ASSIGNMENT SUBMISSION SHEET

Candidate Name
Student ID Number
Unit code
Centre Name

University of Wales Trinity Saint David

Course Title

Data Handling & Statistics

Word Count (excluding bibliography)

Submission Date

Table of contents:

Name of the content

Introduction
Answer 1
Answer 2
Answer 3
Answer 4
Answer 5
Answer 6
Conclusion
Reference and Bibliography

Page No
3
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Introduction:
Statistics is one of the time demanding courses for the present business world. At the second
semester major and important statistical methods of analysis and equations has been taught
by the course instructor which actually helped to prepare this assignment. This assignment
has reflected with all the necessary and important statistical formula to answer the questions
effectively. Basically to give appropriate solution to the problems and explain certain issues
this assignment used the major key probability terms, probability distributions, sampling
distributions, different proportions and parameters and the application of hypothesis.
Answer to the question number: 1
1) Explaining the following terms with illustration:
a) Dependent Variable: There are many types of variables among them independent
and dependent variable are the essential for experimental and also for scientific study.
Generally the dependent variable denotes those variable whose meaning is dependent
on others, the value of the variable changes in the value of the others. In a causal
relationship the dependent variables are the result of the causal variables which means
in the experimental study the variables which is changed or affected with the degree
of change into the other external variables that is actually dependent variable.
Suppose that poverty has a direct relationship with the crime rate in society. In this
case if we try to find out the cause and effect then the dependent variable would be the
crime rate of the society which is an effect (Das, 2008). That is why it is called as
responsible or measured variable.
b) Independent variables: In a causal statement we would find out two important
factors among them one is because which is independent and have its own control and
the other one is dependent or the effect which is controlled by the independent.
Therefore an independent variable is such a variable which is free from any kind of
influence and does not changed for other variables or any cause and obviously has its
control over its value. The researcher can select such type of variables from the
subject and can manipulate to change the behaviour of the dependent variable.
Suppose if a doctor want to examine the mental stress of a patient with heart disease
and found that stress is the cause for heart failure and other related disease. In this
case the mental pressure would be the independent variable (Curwin, 2007).
c) Discrete variable: Discrete variable generally indicates the individual state of
variable where the numbers are never presented with fraction. A discrete variable
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could be defined as it is well defined finite set of possible values. Thus it cannot take
all value which falls under the same limit or range. As for example if a boy is asked in
his class room to count the total number of student at the class room, the student
would have answer 20 or 40 but he can say 20.5 or 25.9. As the number of human
cannot be fraction number. Whereas, the height of a person can vary for his height
which could be 1 feet to 4.5 feet. This is continuous variable which can take on all
other value with the limit. (Ahmed, 2006).
d) Outliers: Outliers is such kind of data for which the point has to remain the main
track of the total data set. In another definition, it is an observation which lies outside
of the total number of distribution of data set. The outliers are very much common in
the scatter diagram or even in the linear regression model. If the data fails to show any
relationship thus proves his failure to the model. In the regression line for example if
two individual data has been found far of the central linear diagram. Then these two
will be used as outliers. (Moore and McCabe, 1999).
e) Mutually exclusive events: It is such a situation where two or more events do not at
same time and thus remain different with the result is called mutually exclusive
events. According to Investopedia.com (2014) mutually exclusive events is such a
situation where the occurrence of the one event is not influenced or caused by another
event. For example, a dice of 6 different side with numbers if drawn then only one
side would be shown, that is why two numbers at a time can not be seen as they are
totally separated event.

Answer to the question number: 2

Tree Diagram of Playing Card can be shown as follows:

Source: Google Image (2013)

a) The probability of producing that all three draws high cards;
Suppose we assume that,
The total number of card, N= 52,
Low cards are, L= (Ace, 2, 3,4,5,6, and 7)
High card are, H= (8 , 9 ,10, Jack, king and Queen)
The total number of low cards in a set are, L=7x4=28 and
The total number of High cards in a set are, H=6x4=24.
So, the probability of obtaining low card is, P(L)= 28/52 = 7/13
And probability of obtaining high card is, P(H)= 24/52 = 6/13
Now, in case of three set of cards it would be,
P (HHH) = (

) = 216/2197 = 0.983 (Answer)

b) The probability of getting low cards in all three different draws:

From a total number of 52 cards the probability of getting the defined low cards would be
7/13. So, in case of three sets it would be,
P (LLL) = (7/13 7/13 7/13) = 343/2197= 0.1561 (Answer)
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c) The probability of producing more high cards than low cards:

Discrete probability distribution formula would be appropriate in determining the probability
of getting more high cards over the low cards. In case of producing the more high cards than
the low cards is:
P (LHH) + P (HLH) + P (HHL) + P (HHH)
= (7/13

6/13

6/13) + (6/13

7/12

6/13) + (6/13

6/13

7/13) + (6/13

6/13

6/13)

=252/2157+252/2197+252/2197+216/2197
=0.1147+0.1147+0.1147+0.0983
=0.4424
Therefore the chance of getting more numbers of high cards over the low cards would be
0.4424. (Answer)
Answer to the question number: 3
a) Binomial distribution and its features:
Binominal distribution is such a distribution which provides the probability of getting a
specified number of successes for a defined number of independent trials and in the trials the
probability of success would be same. The special feature of this distribution if in each trial
the success would be same and the probability of getting success in each trial would be
mutually exclusive. The conditions for binomial distribution would be the following:

Each trail will have only two outcomes.

