Accepted Manuscript

Accurate eccentric impact analysis of the preloaded SMA composite plates,

based on a novel mixed-order hyperbolic global-local theory
M. Shariyat, S.H. Hosseini
PII:
DOI:
Reference:

S0263-8223(15)00004-5
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.01.002
COST 6132

To appear in:

Composite Structures

Please cite this article as: Shariyat, M., Hosseini, S.H., Accurate eccentric impact analysis of the preloaded SMA
composite plates, based on a novel mixed-order hyperbolic global-local theory, Composite Structures (2015), doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.01.002

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Accurate eccentric impact analysis of the preloaded SMA

composite plates, based on a novel mixed-order hyperbolic
global-local theory
M. Shariyat*a,b, S.H. Hosseinia
a

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 19991-43344, Iran.
b

Center of Excellence in Smart Structures and Dynamical Systems, Iran.

Abstract
Various high-order polynomial, trigonometric, exponential, and hyperbolic plate theories have
recently been proposed. Majority of these theories have described the displacement field through odd
functions to satisfy the zero shear traction condition on the top and bottom surfaces and thus are
mainly suitable for symmetric lamination schemes or material properties distributions. In the present
paper, a higher-order global-local hyperbolic plate theory that includes both odd and even functions
and consequently, is especially adequate for descriptions of the general asymmetric displacement
fields, is proposed. This theory is employed to investigate the complicated responses of a pre-stressed
composite plate with SMA wires subjected to a low velocity eccentric impact. A non-uniform and
time-dependent distribution of the phases of the SMA wires is considered instead of using the simple
recovery stress or uniform martensite volume fraction distribution approaches. A refined contact law
based on a proper homogenization technique is proposed instead of using the traditional Hertz law.
The resulting highly nonlinear finite element governing equations are solved by an iterative algorithm
within each time step. Different contact laws are considered for the loading and unloading phases. A
comprehensive parametric study is accomplished to study effects of the pre-stresses, eccentricity, and
lamination schemes.

Keywords: Shape memory alloy; eccentric impact; preloaded composite plate; contact law; nonuniform phase transformation.

Corresponding author, Professor, E-mail addresses: m_shariyat@yahoo.com and shariyat@kntu.ac.ir

Tel.: +98 9122727199; Fax: +98 21 88674748, zip code: 19991-43344.
Web page: http://wp.kntu.ac.ir/shariyat/publications.html.

Ph.D. candidate, E-mail addresses: hosseini_seyedhossein@yahoo.com; s.h.hosseini@mail.kntu.ac.ir.

1 Introduction
Loaded structures are usually vulnerable to accidental, not necessarily eccentric, low-velocity
impacts due to falling or thrown rigid objects. Using intelligent or passive structural damping
elements may play a significant role in suppression of the resulting undesirable vibrations or stresses
through dissipation of the stored strain energy of the structure. Generally, usage of the dissipating
elements leads to more accurate navigations, comfort or higher strengths and fatigue lives. These
elements may be used in aerospace, aeronautical, marine, civil, offshore, mechanical, and vehicular
structures. The most common structural dissipating elements are the piezoelectric, magnetostrictive,
rheological/magneto-rheological, viscoelastic [1-3], and shape memory elements. The first three
categories of the damping elements require an external energy supply. The shape memory elements do
not require external energy sources to operate. Employing shape memory alloys (SMAs) in the forms
of wires, plates, strips, tubes or layers may help in dissipation of the impact energies and
consequently, reducing the resulting stresses and displacements with a significantly high rate [4,5].
The shape memory behaviors exhibited by SMAs result from a reversible solid-state phase
transformation between an austenite phase comprised of a high symmetry crystal structure and a
lower symmetry martensite phase [6,7]. The constitutive mathematical models for description of the
phase transformation kinetics have mainly been proposed by Tanaka and Nagaki [8], Liang and
Rogers [9], Brinson [10], Boyd and Lagoudas [11], Auricchio et al. [12,13], and Sittner et al. [14,15].
Zak et al. [16] compared predictions of Tanaka, Liang and Rogers, and Brinson models for static and
dynamic responses of different composite structures with embedded SMA components and concluded
that all the three models agree well in predicting of the superelastic behavior at temperatures above
the austenite finish temperature but Brinsons model enables more accurate predictions.
Apart from the employed SMA model, accuracy of the response assessment of a plate with
embedded SMA wires is significantly affected by the employed plate theory. Although variety of
high-order plate theories have been proposed so far, it can be proven that each of these theories may
led to most accurate results in specific conditions. The third-order theory Reddy [17], the m-th order
theory of Matsunaga [18], the sinusoidal [19] or trigonometric [20,21], hyperbolic [22], and
exponential theories [23] are among the aforementioned theories. Neves et al. [24] presented a quasi3D hybrid polynomial and trigonometric shear deformation theory for the static and free vibration
analysis of functionally graded plates. Grover et al. [25] proposed an inverse hyperbolic theory for
static and buckling analysis of laminated composite and sandwich plates. Thai and Vo [26] presented
a four-parameter sinusoidal shear deformation theory based on the bending-shear decomposition
concept. Almost all of the available high-order descriptions proposed so far for the displacement
fields have been developed based on choosing the mid-surface as the reference plane of the transverse
coordinate and satisfying the zero shear stress condition on the symmetric (with respect to midsurface) top and bottom layers. For this reason, the resulting descriptions have been expressed in

