Introduction

Design and Analysis of Smart Antenna
1. Introduction
1.1 Background
In last part of thesis-I, I have done network planning of GSM in Noida sector-125
i.e. near Amity University Noida campus and New Ashok Nagar in Delhi. At that time,
we feel strong thing that while planning the network i.e. main role play of Antenna in
it. So, we are moved towards the field of antenna designing and making antenna smart.
The modern tremendous significance in the fast growing field of smart antennas is
mentioned below. Although some of the principles of smart antennas have been around
for over forty years, new wireless applications demanding smart antenna technology are
growing exponentially. In addition, the latest algorithms that control smart antennas have
matured to the point of being extremely effective in dynamic and dispersive multipath
environments. Thus, smart antennas are now becoming a critical adjunct for increasing
the performance of a myriad of wireless applications. This new technology has a major
role in all forms of wireless systems ranging fro m mobile cellular to personal
communications services (PCS) to radar. This text will not address specific applications
as much as it will introduce the reader to the basic principles which underlie smart
antennas. A strong foundation is necessary in order to understand the full applicability
and benefit of this rapidly growing technology. The term smart antenna generally refers
to any antenna array, terminated in a complicated signal processor, which can adjust or
adapt its own beam pattern in order to emphasize signals of interest and to minimize
interfering signals. Smart antennas generally encompass both switched beam and
beamformed adaptive systems. Switched beam systems have several available fixed beam
patterns.
Here, both the systems are studied and surveyed on the basis of theological and
practical, that will make better system in Smart Antenna Concept. Also, make sure to
have Smart design in the field of Antenna Designing and Developing.

1.2 Research Objectives
The study aims to explore the possibility of using phased array and antenna arrays in
combination of large antenna designing process and make a smart antenna finally. The
objectives are summed up as follows:
To estimate the array types and pattern to make sure that antenna becomes
smart.
To make the multiple parameters for the design of smart antenna.
To calculate the accuracy/latency of smart antenna using DOA and
Beamforming approach.
The rapid growth in telecommunications alone is sufficient to justify the
incorporation of smart antennas to enable higher system capacities and data rates. It is
projected that the United States will spend over $137 billion on telecommunications in
the year 2006. Global expenditures on telecommunications are rapidly approaching $3
trillion. The total revenue of the Indian telecom sector grew by 7% to INR2832 billion
(US$46 billion) for 201011 financial year, while revenues from telecom equipment
segment stood at INR1170 billion (US$19 billion). [23]
1.3 Research Questions
To what extent is the antenna waveform resultant metrics is capable of predicting

strength and stability in SMART Antenna System Design?
Which Antennas waveform and Simulation environment resultant parameters are

relevant for antenna assessment?
How good is the Design i.e. SMART approach for predicting strength and
stability by integrating the waveform and high resolution data resultant
parameters?

1.4 Research Work Schedule
a) First to Fourth Week: Study and Literature Survey of Smart Antenna"
b) Fifth to Eighth Week: Problems and Solutions (Discussion)
c) Ninth to Twelfth Week: Software Study of MATLAB (Simulation) and HFSS or
Antenna Magus 4.5.1[Evaluation Version] (Antenna Design)
d) Thirteenth to Fifteenth Week: Implementation and Design of Smart Antenna with
the help of MATLAB and HFSS and also Analyze the whole system.
e) All the work will be done along with report compilation and papers publications.

2. Literature Survey of Smart Antenna in Wireless Communication
In vision of massive growth in the number of cellular subscribers, service
providers are becoming more and more concerned with the restricted capacities of their
existing networks. This concern has lead to the deployment of smart antenna systems all
over major metropolitan cellular cities. These smart antenna systems have usually
deployed in multi-beam technologies, through broad analysis, simulation, and
experimentation, to provide important performance enhancement in FDMA, TDMA and
CDMA networks [3-7]. Multi-beam architectures for FDMA and TDMA systems provide
the straight- forward capability of the smart antenna to be implemented as a non-invasive
add-on to an existing cell site, without main special interfaces [22]. This paper mostly
concentrates on use of smart antennas in cellular mobile communications that
enhances the capabilities of the mobile and cellular system such as faster bit- rate, multiuser interference, space division multiplexing (SDMA), adaptive SDMA [21], enhance in
range, multipath mitigation, reduction of errors due to multipath fading, most excellent
suitability of multi- carrier modulations such as OFDMA.
2.1. Smart Antenna (SA)
2.1.1. Smart Means
The model of using manifold antennas and original signal processing to supply
cells additional smartly has been available for more than a few years. In detail, unstable
degree of comparatively expensive smart antenna systems has previously been practical
in defense systems. In anticipation of modern years, expenditure barrier have prohibited
their utilization in business systems. The preamble of great inexpensive digital signal
processors (DSPs), general-purpose processors (and ASICs), as long as modern softwarebased signal-processing techniques (algorithms) have completed smart antennas practical
for cellular communications systems.
The term smart implies the use of signal
processing in order to shape the beam pattern according to certain conditions. For an
array to be smart implies sophistication beyond merely steering the beam to a direction of
interest. Smart essentially means computer control of the antenna performance.

