Autovalores e Autovetores
Ax= x
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Autovalores e Autovetores
Interpretao Geomtrica
x2
x
x1
Ax = x
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Autovalores e Autovetores
Ax= x ( I A ) x=0
p ( )=det ( I A)
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Polinmio caracterstico
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Exemplo
a11 a 12 a 13
A= a 21 a 22 a 23
a31 a 32 a 33
a 11
( I A )= a 21
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a 12
a 22
a 31
a 32
a13
a 23
a33
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Exemplo
Utilizando o Matlab Trecho de EstadosD_1.m
syms a11 a12 a13 a21 a22 a23 a31 a32 a33
lda = sym('lda');
A = [a11 a12 a13;
a21 a22 a23;
a31 a32 a33]
p = det(lda*eye(3) - A);
pdlda = collect(pdlda))
pdlda =
lda^3+(-a11-a33-a22)*lda^2+
(-a31*a13+a11*a33+a22*a33-a21*a12+a11*a22-a23*a32)*ldaa31*a12*a23+a11*a23*a32+a31*a13*a22+a21*a12*a33-a11*a22*a33-21*a13*a32
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Autovalores e Autovetores
p ( )= n + n1 n1++ 1 + 0
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Exemplo
A=
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0 1
1 0
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Exemplo
Determinando os Autovalores
A=
0 1
1 0
p ( )=det ( I A)
p ( )=det
([
1
1
])
p ( )= +1
2
p ( )= +1=0
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1= j
2= j
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Exemplo
Determinando os Autovetores
1
j
( 1 I A)= 1
1
x =
x11
x
1
2
][ ] [ ]
1
x1
x
1
2
][ ]
=
j
0
j 1
, ( 2 I A )=
0
1 j
][ ] [ ]
2
x1
x
2
2
0
0
[ ][ ]
,x =
x12
x 22
, 0
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1 x 1+ 2 x 2++ n x n=0
1= 2== n=0
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nica soluo
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{ x 1, x 2, , x n }
Conjunto de autovetores
Um vetor x qualquer
T =[ x
x x
=[ 1 2 n ]
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x = 1 x + 2 x ++ n x =T
Possui inversa!
T
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0
=
2 0
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Forma diagonal de A
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1 0 0
2 0
1
2
n 0
=[ x x x ]
=
T
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det ( I A )=det ( I T 1 AT )
1
1
=det ( T T T AT )
=det [T 1 ( I A ) T ]
=det ( I A )
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1
1
det (T )
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p ( )=( 1 )
( 2)
m2
mr
+( r )
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1 i mi ,i =1, 2,, r
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[ ]
5 1
A=
0 5
( 1 I A) x=
0 1
0 0
( 5 ) =0
1=5
m1=2
][ ] [ ]
x1
0
=
0
x2
x=
[]
, 0
1 =1<m1 =2
A no possui forma diagonal.
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1 0 1
A= 0 1 0
0 0 2
[ ][ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ][ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
1 0 1
1 0
0 0 0
( 1 I A) x= 0
( 2 I A ) x=
1
x=0
, 0, 1=1
x1
0
x2 = 0
0
x3
0
x 2= 0 , x 3= , 0, 2 =2
0
0
0 0 1 x1
0
0 0 0 x2 = 0
0 0 1 x 3
0
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2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
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T 1 AT =
J =
J1
0
0
J2
0
0
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1 0
0 1
J i=
0 0 0
0 0 0
0
0
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1 0 1
A= 0 1 0
0 0 2
1 =2, 2=1
m1=1, m2 =2
1=1, 2=2
[ ]
2 0 0
J =
= 0 1 0
0 0 1
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0
0
0
J = 0
0
0
0
0
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0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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Ak =T kJ T 1
1 2 2 1 3 3
1
A t + A t ++ Ak t k +
2!
3!
k!
1
1
=TT 1+T J T 1 t + T 2J T 1 t 2++ T kJ T 1 t k +
2!
k!
1 2 2
1 k k
1
=T I +
J t+ J t ++ J t + T
2!
k!
t 1
=T e T
e At = I + At +
e
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[ ]
1 0
Ji= 0 1
0 0
J it
e =
0
0
te
e t
0
1 2 t
t e
2
t e t
e t
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0
J = 0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
] [
e t =
J
1 t
0
0
0
0
te
1 t
e t
0
0
0
1
1 2 t
t e
0
0
2
t
te
0
0
t
e
0
0
0
e t t e t
t
0
0
e
1
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