The numbers of trials must be specified.
The probability of getting success would be an mutually exclusive event where the

data would be free.

The probability of getting success in each trail will be same.

The binomial distribution can be calculated using the following formula:

Where as q = 1-p
b) An example of a binomial situation: To understand the binomial situation the appropriate
example would be the case of Coin Tossing. In coin tossing case there are only to event
which is completely different, one is head and the other one is tail, that is why there is two
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value. The probability of getting head will not cause any effect on the probability of getting
tail as they are different and the chances would be same for both of the cases, that would be
50-50.
Answer to the question number: 4
4) From the formula of binomial distribution it can be deducted that the probability of getting
x number of successes for n of trial:
Cx px Qn-x =

The symbol stands for,

N = the number of repeated trials
p = P(S) the probability of getting success in an individual trial
q = P(F) the probability of failure in an individual trial (q= 1-p)
x = The random variable represents a count of the number of successes in n trials:
x = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . n.
Here,
n=15
p=0.4
q=(1-p)=(1-.4)=0.6
So, lets find the followings:
a) The probability that no sales are made:
From the formula we can say no sale made means, x = 0,
So, P(X = 0) =

15

C0

(.40)0

(.60)15-0

=
=1 1 0.00047

So, the probability of no sale made is 0.00047

b) The probability of making exactly 4 sales:

Here, X=4
So, P(X=4) =

15

C4

(.40)4

(.60)15-4

=
=1365 0.0256 0.00363
=0.126

So, the probability of getting exactly 4 sales would be 0.126

c) The probability of fewer than 10 sales:
Here, X=<10
So, P(X<10)=P(X=0)+P(X=1)+ P(X=2)+ P(X=3) +P(X=4)+ P(X=5)+ P(X=6)+
P(X=7)+ P(X=8)+ P(X=9)
=0.0005+0.0047+0.0219+0.0634+0.1268+0.1859+0.2066+0.1771+0.1181+0.
0612
=0.9662

So, the probability of getting fewer than 10 would be 0.9662

d) The mean and variance of the number of sales:
In case of binomial distribution the mean is,
E(x) np

So, here mean ( )=np=15 0.4=6

Binomial distribution variance,

Here, Variance

=npq=15

2 npq

.4 .6=3.6

Answer to the question number: 5

Poisson distribution:
To calculate the approximate binomial distribution for cases where the mean distribution for
probability of success became much smaller than the possible number, Poisson distribution is
used for such kind of estimation. The Poisson distribution is expressed as:

Where,
the average number of counts per seconds.
a) The probability of no customers arrive in a 10 minute interval:
Here m=4
4
0
So, (x=0)= e- /0!*4

0.0183

So, the probability of arriving no customers in 10 minutes interval is=(0.0183*100)%=1.83%

b) The probability of coming 1 customer arrives in a 5 minute interval:
Here, m=2

(x=1)=

So, the probability of coming 1 customer in 5 minutes is .271

2

e- /1!four
2 customers or more in a 5 minute interval:
c) Probability of arriving
Here, m=2
And, f(x4)=1-f(x4)
=1-[{p(x=0)}+ {p(x=1)}+ {p(x=2)}+ {p(x=3)}]
=

So, the probability percentage of arriving four customers or more in 5 minute interval would
be 0.143

Answer to the question number: 6

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From the given case studies it can be assume that the null hypothesis is
H0:=425
So, the alternative hypothesis would be H0:=425
By using Z test calculation we can find that,
Z=440-425/

250/15

=15/4.08=3.68

From the table, the table of significance on Z test is 5%. By applying this to this equation we
can found that Ztab=1.96.Here, we can see that the calculated value Zcal=3.68 is greater than
the tabulated value, Ztab=1.96. So, we can come into a decision that the business operation of
the company during the year is not distinctive compared to previous year.
Conclusion:
Statistical tool provides greater opportunity to estimate, solve and understand any problem
with a clear and concise idea. In order to make interpretation and explanation of particular
data it would need statistical analysis which would eventually give the opportunity to resolve
any problematic issue. To make any concrete decision in the business, mathematics and
statistics have a great deal of influence and importance in resolving and understanding the
problems.

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Reference and Bibliography:

Ahmed (2006) The role of statistics in social science. University of Dhaka Press.
Croxton & Crowed (2001) Contemporary statistics for business, Thomson-southern western.
Curwin, J. (2007) Quantitative Methods: A Short Course, London: Thomson Learning.
DL, D. (2008), Statistics in business, New Delhi-India.
Gerald J. Hahn, Necip D. (2005) The Role of Statistics in Business and Industry. Prentice
Hall: London.
Investopedia

(2014)

Mutually

exclusive

definition,

Available

at:

http://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/mutuallyexclusive.asp[Accessed,10/04/2014]
Moore, D.S and McCabe, G.P, (1999) Introduction to the practice of Statistics, 3 rd ed, New
York: W.M, free man.

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