Smart antennas hold the promise for improved radar systems, improved system
capacities with mobile wireless, and improved wireless communications through the
implementation of space division multiple access (SDMA).
Smart antenna patterns are proscribed through algorithms based upon definite
criterion. These criteria could be maximizing the signal-to interference ratio (SIR),
minimizing the variance, minimizing the mean square error (MSE), steering toward a
signal of interest, null the interfering signals, or tracking a moving emitter to name a few.
The implementation of these algorithms can be performed electronically through analog
devices but it is generally more easily performed using digital signal processing.
Fig. 2.1: Smart Antenna System

2.1.2. What is a Smart Antenna (SA) System?
In fact, antennas are not SA systems but they are smart. Normally co- located with
a base location, a SA system combines an antenna array with a digital signal-processing
capability to transmit and receive in an adaptive, spatially sensitive manner. Multipath of
propagation are created by reflections and scattering. Also, interference signals such as
that produced by the microwave oven in the picture fig.(2.1) are superimposed on the
desired signals.
Measurements suggest that each path is really a bundle or cluster of paths,
resulting from surface roughness or irregularities. The random gain of the bundle is called
multipath fading [7], [8], [9], and [10].
5

2.1.3. Description of SA in Communication System
The general subject of smart antennas is the necessary union between such related
topics as electromagnetic, antennas, propagation, communications, random processes,
adaptive theory, spectral estimation, and array signal processing. Figure 2.2 demonstrates
the important relationship between each discipline.
Many previous attempts have been made to explain smart antennas from the
background of a single discipline; however, this myopic approach appeals only to small
segments of the engineering community and does not yield a full appreciation for this
valuable subject. No single engineering discipline can be the sole province of this rapidly
growing field. The subject of smart antennas transcends specific applications and thus
merits a more global treatment. In order to fundamentally understand smart antennas, one
must be versed in many varied and related topics. One could argue that some of the
disciplines displayed in Fig. 2.2 can be merged to create a smaller list. However, the
specialist, in each of these specific disciplines, brings a unique contribution to the general
field of smart antennas.
Fig. 2.2: Venn diagram relating various disciplines to smart antennas

2.1.4. Types of Smart Antenna (SA) Systems
Environment usually seen today that different characteristics of a SA system
technology include brainpower in antennas, phased array, SDMA, spatial processing,
digital beam forming, adaptive antenna systems, and others. Smart antenna (SA) systems
are classified, nevertheless, as either switched beam array or adaptive array systems.
The subsequently are distinctions between the two main groups of smart antennas
(SAs) concerning the preference in transmit policy:
Switched Beama fixed number of preset, predefined prototype or merging approach
(sectors)
Adaptive Arraya unlimited number of prototype that are used in a real instance
2.1.5. Switched Beam Antennas
Switched beam antenna systems from multiple fixed beams with heightened
sensitivity in particular directions. These antenna systems detect signal strength, choose
from one of several predetermined, fixed beams, and switch from one beam to another as
the mobile moves throughout the sector.
In its place of determining the directional antenna prototype with the clanging properties
and physical mean of a single element (like a sectorized antenna), switched beam systems
combine the outputs of multiple antennas in such a way as to form finely sectorized
(directional) beams with more spatial selectivity than can be achieved with conventional,
single-element approaches fig (2).

2.1.6. Adaptive Array Antennas
An adaptive antenna tool corresponds to the majority highly developed smart
antenna advancement. Via the diversity of original signal-processing algorithms, the
adaptive system acquires gain of its capability to successfully establish and follow
different types of signals with dynamism reduce interference and take advantage of
intended signal reception. Switched Beam System Coverage Patterns (Sectors)
Fig. 2.3: Adaptive Array Antenna

Mutually, the systems endeavor to boost gain according to the site of the user;
though, only the adaptive system offers best gain while at the same time discover, follow,
and reduce nosy signals. Adaptive Array Exposure: A representative depiction of a main
lobe extends toward a steer with a null directed towards a co-channel interferer as shown
in fig (3).
2.2. The Aim of a Smart Antenna System

The twofold intention of a SA system is to augment the signal value of the radiobased structure through more focused communication of radio signals while enhanced
capacity through amplified frequency reuse.
Table 2.1: Features and Benefits of Smart Antenna Systems [19].

Features:
Signal Gain
Inputs
from
multiple antennas are
combined to optimize available power

required
to
establish
given
level of
be
generated
coverage.
Inte rference Rejection
Antenna pattern
can
toward co-channel interference sources,

improving
the
signal-to- interference
ratio of the received signals.

Spatial-Dive rsity
Composite information from the array is

used
to
minimize
undesirable
effects
fading
of
and
other
multipath
propagation.
SDMA
SDMA continually adapts to the

environment
radio
through intelligent / smart
antenna.
Powe r Efficiency
combines the inputs to multiple elements

to
optimize available
processing
in the downlink (toward the user)
gain

Benefits:
Better Range / Coverage
Focusing the energy sent out into the cell

increases base station range and coverage.
Lower power requirements also enable a
greater battery life and smaller/lighter
handset size.
Increased Capacity
Precise control of signal nulls quality and

mitigation of interference combine to
frequency reuse reduce distance (or cluster
size), improving capacity. Certain adaptive
technologies
(such
as
space
division
multiple access) support the reuse of

frequencies within the same cell.
Multipath Rejection
Can reduce the effective delay spread of the

channel, allowing higher bit rates to be
supported without the use of an equalizer,
improved bit error rate (due to decreased
amount of multipath and ISI).
Providing each user with uplink and
downlink signals of the highest possible
quality and can adapt the frequency
allocation to where the most users are
located.
Reduced Expense
Lower amplifier costs, power consumption,

and higher reliability will result. Lower
power consumption reduces
not only
interferences but also reduces RF pollution

