sOFTWARE REPORT

College Name:Aryans College Of Engineering(Banur)
TWO MONTH SOFTWARE

TRAINING IN CNT
TECHNOLOGIES PVT LTD.
(CHANDIGARH)
A TRAINING REPORT
ON
ORCAD AND PLC
PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

JALANDHAR, PUNJAB, INDIA
SUBMITTED BY
SUBMITTED TO
NAME OF CANDIDATE: HARDEEP SINGH
ROLL NUMBER: 1280088
CNT TECHNOLOGIES
MRS. MANVI
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COURSE NAME: B-TECH

MONTH YEAR:
5 / 2015
TWO MONTH SOFTWARE TRAINING IN

CNT TECHNOLOGIES PVT LTD.
(CHANDIGARH)
ARYANS COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING
AND
TECHNOLOGY
PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

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Aryans College of Engineering and Technology

Village-Nepra, Chandigarh-Patiala Highway,
Chandigarh.
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Letter head of Aryans College of Engineering
Date: 18/05/15
CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION
I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the report
entitled, ORCAD &PLC, by Hardeep Singh (1280088 ) , B.TECH in EEE
submitted at Aryans College of Engineering, is an authentic record of my
own work carried out during a period from JUNUARY 2015 to MAY 2015
under the supervision of Ms.Meenakshi, Software Trainer,CNT Chd.
Signature of the Student
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my sincere gratitude to Aryans Group of Colleges for giving

me the opportunity to work on the Orcad and PLC during my B.Tech.
Training is an important aspect in the field of engineering.
(Hardeep Singh)
1280088
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TWO MONTHS SOFTWARE TRAINING

REPORT
Submitted for partial fulfillment of award of
BACHELOR OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
ARYANS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

BANUR (RAJPURA)
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CONTENTS
1) Company profile
2) PCB Designing
Functions of PCB
Classifications of PCBs
Technique used for PCB design
PCB design software
3) OrCad design environment
PCB design steps in OrCad

Entry to schematic
Creating Netlist
Placement of Layout Plus

Setting board parameters
Creating board outline
Placement of components
Conductor routing
Design rule check
Post processing
4) Power system design
Unregulated power supplies
Regulated power supplies
Bench supply diagram
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5 .Instrumentation
Automation
Engineering tools
Relays concepts
Contactor concepts
6. Programmable logic controller

Programming of PLC
PLC wiring
Panel wiring
Software introduction
XIC-XIO concepts
Introduction to PLC memory
Introduction to Data files and Program Files.
Start Stop logic
Logic gates
Concept for Latch, Unlatch
Timer
Counter
Compare function
Compute math
Move logic
Higher instruction (jmp, lbl, jsr, sbr, tnd, ret, mcr)
7.Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

Digital control
Start stop control
Digital programming
Analog control
SCADA interface to PLC
Digital control with plc and scada
Analog control with plc and scada
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I would like to thank almighty GOD who has given this wonderful gift of
life to us. He is the one who is guiding us in right direction to follow noble path of
humanity. In my six months industrial training it is a wonderful experience to be a
part of CNT TECHNOLOGIES where I have opportunity to work under brilliant
minds. I owe my deep regards for the supporting and kind staff authorities who are
helping me in my lean patches during these six months. The knowledge I am
gaining throughout my studies have the practical implementation during this
period. I am grateful to all the staff of CNT and for their timely support and sharing
of their experience with me. I would like to express my heartiest concern for Miss.
Meenakshi
for her able guidance and for his inspiring attitude, praiseworthy
attitude and honest support. Not to forget the pain staking efforts of our college
training and placement cell and specially my training and placement officer
Mrs.Manvi Mam Last but not the least I would express my utmost regards for the
electrical department of our Institute.
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COMPUTER SOFTWARE AND NETWORKING TECHNOLOGIES

CNT is one of the most acknowledged names in Software development and
Network Training. Apart from providing Software Solutions to the various
companies, CNT is also involved in imparting High-end project based
training to students of MCA and B.Tech etc. The training professionals are
basically Software Developers having Industry experience and exposure to live projects
on various technologies like Java (With Advanced Java), VB.NET, ASP.NET, C Sharp,
MCSE, CCNA, CCNP, LINUX and Oracle etc . CNT has trained thousands of the
Engineering/MCA students of various institutes by providing Industrial

training. Special emphasis is laid on exposure to Real Time Projects.
The Trainees are equipped with thorough knowledge of various
modules from basic to advance in the software involved in their projects. With a
right blend of interactive coaching, laboratory tutoring and a case study based
approach; the skills of the trainees are sharpened to their best.
CNT has an excellent infrastructure with Air conditioned labs, and
classrooms and fully equipped library. The lab facility extended to the trainees is
unparalleled with every trainee having an independent system access for the
entire training period.
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In short, Computer Software and Network Technologies is guided by a dynamic

