
u I must have love or approval from all the significant people in my life.
u I must perform important tasks competently and perfectly.
u If I dont get what I want, its terrible, and I cant stand it.
Transparency
Application of CBT to Group Counseling

Tailored for specific diagnoses such as anxiety, panic, eating
disorders and phobias
Treatments are standardized and based on empirical evidence
Use of homework allows lessons learned in group to generalize to

the clients daily environment
Help members gain awareness of how their self-defeating thoughts

influence what they feel and how they behave
Heavy emphasis on psychoeducation and prevention of symptoms
Transparency
Aaron Becks Cognitive Therapy (CT)

n
Insight-focused therapy
Emphasizes changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs
Theoretical Assumptions
u Peoples internal communication is accessible to introspection
u Clients beliefs have highly personal meanings
u These meanings can be discovered by the client rather than being
taught or interpreted by the therapist
Transparency
Theory, Goals & Principles of CT

n
Basic theory:
u To understand the nature of an emotional episode or disturbance it is
essential to focus on the cognitive content of an individuals reaction to the
upsetting event or stream of thoughts
Goals:
u To change the way clients think by using their automatic thoughts to reach
the core schemata and begin to introduce the idea of schema restructuring
Principles:
Transparency
u Automatic thoughts: personalized notions that are triggered by particular

stimuli that lead to emotional responses
CTs Cognitive Distortions

Arbitrary inferences
Selective abstraction
Overgeneralization
Magnification and minimization
Personalization
Labeling and mislabeling
Polarized thinking
Transparency
Becks Cognitive Triad

n
1.
Pattern that triggers depression

Clients hold negative views of themselves
u
2.
Selective Abstraction
u
u
Client interprets life events through a negative filter

The world is a negative place where bad things are bound to happen
to me
Client holds a gloomy vision of the future

u
The world is bleak and it isnt going to improve
Transparency
3.
I am a lousy person
Donald Meichenbaums Cognitive

Behavior Modification (CBM)
n
Focus:
u Clients self-verbalizations or self-statements
Premise:
u As a prerequisite to behavior change, clients must notice how they
think, feel, and behave, and what impact they have on others
Basic assumption:
u Distressing emotions are typically the result of maladaptive thoughts
Transparency
Meichenbaums CBM
n
Self-instructional therapy focus:

u Trains clients to modify the instructions they give to themselves so that
they can cope
u Emphasis is on acquiring practical coping skills
Cognitive structure:
u The organizing aspect of thinking, which seems to monitor and direct
the choice of thoughts
u The executive processor, which holds the blueprints of thinking that
determine when to continue, interrupt, or change thinking
Transparency
Behavior Change & Coping (CBM)

n
3 Phases of Behavior Change

u 1. Self-observation
u 2. Starting a new internal dialogue
u 3. Learning new skills
Coping skills programs Stress inoculation training

(3 phase model)
Transparency
u 1. The conceptual phase

u 2. Skills acquisition and rehearsal phase
u 3. Application and follow-through phase
Limitations of Cognitive Behavior Therapy

n
Extensive training is required to practice CBT
Therapist may misuse power by imposing their ideas of what

constitutes rational thinking on a client
u Therapists must take special care to encourage clients to act rationally
within the framework their own value system and cultural context
The strong confrontational style of Ellis REBT may overwhelm

some clients
Some clinicians think CBT interventions overlook the value of

exploring a clients past experiences
Transparency

and Psychotherapy
Realty Therapy
Transparency
Reality Therapy Basic Beliefs

n
Symptoms are the result of choices weve made in our lives

u We can chose to think, feel and behave differently
Emphasis is on personal responsibility
Therapists function is to keep therapy focused on the present
We often mistakenly choose misery in our best attempt to meet our

needs
We act responsibly when we meet our needs without keeping

others from meeting their needs
Transparency
Basic Needs
n
All internally motivated behavior is geared toward meeting one or

more of our basic human needs
u
u
u
u
u
Belonging
Power
Freedom
Fun
Survival (Physiological needs)
Our brain functions as a control system to get us what we want
Our quality world consists of our visions of specific people,

activities, events, beliefs and situations that will fulfill our needs
Transparency
Procedures That Lead to Change:

The WDEP System
W
u
D
u
Wants - What do you want to be and do?