(ease health hazard).
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2.3. Adaptive Beam Forming and Algorithms
The prime rewards offered by the software radio technology are flexibility.
Because beam forming is applied in software, it is feasible to explore a wide range of
beam forming algorithms devoid of the requirement to adjust the system hardware for
each algorithm.
Accordingly, researchers can have center of attention for their hard work on
humanizing the concert of the beam forming algorithms relatively on making latest
hardware, which would be a especially costly and point overriding process. An entire
report of the RLS algorithm can be originated. This algorithm was preferred for its
quick junction pace and capability to route the input signal prior to demodulation.
Though the first cause is significant mainly when the location is shifting fast, the final
cause reduces the algorithm dependence happening a exact air interface [5], [10] [19].
Fig 2.3: Adaptive Beamforming Principle
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Adaptive Antenna (AA) Approach
The AA systems come close to communiqu among a consumer and base station
in a special system, in result accumulation an element of gap. Through adjustment to an
RF location as it adjust (or the spatial origin of signals), AA technology be capable of
enthusiastically change the signal prototypes to close to time without end to optimize the
presentation of the wireless system.
Fig 2.4: Coverage Patterns for Switched Beam and Adaptive Antenna (AA) Array
Antennas
Adaptive arrays develop complicated signal-processing algorithms to endlessly
differentiate among preferred signals, multipath, and nosy signals as sound as to
analyze their angle of arrival (AOA). An advance incessantly modernizes its spread
policy based on alteration in equal the preferred and nosy signal locations. The capability
to follow client efficiently with major lobes and interferers with nulls guarantees that the
link-budget is regularly take advantage of due to either micro-sectors or pre-defined
patterns (fig 2.4).
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2.4. Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
Amongst the complicated deployment of SA technology is SDMA, which utilizes
superior dispensation system to, in outcome, locate and track fixed or mobile terminals,
adaptively steering transmission signals toward users and away from interferers. These
AA array technologies accomplish advanced intensity of interference censorship,
building potential new capable reprocess of frequencies than the typically predetermined
hexagonal reuse prototypes. In spirit, the system can be adapted the frequency
distribution to somewhere the mainly clients are positioned [19].
Fig. 2.5: Entirely Adaptive Spatial Processing, Underneath Two clients on the Same
Conventional Channel in chorus in the identical Cell
Because SDMA employs spatially selective transmission, an SDMA base station
radiates much less total power than a conventional base station. One result is a reduction
in network-wide RF pollution. Another is a reduction in power amplifier size. First, the
power is divided among the elements, and then the power to each element is reduced
because the energy is being delivered directionally. With a ten-element array, the
amplifiers at each element need only transmit one- hundredth the power that would be
transmitted from the corresponding single-antenna system [7].
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2.5. Spatial Structure Methods
The spatial structure is used to estimate the direction of arrivals (DOAs) of the
signals impinging on the sensor array. The estimated directions of arrivals are then used
to determine the weights in the pattern forming network. This is called beam forming.
Spatial structure methods only exploit spatial structure and training signals and the
temporal structure of the signals is ignored [20].
Adaptive antennas (AAs) are an array of antennas, which is capable to modify its
antenna prototype with dynamism to regulate the noise, interference and multipath
fading. AAs are used to improve received signals and may also be used to form beams for
communication [3]. AAs, unlike usual antennas, detain the put on the air as energy to a
narrow beam. They optimizes a path that signals are circulated throughout the space on a
actual instant of time sake of focus the signal to the preferred user and "steering" it gone
from other users take up the identical channel in the identical cell and neighboring or
isolated cell [4].
Fig 2.6: Adaptive Beam- forming

Na Yao demonstrated practically Array- comm. smart antenna with only 4
elements and changed the shape and size of the radiation pattern sufficiently to prove the
capability of smart antenna. He demonstrated a six-sector antenna pattern with four
elements in each sector.
14

The excitation of each element is varied to produce a shaped pattern for each
sector, and those shapes vary sector by sector to produce the overall shaped radiation
pattern for the cell [11].
Fig. 2.7: Prototype Smart Antenna
Arraycomm has been the forefront of developing smart antenna techniques

and intellectual property for commercial cellular systems. Intellicell technology is
deployed in more than 90,000 commercial base station deployments worldwide but yet to
be adopted in cellular communication network in INDIA.
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3. Performance of Various DOA Estimation and Beamforming schemes for Smart
Antenna
The huge development of wireless communications engineering is produced a
giant bazaar movement. The wireless operatives are presently looking forward to
innovative technologies which would be employed into the accessible wireless
communications infrastructures to have the ultra wide bandwidth for each user channel,
the improved cost and latest value- added services. Beamforming in SA is acknowledged
as a hopeful technology for high customer competence in 3G wireless networks by
efficiently tumbling multipath fading and co-channel interference. [24] SAs, also wellknown as manifold antennas, adaptive array antennas, are mature to boost the
effectiveness of digital wireless communication systems. Their method by intriguing the
gain of the range affects at the transceiver of the wireless system i.e. the supply and the
demand. The tenure assortment/diversifying effect point out the broadcasting and
receiving the several radio frequencies i.e. used to reduce the fault throughout data
communication and furthermore to raise data rate among the supply and the demand. The
unique antenna arrays contain before now recognized its importance in the majority of
the wireless communication systems as they are make sure of signal processing
algorithms which can simply set and follow the different wireless objective as well as the
cellular phone. It is also make sure to estimate the beam forming vector and the angle of
arrival [AOA] of the signal [24]. The SA is a latest expertise and has been practical to the
cellular communication system like GSM and CDMA [25] .It is also available in 3G
cellular communication system or IMT 2000 and they give way to allot profit. As long as
advanced network power, it raises the outputs of network operators and offers sort
probability of blocked otherwise plunged calls to the consumers. A SA contains no. of
elements (referred to as antenna array), whose signals are processed adaptively in order to
exploit the spatial dimension of the mobile radio channel. All elements of the adaptive
antenna array [26], [27] have to be combined (weighted) in order to adap t to the current
channel and user characteristics. The load version is the smart part of the SA, which
would become adaptive antenna (AA). These AA systems are individually advanced
the communication among the user and base station by calculating a space factor.
16