management team that believes in integrity, quality, continuous learning and
personal dedication
OBJECTIVES
a) To provide world-class technology and Indian expertise globally in all fields of
networking and information technology.
b) To sustain, expand and excel in its operations in software technologies.
c) To acquire latest technology on a continuing basis.
FUTURE
CNT core competence in the Networking and Software Project has enabled it to
earn respect of clients all over the world.
CNT is now using state-of-the-art technology in the areas
of Information Technology Access Networks. All in order to continue providing
better solutions through better understanding.
TRAINING
The business of CNT is characterized by Hi-tech mainly in the field of Network and
IT, and technology in this area is advancing very fast and with the view to keep
update with the latest technology. CNT undertakes training activities either through
its own resources or through external agencies.
CNT has also organized a number of training programmes
catering to specific requirements.
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IT SERVICES
Turnkey Solution to meet end-to-end customer requirements
Networking Solutions with total System Integration and Implementations
Project Consultancy services from concept to commissioning
IT Training
MISSION
To provide world class professional training and solutions in advance networking,
Embedded systems design and career services for IT professionals as
well as electronic system designers.
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PCB DESIGNING
PCB stands for PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD. Printed circuit board (PCB)
provides both the physical structure for mounting and holding the components as
well as the electrical interconnection between the components. That means a PCB
= PWB (printed wiring board) is the platform upon which electronic components
such as integrated circuit chips and other components are mounted. A PCB
consists of a non-conducting substrate (typically fiber glass with epoxy as resin)
upon which the conductive pattern or circuitry is formed. Copper is the most
prevalent conductor although nickel, silver and tin are also used in some cases.
Types of PCB
PCB may be of different types:1) Single-sided
2) Double-sided
3) Multilayer
Single sided PCBs: - As the name suggest in these designs the conductive pattern
is only at in one side. And also the size is large in these case but these are cheap.
Double sided PCBs: - These are the PCBs on which the conductive pattern is in on
both sides. The size of board is small in this case but it is costlier than that of
above.
Multilayer PCBs: - In this case the board consists of alternating layers of
conducting pattern and insulating material. The conductive material is connected
across the layers through plated through holes. The size of this PCB is smaller
than that of double sided PCB but it is very costly.
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PCBs may also be either rigid, flexible, or the combination of two (rigid-flex). When
the electronic components have been mounted on the PCB, the combination of
PCB and components is an electronic assembly, also called PRINTED CIRCUIT
ASSEMBLY. This assembly is the basic building block for all the electronic
appliances such as television, computer and other goods.
FUNCTIONS OF PCB
Printed circuited boards are dielectric substrates with metallic circuitry formed on
that. They are some times referred to as the base line in electronic packaging.
Electronic packaging is fundamentally an inter connection technology and the PCB
is the baseline building block of this technology.
TECHNIQUES USED FOR PCB DESIGNING
There mainly two techniques which are use for the PCB designs.
1. Hand Taping
2. Computer Aided Design
1) PCBs using Hand Taping:
o PCB design using hand taping is the process of technical
drawing.
o In hand taping method layout should be prepared on grid paper.
o In hand taping, components pads can be prepared by using
black pads.
o Routing of the board can be done by tapes with different widths.
Each layer (top, bottom) has to prepare separately.
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DISADVANTAGS OF HAND-TAPING FOR PCB DESINING:
o Each layer has to be designed separately.

o We cannot generate NCD files for CNC drilling.
o Difficult to modify the design in the designing process or after
designing.
o Difficult to get good design overview.
2) PCB DESIGNING USING CAD
All the above difficulties can be removed by using CAB system.
CAD system for PCB designing requires following:
o A computer system.
o PCB design software like OrCad, CADSTAR, Protel, TANGO, Mentor
etc.
o A photo plotter for art work generation.
There are many enhanced features in electronics design automation tools
which not possible in the hand taping. The main advantages are given below:
o Auto placement
o Auto routing
o After routing, optimization of tracks can be done.
o Provides physical design reuse modules
o Electrical rule check (ERC)
o All the layers are generated from the same design by giving different
options.
o Bill of material can be generated which contains number of different
components used.
o We can draw conductors as an arc, semi-circular at different angles.
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o Design Rule Check

o Advanced CAD systems have high speed analysis.
BASIC DESIGN STEPS IN CAD- SYSTEM
The following design steps are very common while designing a PCD in CAD:
Entry the schematic diagram.
Net list file creation.
Placement of components manually or automatically.
Routing of the board using manual routing tools or auto router
Design rule check physical and electrical.
Artwork generation.
A TRADITIONAL DESIGN FLOW IN CAD- SYSTEM
Capture
Gerber
tools
Libraries
Layout
Footprint
libraries
Gerber and
plotter
drawing
Gerber
and drill
files
Overview of a PCB Design Software

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There many soft wares which are used for PCB designs. Some of them are given
below: OrCad
CADSTAR
Protel
TANGO
Mentor
The most commonly software which are used for PCB design in India are Protel
and OrCad
OrCad Design Environment
OrCad has a long history of providing individuals and teams with a complete set of
technologies that offer unprecedented productivity, seamless tool integration, and
exceptional value. New 10.5 release continues that tradition.
Today's lower cost and yet highly sophisticated electronic design automation
systems have created a unique challenge to nearly every engineering department.
Therefore the use of EDA tools has become increasingly important as product
lifecycles have become shorter and shorter. Modern electronic design automation
(EDA) tools are beginning to support a more efficient and integrated approach to
electronic.OrCad Capture design entry is the most widely used schematic entry
system in electronic design today for one simple reason: fast and universal design
entry. Whether you're designing a new analog circuit, revising schematic diagram
for an existing PCB, or designing a digital block diagram with an HDL module,
OrCad Capture provides simple schematic commands you need to enter, modify
and verify the design for PCB. OrCad Layout offers PCB designers and PCB
design teams the power and flexibility to create and share PCB data and
constraints across the design flow. OrCad Layout delivers all the capabilities to
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designers need from netlist to place and route, to final output. The ease-of use and
intuitive capabilities of OrCad Layout provides for quick startup and rapid learning
right out of the box.
PCB DESIGN STEPS IN OrCad 10.5
Entry of Schematic Diagram
Schematic diagram provides the functional flow and the graphical representation of
an electronic circuit. The entry of schematic diagram is the first step in PCB design
using OrCad.
A schematic diagram consists of: Electrical connections(nets)
Junctions
Integrated circuits symbols
Discrete components symbols like resistors, capacitors etc.
Input / output connectors
Power and ground symbols
Buses
No connection symbols
Components reference names
Text
The Schematic Page Editor:
The schematic page editor is used to display and edit schematic pages. So that
one can parts; wires; buses and draw graphics. The schematic page editor has a
tool palette that you can use to draw and place everything you need to create a
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schematic page. One can print from within the schematic page editor, or from the
project window.
The Part editor:

The part editor is used to create and edit parts.
From the view menu of the part editor you can choose either part or package. In
part view one can: Create and edit parts and symbols, then store in new or existing libraries.
Create and edit power and ground symbols, off-page connector symbols,
and title block
Use the tool palettes electrical tools to place pins on parts, and its drawing
tools to draw parts and symbols.
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The Session Log:

