PUBLIC DATA
NETWORK
DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
EP601 DATA
COMMUNICATION
TOPIC 6 : PART 2
At the end of this learning session, student
must be able to;
Define SONET
Describe Synchronous Transport Signals (STS)
Explain SONET System
Explain NGN, Internet Protocol (IP), IPv4 and IPv6
Identify NGN characteristics
State type of NGN services
Introduction
Introduction cont
of
Time
called
division
SONET Overview
The SONET specification defines:
standard optical signals, which permits
the interoperation of equipment from
different manufacturers
a synchronous frame
multiplexing digital traffic
procedures
for
maintenance (OAM)
5
structure
operations
for
and
synchronous multiplexing
global timing structure at physical layer
6
Signal Hierarchy
SONET : STS Synchronous Transport Signals
SONET/SDH rates
Frame1
Frame2
Frame8000
Example
Find the data rate of an STS-3 signal.
Solution
STS-3, like other STS signals, sends 8000 frames per
second. Each STS-3 frame is made of 9 by (3 90) bytes.
Each byte is made of 8 bits. The data rate is.
Note :
In SONET, the data rate of an STS-n signal is n times the data
rate of an STS-1 signal.
14
Example
What is the duration of an STS-1 frame? STS-3 frame?
STS-n frame?
Solution
In SONET, 8000 frames are sent per second. This
means that the duration of an STS-1, STS-3, or STS-n
frame is the same and equal to 1/8000 s, or 125 s.
17.
15
15
16
SONET Devices
STS multiplexers/demultiplexers
- path terminating equipment : mark the
beginning points and endpoints of a
SONET link.
- multiplex signals from multiple electrical
sources and creates the corresponding optical
signal and demultiplex an optical signal into
corresponding electric signals.
- map user payload into standard frame
- Header
goes
end-to-end
as
part
of
Synchronous
Payload Envelope - SPE
17
SONET Devices
cont
SONET Devices
cont
Regenerator
SONET
Section
21
SONET layers
Photonic layers
representing 0
Power level
Wavelength
Pulse shape
22
SONET layers
cont
Section layer
is responsible for the movement of a
signal across a physical section.
Frames : identifies beginning of frame
Scrambling : introducing 1s to derive
clock
error monitoring : at section level
SONET layers
cont
Line layer
is responsible for the movement of a signal
across a physical line.
24
SONET layers
cont
Path layer
is responsible for the movement of a signal from its
source to its destination.
26
Able
to
provide
services
including
Telecommunications Services and able to make use of
multiple broadband, QoS-enabled transport
technologies
and
in
which
service-related
functions are independent from underlying transportrelated technologies.
1980
1990
2000
quasi-public
IP Internet (IP)
NGNs
Telephone
Services
Data
Services
(WWW,
e-mail, etc)
Video
Services
Network
Telephone
Services
Network
Data
Services
Network
Policy Area 1
30
Policy Area 2
Policy Area 3
Services
Point to point, Point to multipoint, Multipoint to
multipoint
Transport
Point to point, Point to multipoint, Multipoint to
multipoint
In an NGN, two separate policy frameworks are required:
31
Services
(Any/All Applications
e.g. voice , data , video)
Transport
Everything
(Any & All Network technologies)
Note :
32
Scope
Of
Internet
Transition to NGN
Today
Tomorrow
IP will become the
networking protocol
of choice.
Internet
Telephone
network
Mobile radio
network
IP-Network
232
IP Address Shortage
Proliferation of Internet devices:
405M mobile phones sold in 2000
1B+ by 2005
New emerging populations:
35
Address Formats
IPv6
IPv4
32-bit
Ex: 192.156.136.22
128 bits
Ex:
1080:0:0:0:8:800:200C:417A
IPv6 Header
32 bits
IHL
Type of
Service
Identification
Time to
Live
Total Length
Version
Flag
s
Traffic
Class
Fragment
Offset
Payload Length
Protocol
Flow Label
Header Checksum
Next Header
Hop
Limit
Source Address
Source Address
Destination Address
Options
Padding
Legend
40 octets
20 octets
Version
128 bits
Destination Address
Major Improvements of
IPv6 Header
No option field: Replaced by extension header. Result in a
fixed length, 40-byte IP header.
No header checksum: Result in fast processing.
No fragmentation at intermediate nodes: Result in fast IP
forwarding.
38
Advantages to IPv6
Larger address space
39
Unfettered access
40
NGN Services
Several services that will be important drivers in
the NGN environment are:
1-Voice Telephony: e.g.Call
Forwarding, 3-Way Calling
Waiting,
Call
NGN Services
cont
42
NGN Services
cont
43
NGN Services
cont
44
REFERENCES:
Main:
Forouzan,
B.A.
(2012).
Data
Communications
and
Networking
(5th
edision). Mc Graw Hill. (ISBN: 978-0-07131586-9)
Additional:
William
Stallings.
(2011).
Data
And
Computer Communication (9th edition).
Prentice Hall. (ISBN-10: 0131392050)