terms of odd functions (antisymmetric distributions of the in-plane displacement components). A fact
that may not be justified, especially for the asymmetric or functionally graded laminates.
Accurately predicting of the responses of the hybrid composite plates with embedded SMA wires
necessitates considering a time-varying non-uniform distribution for the martensite volume fraction
for the SMA wires [27,28]. Some researchers have assume that only ends of the SMA wires are
attached to the impacted plate and thus, employed the preliminary concept of the recovery stresses of
SMAs [29,30] instead of the constitutive laws; since the resulting martensite volume fraction
distribution was a uniform one. In contrast, Meo et al. [31] considered pseudoelasticity of the SMAs
through a simple numerical model. Influences of the pseudoelastic nature of the SMAs on lowvelocity impact responses of a composite plate is investigated by Wu et al. [32] using Brinsons model
and the finite element method. Effects of using shape memory alloy thin films embedded in composite
plates under low velocity impacts were investigated briefly by Kim et al. [33] numerically,
implementing Lagoudas model in ABAQUS finite element analysis code.
Based on the foregoing brief literature survey, it is intended to include the following novelties in
the present paper:
i)

Presenting a novel high-order global-local plate theory that includes both odd and even functions
in description of transverse variations of the in-plane displacement components and therefore,
from the mathematical point of view, gives more accurate results for the asymmetric transverse
material properties distributions.

ii)

The presented plate theory is proposed in the global and global-local forms. However, since
mathematically, the global-local theories lead to more accurate results [1,2,34-36], the
formulation is developed based on the global-local form.

iii)

Assessment of effects of the pre-loads on the impact responses of the SMA composite plates.

iv) Evaluating influence of the eccentricity of the impact on the increase of the contact force.
v)

Considering effects of the realistic time-dependent localized phase transformation distribution of

the embedded SMA wires on the impact responses.

vi) Proposing a proper micromechanical model for inclusion the SMA effects.
vii) Using a refined contact law that in contrast to the traditional contact laws, considers effects of
the stiffness of all layers as well as thickness of the plate, on the contact stiffness.

2 The governing equations

2.1 Guidelines for proposing a high-order plate/shell theory
Let us consider the rectangular laminated composite plate with embedded SMA wires shown in Fig.
1. The plate is subjected to an impact by a spherical indenter whose initial velocity and radius are
denoted by V and R, respectively. Geometric parameters of the plate and the indenter are shown in
Fig. 1. Length, width, and thickness of the plate are denoted by a, b, and h, respectively. The zcoordinate of the plate may be measured from an arbitrary but fixed layer and is positive upward.