The session log lists the events that have occurred during the current
Capture session, includes message resulting from using captures tools. To display
context-sensitive help for an error message, put the cursor in the error message
line in the session log press F1.
The ruler along the top appears in either inches or mill meters, depending on
which measurement system is selected in the window panel. Your tab setting are
saved and used each time you start capture.
One can search for information in the session log using the find command on the
Edit menu. You can also save the contents of the of the session log to a file, which
is useful when working with Orcads technical support to solve technical problems.
The default filename is SESSION.TXT.
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The Toolbar:
Captures toolbar is dock able (that means you can select and drag the toolbar to
new location) as well as resizable, and displays tool tips for each tool; by choosing
a tool button you can quickly perform a task. If tool button is dimmed, you cant
perform that task in the current situation.
Some of the tools operate only on what you have selected, while others give you a
choice of either operating on what is selected or expanding the scope to entire
project.
You can hide the toolbar, then display it again when u need it. For hiding select
from the schematic page editors view menu, choose TOOLBAR.
The Tool Palette:
Capture has two tool palettes: one for the schematic page editor and one for the
part editor. Both tool palettes are dock able and resizable. They can also display
tool tips that identify each tool. The drawing tools on the two tool palettes are
identical, however, each tool palette has different electrical tools after you choose
a tool, and you press the right mouse button to display a context- sensitive pop-up
menu.
The schematic page editor tool palette:
The first group of tools on the tool palette is electrical tools, used to place electrical
connectivity objects. The second group of tools is
Drawing tools, used to create graphical objects without electrical connectivity.
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The part editor tool palette:

The first group of tools on the part palette is electrical tools, used to place pins and
symbols. They have been already explained above within the schematic page
editor tools. The second group of tools is drawing tools, used to create graphical
objects without objects any electrical connectivity and is described:
Pin Tools: Place pins on part
Pin Array: Place multiple pins on part
Selecting and deselecting of objects
Once one selects an object, one can perform operations on it, include moving,
copying, cutting, mirroring, rotating, resizing, or editing. One can also select
multiple, objects and edit them, or group them in to a single object. Grouping
objects maintain relation ship among them while one moves them to another
location.
Creating Net list File
Net-list file is a document file which contains information about the logical
interconnections between signals and pins. Before one create a net list file, be
sure ones project is completed, annotated and it is free from electrical rule
violations.
A net list file consists of nets, components, connectors, junctions, no connection
symbol, power and ground symbols.
Creation of net list in capture:
Select your design in the project manager.
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From the tools, choose create net list. The net list dialog box displays.
Choose a net list format tab.
If necessary, set the part value and PCB foot print combined property strings
to reflect the information you want in the net list.
Click ok to create the net list.
In the net list file text box, enter a name for the output file. If the selected
format creates an additional file, enter its file name in the second text box.
PLACEMENT OF LAYOUT PLUS