Your picture album
Doing and Direction - What are you doing?

Where do you want to go?
Evaluation - Does your present behavior have a reasonable

chance of getting you what you want?
n P Planning SAMIC3
Transparency
Planning For Change

S
A
Simple - Easy to understand, specific and concrete
Measurable - Are the changes observable and helpful?
M
I
Controlled - Can you do this by yourself or will

you be dependent on others?
- Can you do this on a continuous basis?
n
n
n
Attainable - Within the capacities and motivation

of the client
Immediate and Involved - What can be done today?

What can you do?
Transparency
Total Behavior
Our Best Attempt to Satisfy Our Needs

n
DOING active behaviors
THINKING thoughts, self-statements
FEELINGS anger, joy, pain, anxiety
PHYSIOLOGY bodily reactions
Transparency
Application of Reality Therapy to Group

Counseling
Group leaders and members jointly determine goals and plans of action
In group, members explore new courses of behavior that will bring them
closer to getting what they want out of life
Leaders challenge group members to evaluate for themselves if what they

are currently doing is working for them
Feedback from leaders and group members can help individuals design
realistic and attainable plans
Group setting encourages members to take an active stance in attaining

change in their lives
Transparency
Limitations of Reality Therapy

Some feel it does not adequately address important psychological concepts
such as insight, the unconscious, dreams and transference
Clinicians may have trouble viewing all psychological disorders (including

serious mental illness) as behavioral choices
There is a danger for the therapist of imposing his or her personal views on
clients by deciding for the client what constitutes responsible behavior
Reality therapy is often construed as simple and easy to master when in

fact it requires much training to implement properly.
More empirical support is needed

Transparency

4.counseling Theory Slides

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

4.counseling Theory Slides

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

THEORIES OF COUNSELING

Patterson (1986): Theory is a (a) set of

Key points in different theories

Nature of human being

The Five Schools of Thought

Human beings are basically determined by

Humans are shaped and determined

Humans are viewed positively as we have a

What we think is the root of our

Theory and Practice of Counseling

The Structure of Personality

THE IDThe Demanding Child

THE EGOThe Traffic Cop

THE SUPEREGOThe Judge

Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 4 (1)

Conscious and Unconscious

Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 4 (2)

Clinical evidence for postulating the unconscious:

Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 4 (3)

Feeling of dread resulting from repressed feelings, memories and

Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 4 (4)

Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 4 (5)

The Development of Personality

u Related to later mistrust and rejection issues

u Related to later personal power issues

u Related to later sexual attitudes

u Sexual energies are invested in life

Copyright 2009 Wadsworth Group. Brooks/Cole is an imprint of the

Transference and Countertransference

Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 4 (7)

Not always detrimental to therapeutic goals; can provide important means

Copyright 2009 Wadsworth Group. Brooks/Cole is an imprint of the

Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 4 (8)

u Therapist uses the royal road to the unconscious to bring

Copyright 2009 Wadsworth Group. Brooks/Cole is an imprint of the

Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 4 (9)

Group work provides a rich framework for working through

Competition for attention of the leader provides opportunities to

Projections experienced in group provide valuable clues to a clients

Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 4 (10)

Copyright 2009 Wadsworth Group. Brooks/Cole is an imprint of the

Application to Group Counseling

Limitations of Classical Analysis

Deterministic focus does not emphasize current maladaptive behaviors

Minimizes role of the environment

Requires subjective interpretation

Relies heavily on client fantasy

Lengthy treatment may not be practical or affordable for many clients

Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 4 (11)

Theory and Practice of Counseling

Alfred Adlers Individual Psychology

Teleological explanation of human behavior

Social interest is stressed

Birth order and sibling relationships

Therapy as teaching, informing and encouraging

Basic mistakes in the clients private logic

The therapeutic relationshipa collaborative partnership

Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 5 (1)

The Phenomenological Approach

Adlerians attempt to view the world from the clients subjective

Unconscious instincts and our past do not determine our behavior

Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 5 (2)

Adlers most significant and distinctive concept