Cross section of the SMA wires may be considered to be either a circular or rectangular one, but the
latter one is more suitable from both the manufacturing and volume fraction increase points of view.

Fig. 1 The geometric parameters of the hybrid composite plate and the indenter.

The only difference between the available plate theories is the manner of interpolation of the
transverse variations of the displacement components. Although almost arbitrary forms of the
interpolating functions may be used in this regards, considering the following hints may lead to a
more adequate plate theory:
1- The proposed theory has to be consistent with the loading and material properties distributions.
For example, the displacement field of the transversely graded or asymmetric laminated plates
cannot be represented by odd functions only. In other words, the describing function must also be
valid when location of the reference layer is changed.
2- When number of the layers is large or the differences between the material properties of the
adjacent layers is significant, using zigzag or layerwise theories (with piecewise defined
interpolating functions) is preferable.
3-

The traction condition of the top and bottom layers (and continuity condition of the transverse
stress components at the interfaces between layers, in the layerwise theories) have to be satisfied.

4-

Using high-order functions dependent on the dimensionless (z/h) expression may not be
adequate; since by this choice, form of the mentioned terms will be identical for both thin and
thick plates.

5- Generally, since rotations of the layers are not necessarily identical, the traditional concept of
rotation of the middle or reference plane is not of practical importance.
6- The high-order terms may be so chosen that their effects appear more remarkably for thicker
plates. For example, using sinusoidal or trigonometric terms (in some of the well-known theories)
whose values become zero at the reference and top and bottom layers leads to dominance of the
first order terms at these locations.

2.1.1 Single-layer form of the proposed theory

To include, linear and high-order ascending and decaying terms, the following description of the
displacement field may be proposed:
u ( x, y, z, t ) = a11 ( x, y, t ) + a12 ( x, y , t ) z + a13 ( x, y, t )e z + a14 ( x, y , t )e z ,
v( x, y , z, t ) = a21 ( x, y , t ) + a22 ( x, y, t ) z + a23 ( x, y, t )e z + a24 ( x, y , t )e z ,

(1)

w( x, y, z , t ) = w0 ( x, y, z, t )
where, u, v, and w are the displacement components along the x, y, and z coordinate axes,
respectively. It is known that the exponential function may include effects of all powers of its
argument, e.g., based on Maclaurins around z=0:

ez =
i =0

zi
i!

(2)

Eq. (1) may be rewritten in terms of the hyperbolic functions:

u ( x, y, z, t ) = 11 ( x, y , t ) + 12 ( x, y, t ) z + 13 ( x, y, t )sinh z + 14 ( x, y , t )cosh z ,
v( x, y ,z, t ) = 21 ( x, y , t ) + 22 ( x, y, t ) z + 23 ( x, y, t )sinh z + 24 ( x, y , t )cosh z ,

(3)

w( x, y, z , t ) = w0 ( x, y, z , t )

The first three terms of the in-plane displacement description (3) contain odd functions whilst the
fourth one is an even function. In this case, definitions of rotations of the reference plane cannot be
employed directly, instead, since effects of the zeroth and first-order terms of the transverse
coordinate are included already through the first and second terms of the displacement components
(Eqs. 1 and 3), Eq. (3) may be rewritten in the following form to present an explicit definition for
rotations of the reference plate:
u ( x, y, z, t ) = u0 ( x, y, t ) + z x ( x, y, t ) + z 2 [ 13 ( x, y, t )sinh z + 14 ( x, y , t ) cosh z ] ,
v( x, y, z, t ) = v0 ( x, y , t ) + z y ( x, y, t ) + z 2 [ 23 ( x, y, t )sinh z + 24 ( x, y , t )cosh z ] ,

(4)

w( x, y, z, t ) = w0 ( x, y, z , t )
where, u0 , v0 , x , and y are displacements and rotations of the reference plane:

11 = u0 ,
x = u, z

21 = v0
z =0

y = v, z

(5)
z =0

The functions ( 13 , 14 , 23 , 24 ) or ( 13 , 14 , 23 , 24 ) may be determined in terms of ( u0 , x , v0 , y

) or ( 11 , 12 , 21 , 22 ), respectively, trough imposing the following traction conditions:

xz

z = zT

= XT ,

yz

z = zT

= YT ,

xz

z = zB

= XB,

yz

z = zB

= YB .