What is Layout Plus?
Layout plus is one part for the PCB design in which we place as well as route the
components an set unit of measurement, grids, and spacing in OrCad. Within
other soft wares you also have to place and route the components in similar way.
For the placement and routing of the components we normally use auto-placement
and auto-routing. Unfortunately, in a lot of soft wares some critical signals have to
be routed manually before auto-routing. In layout plus we also define the layer
stacks, pad stacks and via's.
Steps for board design:
At first, we have created a net list from our schematic diagram by using
capture.
Layout plus includes design rules in order to guide logical placement and
routing. That means, load the net list into layout to create the board. At the
same time you have to specify the board parameters.
Specify board parameters: Specifying global setting for the board, including
nits of measurements, grid, and spacing
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Place components: Use the components tool in order to place manually the
components which are fixed by the system designer on the board or
otherwise use auto-placement.
Route the board: Use different routing technologies to route the board and
take advantage of push and shove (a routing technology), which moves track
you are currently routing as well as you can also auto route the board.
Provide finishing of the board: Layout supplies an ordered progression of
commands on the auto menu for finishing your design. These commands
include design rule check, cleanup design, rename components, back
annotate, run post processor, and create reports.
The design window:
The design window provides a graphical display of printed circuit board, it is
primary window you use when designing your board. It also provides tools to
facilitate the design process such as to update components and design rule
violation.
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Main window
Method to create a board with Layout Plus:
Ensure that net list with all footprints and necessary information has been
created.
Create a directory in which the schematic design, net list, and boar will coexit and put the schematic design and net list. OrCad provides a directory for
this purpose.
From the layout session frames file menu, choose New. The load template
file in the dialog box displayed.
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Select the technology template (.TCH), then choose the open button and
load the net list in other box.
Then apply the auto ECO.
If necessary, respond to link footprints to component dialog.
Draw the board outline by using the obstacle tool in the tool bar.
Setting board parameters:
There is some parameter which should be set before placing the components on
board. They are as follows:CNT TECHNOLOGIES
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Set Datum
Create a board outline
Set units of measurements
Set system grid
Add mount holes
Creating of board outline:
Board outline is the graphical representation of the size of the actual PCB board.
So it is the main step in layout, to draw the board outline of the actual size of PCB
board.
Placement of components:
Placement of components means that to place the components in designed box. A
designer should follow the following steps before going for it: Optimize the board for component placement.
Load the placement strategy file.
Place components on the board.
Optimize placement using various placements
Components can be placed by using two techniques:1) Manual placement of components
2) Auto placement of components
Choose the components tool bar button. From the pop up men, choose the queue
for placement. The components selection criteria dialog box appears. Enter the
reference designator of the components that you want to place in the appropriate
text box, and click ok. Drag the components to desired location, place it there.
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Conductor Routing in Layout:After placing all the components the other main step is to route the board from the
electrical connections between the components. One may route board manually or
automatically by auto router.
100% auto routing can be achieved only when components are placed in the order
of functional flow of electronic circuit. The main routing tool available in OrCad is
as flow: Add/edit route mode
Edit segment mode
Shove track mode
Auto path route mode
Design Rule Check:In manual designs every thing was checked as a possible source of error.
Components sizes, hole sizes, conductor widths and clearance, land-to-hole-ratio,
board areas to be free of components, clearance to the edges, positional accuracy
and of course electrical interconnections had tad to be personally reviewed with a
great deal of care. After completing the design of printed circuit board with the help
of an EDA-Tool, a designer has again to verify the PCB in order to find out errors.
Such type of verifications/design rule check contains beside the general
verifications commonly two types: Physical verification
Electrical verification
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Post processing:Post processing can be done once the design is completed in all aspects. The
common way is still a process to generate GERBER data and NCD files which can
be used for photo plotting and for steps of CNC manufacturing and PCB- drilling.
POWER SYSTEM DESIGN
First part of electronics ckts. is power. The main power supply is in AC but mostly
electronic ckts. work with DC. So a system is required to convert ac to dc and
these sources should able to produce stable supplies.
Power supplies may be used in. may be of different types such as regulated,
unregulated, smps etc.
Unregulated power supplies
These are the power supplies in which the out put is not constant. That it is
varies with input voltage, load, and also effected by the environment conditions
such as temperature, etc. so these are the variable supplies. Commonly these
supplies are not employed as there efficiency is very less. The unregulated
power can be obtained using rectifying circuit after AC supply.
Regulated power supplies
These are the power supplies in which the output voltage is constant, i.e. the
out put voltage is independent of the input voltage, load and other external
conditions. So to obtain the regulated voltage using different regulators. The
regulator voltage is mainly the DC voltage, it may AC to or DC to DC voltage. A
better approach to power supply design is to use enough capacitance to reduce
ripple to low level, then use an active feedback circuit to eliminate the remaining
ripple and dependence of output voltage on input, load and environment
conditions. These active devices are known as Regulators. These regulators
can be used to produce negative and positive voltage of required value.
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The voltage regulators are of three types:1) Constant positive voltage regulators
2) Constant negative voltage regulators
3) Variable voltage regulators
Constant positive voltage regulators:- These are the regulators which are able
to produce positive and constant voltage. Some of them are given below:S. no.
Name of regulator
Output voltage
1
LM 7805
5v
2
LM 7810
10v
3
LM 7812
12v
4
LM 7815
15v
These regulators are used according to the required voltage need.
Constant negative voltage regulators:- These are also the constant output voltage
regulator but there output is negative in polarity. These regulators are also
employed according to voltage requirements. Some of them are given below with
there outputs:S. no
1
2
3
4
Name of regulator
LM7905
LM7910
LM7912
LM7915
Output voltage
-5v
-10v
-12v
-15v
Variable voltage regulators:- These are the regulator whose output voltage can be
varied according to the desired need. These regulators again of two types i.e.: Positive
Negative
The output of these regulators can be varied by varying the resistance of the
variable resistance which is connected to the adjustable pin the regulators. So
these are the most commonly used regulators in the electronic industry as wide
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range of stable voltage can be obtained from single chip by varying the resistance
connected to the adjustable pin of the regulators. The most commonly variable
regulators are: LM317 (it is positive regulator)
LM 337(it is negative regulator)
There description is given below:LM317 3-Terminal Adjustable Regulator:General Description:
The LM317 series of adjustable 3-terminal positive voltage regulators is capable of
supplying in excess of 1.5A over a 1.2V to 37V output range. They are
exceptionally easy to use and require only two external resistors to set the output
voltage. Further, both line and load regulation is better than standard fixed
regulators. Also, the LM117 is packaged in standard transistor packages which are
easily mounted and handled. In addition to higher performance than fixed
regulators, theLM317 series offers full overload protection available only in ICs.
Included on the chip are current limit, thermal overload protection and safe area
protection. All overload protection circuitry remains fully functional even if the
adjustment terminal is disconnected. Normally, no capacitors are needed unless
the device is situated more than 6 inches from the input filter capacitors in which
case an input bypass is needed. An optional output capacitor can be added to
improve transient response.
The adjustment terminal can be bypassed to achieve very high ripple rejection
ratios which are difficult to achieve with standard voltage, supplies of several
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hundred volts can be regulated as long as the maximum input to output differential
is not exceeded, i.e., avoid short-circuiting the output.
Also,
it
makes
an
especially
simple
adjustable
switching
regulator, a
programmable output regulator, or by connecting a fixed resistor between the

adjustment pin and output, theLM317 can be used as a precision current regulator.
Supplies with electronic shutdown can be achieved by clamping the adjustment
terminal to ground which programs the output to 1.2V where most loads draw little
current.
Typical application:
L M 3 1 7 /C Y L
U 1
3
VOU T
2
VOUT
AD J
VIN
V IN
R 1
220E
C 2
.1 u F
C 1
.1 u F
R 2
5k
Features:
1. Guaranteed 1% output voltage tolerance (LM317A)
2. Guaranteed max. 0.01%/V line regulation (LM317A)
3. Guaranteed max. 0.3% load regulation (LM317)
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4. Guaranteed 1.5A output current