Through regulation in an RF background as it alters, the AA technology with
dynamism alters the signal prototypes to close to perpetuity to optimize the concert of the
wireless system.
An adaptive arrays employ complicated signal processing algorithms to
constantly differentiate amongst the preferred signals, multipath fading, and interfering
signals and as well as to estimate their angle of arrival or some time direction of arrival
i.e. AOA or DOA. This aspect constantly revises the broadcast policy based on the
modification in cooperation of the preferred and interfering signal locations. [25]
An Adaptive Beam forming [27] is a method where an array of antennas are
oppressed to attain utmost response in a particular direction by limiting the arrival of
signal from a preferred direction (in an existence of noise) while signals of the same
frequency from other directions are unwanted.
The beam prototype is created by changing composite weights of the antenna
elements as the beam is bounded for the direction of concentration [28]. When receiving,
the information from different sensors is combined in that way, the estimated pattern of
radiation is observed. Thus Receive Beam forming increases the sensitivity in the
direction of desired user than that of interferences., a beam former controls the phase
and relative amplitude of the signal at each transmitter when transmitting and
produces a high directional beam in the direction of desired user and null in the direction
of interferences, so increasing SINR of the desired user and reducing the depletion of
transmitted power in the undesired direction. The response of beamforming is realized
alone at all receivers while in the transmit beamforming, the transmitter has to consider
the all receivers to optimize the beamformer output [29, 30].
3.1. Basics of BEAM-Forming
Beamforming is a superior signal processing technique which becomes an array
of transmitters or receivers will be able to design the 'directionality of' or 'sensitivity to'
an accurate emission prototype.
17
Fig 3.1: Beam Forming

3.1.1. Benefits of Adaptive Beamforming
Narrowband Phase Shift Beamformer with a ULA uses weights chosen
independent of any data received by the range (array). The weights in the narrowband
time shift beamformer steer the array response in a particular direction. However, they do
not account for any interference scenario. As a result, these straight beamformers are
susceptible to interference signals. Such interference signals can be the particular
problem if they occur at side lobes of the array response.
By contrast, adaptive, or statistically most favorable, beamformers can account
for interfering signals. Adaptive beamformer algorithms select the weights based on the
information of the established data.
18

For instance, an adaptive beamformer can develop the SNR by using the received
data to place nulls in the array reply. These nulls are positioned at angles equivalent to
the interference signals.
3.1.2. Maintenance for Adaptive Beamforming
Phased Array System Toolbox software provides these adaptive beamformers:
Linearly constrained minimum variance (LCMV) beamformers
Minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) beamformers
Frost beamformers
3.1.3. LCMV Beamforme r

Steps:
Y = step (M, X)
Y = step (M, X, XT)
[Y, W] = step (___)
Explanation:
Y = step(M,X) performs LCMV beamforming on the input, X, and returns the
beamformer output in Y. X is an m-by-n matrix where n is the number of elements of the
antenna array. Y is a line vector of measurement length m.
Y = step (M, X, XT) uses XT as the training samples to calculate the beamforming
weights. This structure is offered when you put the Training Input Port property to true.
XT is a p-by-n matrix, where N is the no. of elements of the antenna array. p must be
greater than n.
19

[Y, W] = step (___) proceeds the beamforming weights W. This format is existing when
you set the Weights Output Port property torture. W is a column vector of length/distance
n, where n is the no. of elements/sections in the antenna array.
Fig 3.2: LCVM Beamforming
3.1.4. MVDR Beamforme r

Steps:
Y = step (H, X)
Y = step (H, X, XT)
Y = step (H, X, ANG)
Y = step (H, X, XT, ANG)
[Y, W] =step (___)
20

Explanation:
Y = step (H, X) performs MVDR Beamforming on the input, X, and returns the beam
formed output in Y. This format uses X as the training samples to calculate the
beamforming weights.
Y = step (H, X, XT) uses XT as the training samples to calculate the beamforming
weights. This format also exists when you set the Training Input Port property to true.
Y = step (H, X, ANG) uses ANG as the beamforming direction. This format is available
when you set the Direction Source property to 'Input port'.
Y = step (H, X, XT, ANG) combines all input arguments. This format is available when
you set the Training Input Port property to true and set the Direction Source property to
'Input port'.
[Y, W] =step (___) proceeds the beamforming weights; W. This format is available when
you set the Weights Output Port property to true.
Fig 3.3: MVDR Beamformer
21

3.2. LINEAR ARRAY DESIGN
By electronic means examine a radiation prototype in a particular direction; it is
essential to have an array of these elements arranged in a specific configuration.
Although linear arrays require the ability to scan in 2-D and 3-D space, the planar arrays
can scan the main beam in y direction of (elevation) and (azimuth). Following the
design of the individual rectangular patch antenna, a linear array of eight micro strip
patches with inter element spacing of /2 (half wavelength), where space in cm is based
on the resonance frequency.
Fig 3.4: Linear Array
3.3. SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT

AOA/DOA Estimation Methods
3.3.1. Bartlett AOA estimate
Condition, the array is equivalently weighted; we termed the Bartlett AOA
estimate as
PB()= a-H() Rxx a()