5. Adjustable output down to 1.2V
6. Current limit constant with temperature
7. P+ Product Enhancement tested
8. 80 dB ripple rejection
9. Output is short-circuit protected
Packages of LM317
Application Hints:
In operation, the LM317 develops a
nominal 1.25V reference voltage, VREF,
between the output and adjustment
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terminal. The reference voltage is impressed across program resistor R1 and,

since the voltage is constant, constant current I1 then flows through the output set
resistor R2, giving an output voltage of
Since the 100A current from the adjustment terminal represents an error
term, the LM317 was designed to minimize IADJ and make it very constant
with line and load changes. To do this, all quiescent operating current is
returned to the output establishing a minimum load current requirement. If
there is insufficient load on the output, the output will rise.
PROTECTION DIODES:
When external capacitors are used with any IC regulator it is sometimes necessary
to add protection diodes to prevent the capacitors from discharging through low
current points into the regulator. Most 10F capacitors have low enough internal
series resistance to deliver 20A spikes when shorted. Although the surge is short,
there is enough energy to damage parts of the IC. When an output capacitor is
connected to a regulator and the input is shorted, the output capacitor will
discharge into the output of the regulator. The discharge current depends on the
value of the capacitor, the output voltage of the regulator, and the rate of decrease
of VIN. In the LM317, this discharge path is through a large junction that is able to
sustain 15A surge with no problem. This is not true of other types of positive
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regulators. For output capacitors of 25F or less, there is no need to use diodes.
The bypass capacitor on the adjustment terminal can discharge through a low
current junction. Discharge occurs when either the input or output is shorted.
Internal to the LM317 is a 50r esistor which limits the peak discharge current. No
protection is needed for output voltages of 25V or less and 10F capacitance.
Figure 3 shows an LM317 with protection diodes included for use with outputs
greater than 25V and high values of output capacitance.
LM337
3-Terminal Adjustable Regulator:
General Description:
The LM337 is adjustable 3-terminal negative voltage regulators capable of
supplying in excess of 1.5A over an output voltage range of 1.2V to 37V.
These regulators are exceptionally easy to apply, requiring only 2 external
resistors to set the output voltage and 1 output capacitor for frequency
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compensation. The circuit design has been optimized for excellent regulation and
low thermal transients. Further, the LM337 series features internal current limiting,
thermal shutdown and safe-area compensation, making them virtually blowoutproof against overloads. The LM337 serves a wide variety of applications including
local on-card regulation, programmable-output voltage regulation or precision
current regulation. The LM337 are ideal complements to the LM317 adjustable
positive regulators.
Pin diagram
Features:
1) Output voltage adjustable from 1.2V to 37V
2) 1.5A output current guaranteed, 55C to +150C
3) Line regulation typically 0.01%/V
4) Load regulation typically 0.3%
5) Excellent thermal regulation, 0.002%/W
6) 77 dB ripple rejection
7) Excellent rejection of thermal transients
8) Temperature-independent current limit
9) Internal thermal overload protection
10) Standard 3-lead transistor package
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11) Output is short circuit protected.
These two Ic's i.e. LM337and LM317are mainly used in the regulated power
supplies because using these regulator a wide range of output can be obtain
which can be varied from 0v to 30v, which is much sufficient to drive any electronic
circuit.
Bench supply diagram
D2
1N 4007
2
1
L1
U5
L M 3 1 7 /T O 2 2 0
3
IN D U C T O R A U D IO _ 0
3
2
1
J7
ADJ
V IN V O U T
VS
4
5
6
CON3
1
CON3
R 14
POT
C 13
R 13
C 15
R 16
1K 1W
2
U6
C 16
CAP
C 14 C 17
104
CAP
R 15
10uF 25V T AN T
2200uF 50V
470uF 50V
R 12
470uF 50V
1
2
3
C 10
R 11
104
10uF 25V T AN T
C 12
J8
R9
C9
BR1
B R ID G E
R 10
POT
1K 1W
C 11
-V S
1N 4007
C8
D3
R8
2200uF 50V
1
2
3
R 17
VOUT
L2
V IN
AD J
1N 4007
D4
L M 3 3 7 /TO 2 2 0
1
6
5
4
1
2
3
-V S
IN D U C TO R A U D IO _ 0
D5
1N 4007
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Instrumentation
Automation
Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for
human work in the production of goods and services. In the scope of industrialization,
automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human operators
with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly
decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Automation plays an
increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience.
Consider the examples of automation:
1.
Automated video surveillance
2.
Automated highway systems
3.
Automated manufacturing
4.
Home automation
5.
Industrial automation
6.
Agent-assisted Automation
1.1 Advantages of Automation:

1.
Replacing human operators in tasks that involve hard physical or monotonous work.
2.
Replacing humans in tasks done in dangerous environments (i.e. fire, space, volcanoes,
nuclear facilities, underwater, etc.)
3.
Performing tasks that are beyond human capabilities of size, weight, speed, endurance,
etc.
4.
Economy improvement: Automation may improve in economy of enterprises, society or
most of humanity. For example, when an enterprise invests in automation, technology
recovers its investment; or when a state or country increases its income due to
automation like Germany or Japan in the 20th Century.
`1.2 Disadvantages of Automation:
1.
Unemployment rate increases due to machines replacing humans and putting those
humans out of their jobs.
2.
Technical Limitation: Current technology is unable to automate all the desired tasks.
3.
Security Threats/Vulnerability: An automated system may have limited level of
intelligence; hence it is most likely susceptible to commit error.
4.
Unpredictable development costs: The research and development cost of automating a
process may exceed the cost saved by the automation itself.
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5.
High initial cost: The automation of a new product or plant requires a huge initial
investment in comparison with the unit cost of the product, although the cost of
automation is spread in many product batches of things.
PROGRAMMING OF PLC
PLC programs are typically written in a special application on a personal computer, then
downloaded by a direct-connection cable or over a network to the PLC. The program is stored in
the PLC either in battery-backed-up RAM or some other non-volatile flash memory. Often, a
single PLC can be programmed to replace thousands of relays. Under the IEC 61131-3
standard, PLCs can be programmed using standards-based programming languages. A
graphical programming notation called Sequential Function Charts is available on certain
programmable controllers. Recently, the International standard IEC 61131-3 has become
popular. IEC 61131-3 currently defines five programming languages for programmable control
systems: FBD (Function block diagram), LD (Ladder diagram), ST (Structured text, similar to the
Pascal programming language), IL (Instruction list, similar to assembly language) and SFC
(Sequential function chart). These techniques emphasize logical organization of operations.
While the fundamental concepts of PLC programming are common to all manufacturers,
differences in I/O addressing, memory organization and instruction sets mean that PLC
programs are never perfectly interchangeable between different makers. Even within the same
product line of a single manufacturer, different models may not be directly compatible.
In Allen Bradley PLCs the logic used for the programming is ladder logic. Ladder logic is a
programming language that represents a program by a graphical diagram based on the circuit
diagrams of relay-based logic hardware. It is primarily used to develop software for
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) used in industrial control applications. The name is
based on the observation that programs in this language resemble ladders, with two vertical rails
and a series of horizontal rungs between them. An argument that aided the initial adoption of
ladder logic was that a wide variety of engineers and technicians would be able to understand
and use it without much additional training, because of the resemblance to familiar hardware
systems. This argument has become less relevant given that most ladder logic programmers
have a software background in more conventional programming languages, and in practice
implementations of ladder logic have characteristicssuch as sequential execution and support
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for control flow featuresthat make the analogy to hardware somewhat imprecise.Ladder logic
is widely used to program PLCs, where sequential control of a process or manufacturing
operation is required. Ladder logic is useful for simple but critical control systems, or for
reworking old hardwired relay circuits. As programmable logic controllers became more
sophisticated it has also been used in very complex automation systems.
Fig 7. Simple ladder logic

The language itself can be seen as a set of connections between logical checkers (contacts)
and actuators (coils). If a path can be traced between the left side of the rung and the output,
through asserted (true or "closed") contacts, the rung is true and the output coil storage bit is
asserted (1) or true. If no path can be traced, then the output is false (0) and the "coil" by
analogy to electromechanical relays is considered "de-energized". The analogy between logical
propositions and relay contact status is due to Claude Shannon.
Ladder logic has contacts that make or break circuits to control coils. Each coil or contact
corresponds to the status of a single bit in the programmable controller's memory. Unlike
electromechanical relays, a ladder program can refer any number of times to the status of a
single bit, equivalent to a relay with an indefinitely large number of contacts.
So-called "contacts" may refer to physical ("hard") inputs to the programmable controller from
physical devices such as pushbuttons and limit switches via an integrated or external input
module, or may represent the status of internal storage bits which may be generated elsewhere
in the program.
Each rung of ladder language typically has one coil at the far right. Some manufacturers may
allow more than one output coil on a rung.
--( )--
a regular coil, energized whenever its rung is closed
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--(\)--
a "not" coil, energized whenever its rung is open
--[ ]--
A regular contact, closed whenever its corresponding coil is energized
--[\]--
A "not" contact, open whenever its corresponding coil is energized
The "coil" (output of a rung) may represent a physical output which operates some device
connected to the programmable controller, or may represent an internal storage bit for use
elsewhere in the program.
Fig 2.8.PLC Trainer Kit

The above figure shows the view of PLC trainer kit. On this kit various operations are performed.
It has following components mounted:
1 .PLC MicroLogix1000
3. A Contactor Relay
5. Normally open Switch (4)
7. Output LEDs (4)
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2 .SMPS (220V AC-24V DC)

4. An Electromechanical Relay
6. Normally closed Switch (4)
8. RS 232 Comport for communication with PC
Page 43
The above fig shows the trainer board of Micrologix 1100 PLC. It has following components:
1. PLCmicrologix 1100
2. SMPS (220V ac to 24V dc)
3. Analog I/O card
4. A Contactor Relay
5. An Electromechanical Relay
6. Normally open Switch (4)
7. Normally closed Switch (4)
8. Output LEDs (4)
9.RS 232 Comport for communication with PC
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2.6.1 COMMUNICATION OF PLC WITH PC

To make communication of PLC with PC following steps are noted down:
Connect PC and PLC via RS232 comport or Ethernet.
Then click on RS Linx icon, a window will appear as shown in fig below
Fig2. 10.RS Linx classic window

In this window add drivers i.e. whether it is RS232 comport or Ethernet and configure the drivers
and closes the windowThen click on icon RS who on the RS Linx classic window, another
window will appear as shown in fig.
After opening the RS who window click on AB DF1-1 DH-485, the PLC is running is shown on
the window. Then close this window and double click on RS Logix 500 starter.When we double
click on RS Logix 500 starter a window will appear as shown in fig.
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Fig 2.11. RS Logix 500 window
2.6.2 PLC INSTRUCTIONS

There are various instructions which are useful for making ladder logic for PLC programming.
These are as follows:9.2.1 XIC (Examine if closed):
Use the XIC instruction in your ladder program to determine if a bit is ON. When the instruction
is executed, if the bit addressed is on (1), then the instruction is evaluated as true. When the
instruction is executed, if the bit addressed is off (0), then the instruction is evaluated as false.
XIC (Examine if closed):
I/P
0
1
O/P
0
1
Examples of devices that turn on or off include:
A push button wired to an input (addressed as I:0/4).
An output wired to a pilot light (addressed as O:0/2).
A timer controlling a light (addressed as T4:3/DN).
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2.6.2.2 XIO (Examine if open):
Use the XIO instruction in your ladder program to determine if a bit is OFF. When the instruction
is executed, if the bit addressed is off (0), then the instruction is evaluated as true. When the
instruction is executed, if the bit addressed is on (1), then the instruction is evaluated as false.
I/P
0
1
O/P
1
0
Examples of devices that turn on or off include:

Motor overload normally closed (N.C.) wired to an input (I:0/10).
An output wired to a pilot light (addressed as O:0/4).
A timer controlling a light (addressed as T4:3/DN).
2.6.2.3 Output Energize (OTE):

Use the OTE instruction in your ladder program to turn on a bit when rung conditions are
evaluated as true. An example of a device that turns on or off is an output wired to a pilot light
(addressed as O:0/4).
2.6.2.4Output Latch (OTL) and Output Unlatch (OTU):

OTL and OTU are retentive output instructions. OTL can only turn on a bit, while OTU can only
turn off a bit. These instructions are usually used in pairs, with both instructions addressing the
same bit. Your program can examine a bit controlled by OTL and OTU instructions as often as
necessary.
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Latch output and Unlatch output
2.7. TIMERS AND COUNTERS