.. (3.1)
22

The Bartlett AOA estimate is the spatial description of a typical periodogram and
is a beamforming AOA estimate.
Beneath the circumstances where s stands for uncorrelated monochromatic
signals and quiet system, Eq. (i) is equivalent to the following long-hand expression:
PB() = [
=1 1
1 ( ) 2
]
=1 1
(3.2)
The periodogram is thus corresponding to the spatial finite Fourier transform of

each incoming signals. This is also equivalent to adding all beam steered array factors for
each angle of arrival and finding the absolute value squared.
3.3.2. Capon AOA estimate
The Capon AOA estimate [2, 4] is known as a minimum variance distortionless response
(MVDR). It is also alternatively a maximum likelihood estimate of the power arriving
from one direction while all other sources are considered as interference. Thus the goal is
to maximize the signal-to- interference ratio (SIR) while passing the signal of interest
undistorted in phase and amplitude. The source correlation matrix Rss is assumed to be
diagonal. This maximized SIR is accomplished with a set of array weights ( = [w1 w2
wM] T ) as shown in fig. 1, where the array weights are given by
( )
a H () ( )
(3.3)
where Rxx is the unweighted array correlation matrix.
23

3.3.3. Min-norm AOA estimate
The minimum- norm method was developed by Reddi and Kumaresan and Tufts.
This method is also simply making clear by Ermolaev and Gershman. The min-norm
method is single significant for uniform linear arrays (ULA). The min- norm algorithm
optimizes the weight vector by explanation of the optimization problems.
where w = array of weights
ES = subspace of D signal eigenvectors = [eMD+1 eMD+2 eM]
M= number of array elements
D = number of arriving signals
U1 = Cartesian basis vector (first column of the M M identity matrix) = [100 0]
3.3.4. MUSIC AOA estimate
MUSIC is an acronym which stands for Multiple Signal Classification. This
approach was first posed by Schmidt and is a popular high resolution Eigen structure
method. MUSIC promises to provide unbiased estimates of the number of signals, the
angles of arrival, and the strengths of the waveforms. MUSIC makes the assumption that
the noise in each channel is uncorrelated making the noise correlation matrix diagonal.
The incident signals may be somewhat correlated creating a non diagonal signal
correlation matrix. However, under high signal correlation the traditional MUSIC
algorithm breaks down and other methods must be implemented to correct this weakness.
These methods will be discussed later in this chapter. One must know in advance the
number of incoming signals or one must search the Eigen values to determine the number
of incoming signals.
If the number of signals is D, the number of signal Eigen values and eigenvectors
is D, and the number of noise Eigen values and eigenvectors is M D (M is the number
of array elements). Because MUSIC exploits the noise eigenvector subspace, it is
sometimes referred to as a subspace method.
24

3.3.5. Root-MUSIC AOA estimate
The MUSIC algorithm in general can apply to any arbitrary array regardless of
the position of the array elements. Root-MUSIC implies that the MUSIC algorithm is
reduced to finding roots of a polynomial as opposed to merely plotting the pseudo
spectrum or searching for peaks in the pseudo spectrum. Barabell simplified the MUSIC
algorithm for the case where the antenna is a ULA.
3.4 Simulation Results
3.4.1. Direction of Arrival (Angle of Arrival) Estimation with Beamscan and MVDR
By means of Beamscan and MVDR for DOA Estimation. Beamscan is a method
that forms a usual beam and scans it over directions of interest to obtain a spatial range.
Minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) is comparable to beamscan but use
an MVDR beam.
The peaks of the amount produced spatial spectrum indicate the DOAs of the
received signals.
We illustrate the uses of beamscan and MVDR to estimate broadside angles with
a uniform linear array (ULA) and azimuth and elevation angles with a uniform
rectangular array (URA).
3.4.2. ULA's Received Signal
A uniform linear array (ULA) containing 8- isotropic antennas. The neighboring
antenna spacing is 0.5 meters. Two narrowband signals impinge on the array. The first
signal arrives from 10 degrees in azimuth and 20 degrees in elevation, while the second
signal arrives from 45 degrees in azimuth and 60 degrees in elevation.
The carrier frequency of the system is 300MHz. Thermal noise at each antenna
has a power of 0.12 W.
25
Fig 3.5: Power Spectrum of MVDREstimator
Fig 3.6: Power Spectrum of BeamscanEstimator
26

3.4.3. Improving Resolution Using an MVDR Estimator
The conventional beam has been limited to resolve two directly-spaced signals.
When two signals arrive from directions separated by less than the beam width, the above
method will fail to estimate the directions of the signal. To demonstrate this restriction,
we simulate two conventional (received) signals from 30 and 40 degrees in azimuth. The
output spatial spectrum has only one leading peak. Hence, it cant determine these two
nearly-spaced signals.
When we attempt to estimate the DOA from the peaks of the beamscan amount
produced, we get wrong estimates. The beamscan object returns two maximum peaks as
the estimated DOAs no matter how different the peaks are. To resolve these directlyspaced signals, we can use the minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR)
algorithm. The MVDR estimators scan an MVDR beam above the particular region.
Because an MVDR beam has a petite beam width, it has been advanced resolution.
3.4.4. Beamscan DOA Estimation with a URA

Next, we demonstrate DOA estimation using a uniform rectangular array (URA).
A URA can estimate both azimuth and elevation angle. We form a URA with 8 rows and
6 columns. The element spacing is 0.4 meters between each row, and 0.5 meters between
each column.
3.4.5. MVDR DOA Estimation with a URA