2.7.1 TIMER
Timers are used to perform the timing operations. Time base is the minimum value of time in
second that can be taken by the timer. Preset value is the total number of the seconds for which
the timing operation has to be done Accumulator starts increasing the time in secondsupto the
preset value. Upto the preset value of the accumulator the enable bit of timer is high & the timer
runs. When accumulator reaches the preset value then the timer stops and the done bit of the
timer becomes high.
The timer has following bits and these bits are useful in the operation of timer:
EN- Enable- This bit will high when the input is given to the timer
TT - Timer timing bit - This bit will be high during the timing process. It remains high
till accumulator value becomes equal to preset value

DN Done This bit will be high when the timing process is ended. It set to high
when the accumulator value becomes equal to preset value.
In Micrologix 1000 and 1100 PLC there are three types of timers i.e.
TON Timer
T-OFF Timer
Retentive timer ON (RTO)
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2.7.1.1 TONTimer:Use the TON instruction to turn an output on or off after the timer has been
on for a preset time interval. The TON instruction begins to count time-base intervals when rung
conditions become true. As long as rung conditions remain true, the timer adjusts its
accumulated value (ACC) each evaluation until it reaches the preset value (PRE). The
accumulated value is reset when rung conditions go false, regardless of whether the timer has
timed out
Fig 2.12a.TON timer

2.7.1.2 T-OFF Timer: Use the TOF instruction to turn an output on or off after its rung has been
off for a preset time interval. The TOF instruction begins to count time base intervals when the
rung makes a true-to-false transition. As long as rung conditions remain false, the timer
increments its accumulated value (ACC) based on the time base for each scan until it reaches
the preset value (PRE). The accumulated value is reset when rung conditions go true regardless
of whether the timer has timed out.
Fig 2.12b.T-OFF timer

2.7.1.3 Retentive Timer (RTO):Use the RTO instruction to turn an output on or off after its timer
has been on for a preset time interval. The RTO instruction is a retentive instruction that begins
to count time base intervals when rung conditions become true.
The RTO instruction retains its accumulated value when any of the following occurs:
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Fig 2.12c.Retentive Timer (RTO)
2.7.2 Counters:
Counters are used to count the number of operations. Its function is same as the timer accepts
that the timer counts the number of seconds and the counter counts the number of operations or
pulses. At each operation the value of the accumulator increases and when the value of the
accumulator comes to the preset value of the counter then the counter stops.
Counter bits:
TT - Timer timing bit - This bit will be high during the counting process. It remains high till
accumulator value becomes equal to preset value
DN Done This bit will be high when the counting process is ended. It set to high when
the accumulator value becomes equal to preset value.
2.7.2.1 Counter UP (CTU):The CTU is an instruction that counts false-to-true rung transitions.
Rung transitions can be caused by events occurring in the program (from internal logic or by
external field devices) such as parts traveling past a detector or actuating a limit switch. When
rung conditions for a CTU instruction have made a false-to-true transition, the accumulated
value is incremented by one count, provided that the rung containing the CTU instruction is
evaluated between these transitions. The ability of the counter to detect false-to-true transitions
depends on the speed (frequency) of the incoming signal. The accumulated value is retained
when the rung conditions again become false. The accumulated count is retained until cleared
by a reset (RES) instruction that has the same address as the counter reset.
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Fig 2.12d.Counter UP (CTU)

2.7.2.1 Counter Down (CTD):The CTD is an instruction that counts false-to-true rung
transitions. Rung transitions can be caused by events occurring in the program such as parts
traveling past a detector or actuating a limit switch. When rung conditions for a CTD instruction
have made a false-to-true transition, the accumulated value is decremented by one count,
provided that the rung containing the CTD instruction is evaluated between these transitions.
The accumulated counts are retained when the rung conditions again become false. The
accumulated count is retained until cleared by a reset (RES) instruction that has the same
address as the counter reset.
Fig 2.12e.Counter Down (CTU)

2.7.2.3 EQU (equal to)
Fig 2.12f.Equal to
This input instruction is true when source A becomes equal to source B. The EQU instruction
compares two user specified values if values are equal, it allows rung continuity. The rung goes
true and output energies.
2.7.2.4 GEQ (greater than equal to)
This instruction compares two values and will be high when the counted value becomes equal to
or greater than the fixed value and will energize everything that is connected next to it.
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Fig 2.12g.Greater than Equal to
2.7.2.5 LEQ(less than equal to
Fig 2.12h.Less than Equal to

This instruction compares two values and will be high when the counted value becomes equal to
or less than the fixed value and will energize everything that is connected next to it.
2.7.2.6 GRT (greater than)
Fig 2. 12i.Greater Than

Use of the GRT instruction to test whether one value (source A) is greater than another (source
B). If the value at source A is greater than the value at source B, the instruction is logically true. If
the value at source A is less than or equal to the value at source B, the instruction is logically
false. Source A must be an address. Source B can either be a program constant or an address.
Negative integers are stored in twos complement form.
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2.7.2.7 LES (less than)
Use of the LES instruction is to test whether one value (source A) is less than another (source
B). If source A is less than the value at source B, the instruction is logically true. If the value at
source A is greater than or equal to the value at source B, the instruction is logically false.
Source A must be an address. Source B can either be a program constant or an address.
Negative integers are stored in twos complement form.
Fig 2.12j. Less than

2.7.2.8 LIM (Limit):
Fig 2.12k.Limit
Use the LIM instruction to test for values within or outside a specified range, depending on how
you set the limits.
2.7.2.9 RES (Reset):
Fig2. 12l.Reset
Use a RES instruction to reset a timer or counter. When the RES instruction is enabled, it resets
the Timer ON Delay (TON), Retentive Timer (RTO), Count UP (CTU), or Count Down (CTD)
instruction having the same address as the RES instruction. When resetting a counter, if the
RES instruction is enabled and the counter rung is enabled, the CU or CD bit is reset. If the
counter preset value is negative, the RES instruction sets the accumulated value to zero. This in
turn causes the done bit to be set by a countdown or count up instruction.
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2.8. PLC PROGRAMS

2.8.1 Program no. 1:
A bottle takes 7 sec to be completely filled, if the filling is interrupted then it should resume from
the same level. When the filling of one bottle is completed the motor should run for 2 sec for
changing the bottle.
Sol:
In this program we have used two inputs and two outputs of PLC i.e. I:0/0 & I:0/1 as inputs and
O:0/0 & O:0/1 as outputs. We have used a RTO as timer and compare instructions LEQ and
LIM. When input I:0/0 is ON the RTO will start and conveyor motor is started for 7 sec by using
LEQ instruction and after 7 sec conveyor motor is stopped and then the valve is operated for 2
sec using LIM instruction. Then after 2 sec the conveyor motor again starts automatically.
When RTO and conveyor motor runs by pressing start push button
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when the valve operates and conveyor motor stops
after filling bottle the valve stops and conveyor starts again
2.8.2 Program no. 2:
When a momentary start push button is pressed, a lamp goes ON. If again same start push
button is pressed first lamp goes off and it remains off for the next 20 seconds. If start push
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button is pressed again in between these 20 seconds, lamp should not go ON. It should go ON
again on pressing start push button only after completing 20 seconds.
Sol: In this program one input and one output of PLC is used. A Counter, Timer and a Greater
than instructions are used.
Program of controlling lamp by timer and counter
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When lamp glows by pressing push button
.When lamp goes off by pressing push button second time
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Lamp will not glow even if we press push button. The lamp will glow after 20 sec by
pressing push button.
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SCADA
The term SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. A SCADA system is a
common process automation system which is used to gather data from sensors and instruments
located at remote sites and to transmit and display this data at a central site for either control or
monitoring purposes. The collected data is usually viewed on one or more SCADA Host
computers
located
at
the
central
or
master
site.
A real world SCADA system can monitor and control hundreds to hundreds of thousands of I/O
points. A typical Water SCADA application would be to monitor water levels at various water
sources like reservoirs and tanks and when the water level exceeds a preset threshold, activate
the system of pumps to move water to tanks with low tank levels.
Common analog signals that SCADA systems monitor and control are levels, temperatures,
pressures, flow rate and motor speed. Typical digital signals to monitor and control are level
switches, pressure switches, generator status, relays & motors.
3.1 Features of SACDA:
Dynamic process Graphic

Alarm summery
Alarm history
Real time trend
Historical time trend
Security (Application Security)
Data base connectivity
Device connectivity
Scripts
Recipe management
3.2 Manufactures of SCADA:
Modicon (Telemecanique) Visual look

Allen Bradley : RS View
Siemens: win cc
Gefanc:
KPIT : ASTRA
Intelution : Aspic
Wonder ware : In touch
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3.3 Working with project:

A project consists of a folder on your hard disk that contains, at minimum, the following items:
1. project file (.rsv)
2. tag folder
3. comprf (communications profile) folder
4. cache folder
3.3.1 Steps for creating a project:
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3.3.2 Creating tag:
Tags and the tag database: In the tag database, you define the data you want
RSView32 to monitor. Each entry in the database is called a tag. A tag is a logical name
for a variable in a device or in local memory (RAM). For example, a tag can represent a
process variable in a programmable controller
3.3.3 Naming tag:

Tag names can be up to 255 characters long. If you create a folder, the folder name becomes
part of the tag name. The tag name can contain the following characters:
A to Z
0 to 9
underscore (_) and dash (-)
3.3.4 Tag database
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3.3.5 Creating graphic display:

A graphic display represents the operators view of plant activity. The display can show system
or process data and provide operators with a way to write values to an external device such as a
programmable controller. Operators can also print the display at runtime to create a visual
record of tag values.
The graphic display editor:
To open the Graphic Display editor:
In the Project Manager, open the Graphics folder.
Open the Graphic Display editor by doing one of the following:
doubleclick the Display icon
rightclick the Display icon and then click New
The editor main components:
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3.3.6 Setting up the display:
3.3.7 Animation:
About the Animation dialog box
The Animation dialog box is a floating dialog box, which means you can have it open all the time
and can move it around the screen, select other objects, and open other dialog boxes.
Dialog box:
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Animation on slider:
Horizontal position animation:
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Visibility animation:
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REFERENCE
1. Manual of allenbradley Rslogix500 .
2. Instruction manual of RS view 32
3. <http://www.wikipedia .com>
4. <http://www.kirloskarpumps.com>
5. <http://www.engineersgarage.com>
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books Recommended
William Bottom for PLC
Keller, William L Jr.Graft
Websites
www.plcs.net
www.rockwellautomation.com
MikroElektronika
Software
RSLogix 500
RS view 32
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THANKS YOU
CNT TECHNOLOGIES
Page 68

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TWO MONTH SOFTWARE

ORCAD AND PLC

PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

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COURSE NAME: B-TECH

TWO MONTH SOFTWARE TRAINING IN

PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

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Aryans College of Engineering and Technology

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Letter head of Aryans College of Engineering

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I express my sincere gratitude to Aryans Group of Colleges for giving

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TWO MONTHS SOFTWARE TRAINING

Submitted for partial fulfillment of award of

BACHELOR OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

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3) OrCad design environment

PCB design steps in OrCad

Placement of Layout Plus

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6. Programmable logic controller

7.Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

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COMPUTER SOFTWARE AND NETWORKING TECHNOLOGIES

Engineering/MCA students of various institutes by providing Industrial

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In short, Computer Software and Network Technologies is guided by a dynamic

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DISADVANTAGS OF HAND-TAPING FOR PCB DESINING:

o Each layer has to be designed separately.

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o Design Rule Check

Overview of a PCB Design Software

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The Part editor:

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The Session Log:

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The part editor tool palette:

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PLACEMENT OF LAYOUT PLUS

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Auto path route mode

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