Similar to the ULA case, we can use a 2D version of the MVDR algorithm. Since
our information of the sensor positions is accurate, we expect the MVDR spectrum to
have a better resolution than beamscan.
27

3.4.6. Summary
We demonstrate how to apply the beamscan and MVDR techniques to the DOA
estimation problem. We used both techniques to estimate broadside angles for the signals
received by a ULA. The MVDR algorithm has enhanced resolution than beamscan when
there is no antenna location/position fault. We also demonstrate how to switch between
azimuth and broadside angles.
Then, we practical beamscan and MVDR to approximate both azimuth and
elevation angles using a URA. The entire of these situations, we plotted the output spatial
spectrum. Beamscan and MVDR are methods/techniques that can be applied to any type
of array of antenna, but for ULAs and URAs there are higher resolution
techniques/methods that can further exploit the array geometry.
3.4.7. Direction of Arrival Estimation with ESPRIT

The ESPRIT Estimator object computes an estimation of signal parameter via
gyratory invariance (ESPRIT) direction of arrival estimate.
To estimate the direction of arrival (DOA):
Define and set up your DOA estimator.
Describe step to estimate the DOA a/c benefits o f phased.ESPRITEstimator.

Assembly
M = phased.ESPRITEstimator creates an ESPRIT DOA estimator System, M. The object

estimates the signal's direction-of-arrival (DOA) using the ESPRIT algorithm with a
uniform linear array (ULA).
M = phased.ESPRITEstimator (Name, Value) creates object, M, with each specified
property Name set to the particular Value. You can indicate additional name-value pair
arguments in any order as (Name1, Value1... NameN, ValueN).
28

Estimate the DOAs of two signals received by a typical 8-element ULA with
element spacing 0.5 meter. The antenna carrier frequency is 300MHz. The actual
direction of the first signal is 10 degrees in azimuth and 20 degrees in elevation. The
path/angle of the second signal is 45 degrees in azimuth and 60 degrees in elevation.
3.4.8. Beamspace Esprit
Assembly
M = phased.BeamspaceESPRITEstimator createsa beamspace ESPRIT DOA estimator
System object, M. The object estimates the signal's direction of arrival using the
beamspaceESPRIT algorithm with a uniform linear array (ULA).
M = phased.BeamspaceESPRITEstimator (Name,Value) creates object, M, with each
specified property Name set to the particular Value. You can indicate additional namevalue pair arguments in any order as (Name1, Value1... NameN, ValueN).
Fig 3.6: BeamspaceESPRIT
29

4. ANTENNA DESIGN
Antenna array layout is mentioned earlier in software study i.e. HFSS (Ansoft
Designer) and Antenna Magus Software to design antenna array or become Smart. In
array layout, we make a 44 distribution matrix layout according to different magnitudes
and phases.
4.1 Uniform linear array
Description: The ULA object creates a uniform linear array.
To compute the response for each element in the array for specified directions:
Define and set up your uniform linear array.
Call step to compute the response according to the properties of phased.ULA. The
behavior of step is specific to each object in the toolbox.
4.1.1 Construction
H = phased.ULA creates a uniform linear array (ULA) System object, H. The object
models a ULA formed with identical sensor elements. The origin of the local coordinate
system is the phase center of the array. The positive x-axis is the direction normal to the
array, and the elements of the array are located along the y-axis.
H = phased.ULA(Name,Value) creates object, H, with each specified property Name set
to the specified Value. You can specify additional name-value pair arguments in any
order as (Name1,Value1,...,NameN,ValueN).
H = phased.ULA(N,D,Name,Value) creates a ULA object, H, with the NumElements
propertyset to N, the ElementSpacing propertyset to D, and other specified property
Namesset to the specified Values. N and D arevalue-only arguments. To specify a valueonly argument, you must alsospecify all preceding value-only arguments. You can
specify name-valuepair arguments in any order.
30

Table 4.1 Properties of ULA
Properties
Ele ment
Element of array
Specify the element of the sensor array as a
handle. The element must be an element
object in the phased package.
Default: An isotropic antenna element that
operates between 300 MHz and 1 GHz
NumElements
Number of elements
An integer containing the number of
elements in the array.
Default: 2
Ele ment spacing
A scalar containing the spacing (in meters)

between two adjacent elements in the array.
Default: 0.5
Taper
Element tapering
Element tapering specified as a complexvalued scalar or a complex-valued1-by-N
row vector. In this vector, N represents the
number of elements of the array. Tapers,
also known as weights, are applied to each
sensor elements in the sensor array and
modify both the amplitude and phase of the
received data. If 'Taper' is a scalar, the
same weights are applied to each element.
If 'Taper' is a vector, each weight is applied
to the corresponding sensor element.
Default: 1
31

Table 4.2 Methods of ULA
Methods
Clone
Create ULA object with same property

values
collectPlaneWave
Simulate received plane waves
getElementPosition
Positions of array elements
getNumEle ments
Number of elements in array
getNumInputs
Number of expected inputs to step method
getNumOutputs
Number of outputs from step method
getTaper
Array element tapers
isLocked
Locked status for input attributes and nontunable properties
isPolarixationCapable
Polarization capability
plotResponse
Plot response pattern of array
Release
Allow
property
value
and
characteristics
Step
Output responses of array elements
viewArray
View array geometry
4.1.2 Array Layout: Synthesis Environment:

Reflection Plane is becomes XY-plane i.e. its orientation and offset is set at 0.
Create Distribution Matrix:
Choose array shape- Linear
Specify- Broadside Null with specific directivity

fc =900Mhz , fd= 1800Mhz, D= 3dBi
Taper- Equal excitation(Uniform)
32
input
Table 4.3 Distribution Matrix Layout

Ele ment #
|A|
Phase
local
local
local
-249.8mm
0mm
0mm
500e-3
90o
0o
0o
0o
-83.28mm
0mm
0mm
500e-3
90o
0o
0o
0o
83.28mm
0mm
0mm
500e-3
-90o
0o
0o
0o
249.8mm
0mm
0mm
500e-3
-90o
0o
0o
0o
3D Patterns and Different Array Patterns
Fig.4.1 Distribution matrix layout: Magnitude
33
Fig.4.2 Distribution matrix layout: Phase
Isotropic Array Pattern
Fig 4.3 Total Gain Array Pattern: 3D
34

Orientation Plane Cut Total gain
Fig 4.4 XY-plane cut in Polar axes Vs Total Gain
Fig 4.5 XZ-plane cut in Polar axes Vs Total Gain
35
Fig 4.6 XY-plane cut in Cartesian axes Vs Total Gain
Fig 4.7 XZ-plane cut in Cartesian axes Vs Total Gain
36

4.1.3 Ele ment Patte rn
Choose Element Pattern to be Rectangular Patch Antenna in GSM band i.e. 900-1800
Mhz and Directivity_max X
3D Element Pattern
Fig 4.8 3D Element Pattern Total Gain (dBi)
Fig 4.9 a) XY and b) XZ plane cut in Polar axes Vs Total Gain

37
Fig 4.9 a) XY and b) XZ plane cut in Cartesian axes Vs Total Gain
Synthesized Array Pattern
Fig 5.10 3D Array Pattern in Total Gain
38
a)
b)
Fig 5.11 a) XY and b) XZ plane cut in Polar axes Vs Total Gain
39

4.2 Uniform Rectangular Array
Description
The URA object constructs a uniform rectangular array (URA). To compute the response
for each element in the array for specified directions: Define and set up your uniform
rectangular array. Call step to compute the response according to the properties of
phased.URA. The behavior of step is specific to each object in the toolbox.
Construction
H = phased.URA creates a uniform rectangular rarray System object, H. The object
models a URA formed with identical sensor elements. Array elements are distributed in
the yz-plane in a rectangular lattice. The array look direction (boresight) is along the
positive x-axis.
H = phased.URA(Name,Value) creates the object, H, with each specified property Name
set to the specified Value. You can specify additional name- value pair arguments in any
order as (Name1,Value1,...,NameN,ValueN).
H = phased.URA(SZ,D,Name,Value) creates a URA object, H, with the Size property set
to SZ, the Element Spacing property set to D and other specified property Names set to
the specified Values. SZ and D are value-only arguments. To specify a value-only
argument, you must also specify all preceding value-only arguments. You can specify
name-value pair arguments in any order.
Properties
Element: Phased array toolbox system object
Element specified as a Phased Array System Toolbox object. This object can be an
antenna or microphone element.
Default: An isotropic antenna element that operates between 900 MHz and 1.8 GHz.
40

Size: Size of array
A 1-by-2 integer vector or a single integer containing the size of the array. If Size is a 1by-2 vector, the vector has the form [Number of Rows, Number Of Columns].If Size is a
scalar, the array has the same number of elements in each row and column. For a URA,
array elements are indexed from top to bottom along a column and continuing to the next
columns from left to right. In this illustration, a 'Size' value of [3, 2] array has three rows
and two columns.
Size and Ele ment Indexing Order For Uniform Rectangular Arrays
Example: Size = [3, 2]
Default: [2 2]
ElementSpacing: Element spacing
A 1-by-2 vector or a scalar containing the element spacing of the array, expressed in
meters. If ElementSpacing is a 1-by-2 vector, it is in the form of [Spacing between Rows,
Spacing between Columns].See Spacing Between Columns and Spacing Between Rows.
If Element Spacing is a scalar, both spacings are the same.
Default: [0.5 0.5]
41

Lattice: Element lattice
Specify the element lattice as one of 'Rectangular'| 'Triangular'. When you set the Lattice
property to 'Rectangular', all elements in the URA are aligned in both row and column
directions. When you set the Lattice property to 'Triangular', the elements in even rows
are shifted toward the positive row axis direction by a distance of half the element
spacing along the row.
Default: 'Rectangular'
Taper: Element taper

Element taper specified as a scalar or M-by-N complexvalued matrix. Tapers are applied
to each element in the sensor array. Tapers are often referred to as element weights. M is
the number of elements along the z-axis, and N is the number of elements along y-axis.
M and N correspond to the values of [Number of Rows, Number of Columns] in the Size
property. If Taper is a scalar, identical weights are applied to each element. If the value of
Taper is a matrix, a taper value is applied to the corresponding element.
Default: 1
42

4.2.1 Rectangular Patch Antenna (RPA) Design
Description
Fig 4.12 RPA Description
Antenna Model
Rectangular patch antenna model have four different configurations such as antenna
boundary view, ground view, patch view etc. These views are limited by 8-10mm range
of scale. In excitation model, feed pin is viewed and also mentioned in above table i.e.
coax feed length is 27.78 mm. All other dimensions of RPA given in that table.
43

Fig 4.13 Rectangular Patch Antenna Model
a) Boundary
b) Coax Outer
44
c) Ground
d) Patch
45
d) Excitation Model
After creating different views and model of RPA, we have to analyze all
parameters step wise and wait to complete its sweep count i.e. 200.
During analyzation process,
First to create and solve the mesh on local machine
Second to create and solve the adaptive pass i.e. building matrix involved.
Third to interpolating sweep to complete steps 1, 2, 3.200 i.e. upto frequency

range 2.7GHz but we have GSM frequency range upto 1.8 GHz.
Last all results come out such as return loss, input impedance, 2D-3D gains etc.
46
Table 4.4 Sweep set up in Analyzation Process
47

4.2.2 Results of Analyzed Model of RPA
Fig 4.14 Return Loss in Different Parameters
a) Return Loss in S-Parameter
b) Return Loss in Y-Parameter
48

c) Return Loss in Z-Parameter
d) Return Loss in VSWR
49

Input Impedance
a) Input Impedance in S-Parameter
b) Input Impedance in S-Parameter
c) Input Impedance in Z-Parameter
d) Input Impedance in VSWR
Fig 4.15 Various Input Impedances in Different Parameters
50

2D Gain
Fig 4.15 Rectangular Patch Antenna: 2D Gain

3D Gain
Fig 4.16 Rectangular Patch Antenna: 3D Gain

51

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
This thesis/dissertation has analyzed two things: First, the DOA estimation and
the Beamformation Technique/Process. They play a vital role in the field of wireless
communication i.e. mobile communication by adding their capacity and capability to
fully focus on co-channel and neighboring channel interference in signals received. In
Beamformation process, full dependency of received signals from different sources such
as LCVM and MVDR processes. Both of them give favorable outcomes in power
spectrum basis i.e. used in GSM band. The all inputs/source signals in MVDR
Beamformation process practically has minimized multipath fading problem by addition
of multiple signals to raise the strength to desired signals received. Thus, MVDR algo. is
better than LCVM algo.
Then, simulation part DOA (Direction of Arrival) which is the most important
feature to design or simulate any antenna in wireless system. So, here we simulate and
compare between DOA Estimators such as Beamscan and MVDR, ESPRIT as
BeamspaceESPRIT. The power spectrum generated by means of MVDR and Beamscan
Estimator. In future the simulation will deal with the proper designing of antenna array
and is pending for the selection of type of antenna according to its application. This will
use MVDR beam forming scheme as it gave better results in simulation. The part of
designing and analysis has been done using HFSS and Antenna Magus (CST) i.e. antenna
designing software. Antenna Magus is antenna desiring software of CST and HFSS is
Ansoft Design for antenna design i.e. used here to make 44 distribution matrix and
element pattern of GSM band 900-1800 MHz, also plot2D and 3D pattern of array of
antenna to have higher gain in compare with different orientation plane cut as XY and
XZ. Also, plot different parameters based i.e. S, Y, Z, VSWR etc. and making
performance analysis based on these parameters.
Lots of work is in the field of antenna to develop smart antenna. Talking about
nanotechnology antenna arrays, it will become boon in designing process with smart
antenna at regular system. At the end the performance of cellular mobile communication
systems will be enhanced diversely.
52

REFERENCES
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Portugal, September 22-24, 2006.
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56

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Design and Analysis of Smart Antenna

Design and Analysis of Smart Antenna

1.3 Research Questions

To what extent is the antenna waveform resultant metrics is capable of predicting

Which Antennas waveform and Simulation environment resultant parameters are

Design and Analysis of Smart Antenna

Design and Analysis of Smart Antenna

The term smart implies the use of signal

Design and Analysis of Smart Antenna

Fig. 2.1: Smart Antenna System

Design and Analysis of Smart Antenna

Fig. 2.2: Venn diagram relating various disciplines to smart antennas

Design and Analysis of Smart Antenna

Design and Analysis of Smart Antenna

Fig. 2.3: Adaptive Array Antenna

2.2. The Aim of a Smart Antenna System

Design and Analysis of Smart Antenna

Table 2.1: Features and Benefits of Smart Antenna Systems [19].

multiple antennas are

combined to optimize available power

toward co-channel interference sources,

ratio of the received signals.

Composite information from the array is

SDMA continually adapts to the

through intelligent / smart

combines the inputs to multiple elements

in the downlink (toward the user)

Design and Analysis of Smart Antenna

Focusing the energy sent out into the cell

Precise control of signal nulls quality and

multiple access) support the reuse of

Can reduce the effective delay spread of the

Lower amplifier costs, power consumption,

interferences but also reduces RF pollution

Design and Analysis of Smart Antenna

Fig 2.3: Adaptive Beamforming Principle

Design and Analysis of Smart Antenna

Design and Analysis of Smart Antenna

Design and Analysis of Smart Antenna

Fig 2.6: Adaptive Beam- forming

Design and Analysis of Smart Antenna

Fig. 2.7: Prototype Smart Antenna

Arraycomm has been the forefront of developing smart antenna techniques

Design and Analysis of Smart Antenna

Design and Analysis of Smart Antenna

Design and Analysis of Smart Antenna

Fig 3.1: Beam Forming

Design and Analysis of Smart Antenna

Linearly constrained minimum variance (LCMV) beamformers

Minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) beamformers

3.1.3. LCMV Beamforme r

Design and Analysis of Smart Antenna

Fig 3.2: LCVM Beamforming

3.1.4. MVDR Beamforme r

Design and Analysis of Smart Antenna

Fig 3.3: MVDR Beamformer

Design and Analysis of Smart Antenna

Fig 3.4: Linear Array

3.3. SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT

PB()= a-H() Rxx a()

Design and Analysis of Smart Antenna

The periodogram is thus corresponding to the spatial finite Fourier transform of

Design and Analysis of Smart Antenna

Design and Analysis of Smart Antenna