(6)

where, the subscripts T and B stand for the top and bottom layers, respectively. for the present
problem:
X T ,YT , X B , YB = 0

(7)

However, effects of the higher-order terms are more remarkable in Eq (3) and therefore, this equation
may be recommended for thicker plates.

2.1.2 Global-local form of the proposed theory

The zigzag global-local extension of Eq. (3) may be presented as follows for descriptions of the
transverse variations of the displacement field within the k-th layer:
u ( ) ( x, y ,z, t ) = u g + ul( ) = 11 ( x, y, t ) + 12 ( x, y , t ) z + 11( ) ( x, y, t )sinh k + 12( ) ( x, y , t ) cosh k ,
k

( )
( )
( x, y, t )sinh k + 22
( x, y , t ) cosh k ,
v( ) ( x, y,z, t ) = vg + vl( ) = 21 ( x, y, t ) + 22 ( x, y , t ) z + 21
k

(8)

w( x, y, z , t ) = w0 ( x, y, z, t )
where, the subscripts g and l denote global and local quantities, respectively and either of the
following definitions may be used for the local coordinate of the k-th layer:

k =

z zk
or z z k
hk

(9)

and zk is the global coordinate of the bottom plane of the k-th layer. While the global unknown
displacement parameters ( 11 , 12 , 21 , 22 ) may be determined based on the governing equations, the
4n unknown local displacement parameters ( 11 , 12 , 21 , 22 ) of a plate with n layers, may be
determined based on satisfaction of 4(n-1) displacement and transverse shear continuity conditions
and 4 tractions conditions of the top and bottom layers. Therefore, the following conditions have to be
incorporated for the present problem:

ul( k )

=1

xz( k )
xz(1)

= ul( k +1)
k +1)

=1

=0

= xz(

=0

=0,

=0

vl( k )

yz( k )

yz(1)

=0

=1

= vl( k +1)

k +1)

=1

= (yz

=0

xz( n +1)

=0 ,

=1

k = 1,....., n 1

=0

yz( n +1)

=0 ,

=1

(10)

= 0.

2.2 The constitutive laws of the composite plate and the SMA wires
The stress-strain relation of the k-th layer of the plate in the principal coordinates of the parallel
composite and SMA fibers may be written as:
(k )

1

2
12

13
23

Q11
Q
12
= 0

0
0

Q12
Q22
0
0
0

0
0
Q44
0
0

0
0
0
Q55
0

0
0
0

0
Q66

(k)

(k)

1

2

12

13
23

(11)

(k )

( k ) ( k )
=Q

where the axes 1, 2, and 3 denote the fiber direction, in-plane transverse direction of the fiber and outof-plane transverse direction of the fiber, respectively and:
Q11( ) =
k

(k)

E1( k )

,
(k )

1 12( k ) 21
(k )

Q44 = G12 ,

(k)

Q12( ) =
k

(k )

12( k ) E2( k )
,
(k )
1 12( k ) 21
(k)

(k )

Q55 = G13 , Q66 = G23 ,

( )
Q22
=

E2( k )

12( k )
E1( k )

1 12( k ) 21( k )

21( k )
E2( k )

,
(12)

where E, , and G are Youngs modulus, Poissons ratio, and shear modulus, respectively.
The effective material properties of the laminate may be related to those of the fiber and matrix
through using Voigt and Reuss micromechanical rules for the longitudinal and transverse directions,
respectively [37]:

E1 = E f V f + EmVm , E2 =

E f Em

E f Vm + EmV f

, v12 = v f V f + vmVm , G12 =

G f Gm
G f Vm + GmV f

(13)

where, V f and Vm are volume fractions of the fiber and matrix, respectively, and the subscripts f and

m denote the fiber and matrix, respectively. Denoting the angle between the fiber and the x-axis by ,
Eq. (11) may be expressed in terms of the geometric coordinates of the plate, employing the common
rotational transformation matrices:

( k ) ( k )
( k ) = Q

(14)

where

T = x y xy xz yz ,

T = x

y xy xz yz

(15)

Based on Brinsons constitutive equation [10], the stress ( ) and strain ( ) quantities of the
superelastic SMA wires, may be related through the martensite volume fraction ( ) as:
0 = E ( )( 0 ) + ( ) s ( 0 ) s 0

(16)

where, is the transformation tensor and s represents the stress-induced detwinned martensite
volume fraction. The subscript 0 denotes the initial quantities of the last local or global event.
The modulus of elasticity appeared in Eq. (16) has to be determined based on a proper
micromechanical rule, considering the volume fractions of the martensite and austenite phases. Based
on Voigt, Reuss, and Mori-Tanaka rules, one may write respectively [8,38,39]:
E ( ) = EM + (1 ) E A
E ( ) =

E ( ) =

EA
E

1 + A 1
EM

(17)

SA

+ (1 ) A AS
EM E A (1 ) + A
+

SA
AS
2 E s (1 ) + A E A Es (1 ) A + E A

where
ASA =

ES
,
EM + p ( EM E A )

A AS =

EA
EM + p ( E A EM )

(18)

E A and EM are Youngs moduli of the austenite and martensite phases, and p is a shape factor [39].
Shariyat and Ghaznavi [40] has shown that results of these models are almost coincident, unless a
cyclic loading is impoed on the structure. Brinson has used Voigt (rule of mixtures) model:
E ( ) = E A + ( EM E A ) ,

( ) = L E ( )

(19)

where, L is the maximum recoverable strain. In this regard, three regions may be defined:
i) Conversion from the austenite to the detwinned martensite phase
In this case: T > M s and scr + CM ( T M s ) < < crf + CM ( T M s ) and:

1 + 0
1 0
crf CM (T M s ) +
cos cr
cr
2
2
s f

(20)

ii) For T < M s and scr < < crf :

=

(21)

1 + 0

1 0
cos cr
crf ) +
cr (
2
2
s f

iii) Conversion from detwinned martensite to austenite phase. For T < M s and scr < < crf :

= s 0

s 0


0 0 cos
T As

+ 1
0
2 A f As
C A

(22)

In Eqs. (20) to (22), scr , crf , As , Af , and M s are the critical stresses associated with the start and
finish of the phase transformation process, the start and finish temperatures of the austenite phase
transformation, and temperature of the martensite transformation start, respectively. CM and CM are
slopes of the martensite and austenite transformation curves in the stress-temperature plane.
For a layer with embedded SMA wires, Eq. (11) may be modified as:
(k )

k
( k ) ( k )
( ) = Q

Vs Es L
0

0
0

(23)

where, Vs , and Es are the volume fraction and modulus of elasticity of the SMA material,
respectively, and in the geometric coordinates:
(k )

(k )

Vs Es L cos 2

2
Vs Es Lsin

( k ) ( k ) k E sin cos
=Q
s s
L

( k ) ( k ) ( k )
=Q
s

(24)

Since it is assumed that the SMA wires are parallel to the composite fibers, the effective material
properties of the SMA-composite combination may be determined based on an equation similar to Eq.
(13) for each layer, in the principal directions of the fibers:

 E1 = Vc ( E1 )c + Vs Es

E2 = ( E2 )c Es / Vc Es + Vs ( E2 )c

G12 = ( G12 )c Gs / Vc Gs + Vs ( G12 )c

G13 = ( G13 )c Gs / Vc Gs + Vs ( G13 )c

12 = Vc ( 12 )c + Vs s
=V +V
c c
s s

(25)

where, the subscripts s and c stand for the SMA and composite materials, respectively.

2.3 The refined contact law

To extend Hertz contact law for composite plates, Turner [41] proposed relating the contact force
to the indentation value as follows:
3

Fc = kc 2 ,

kc =

4
R .ET*
3

(26)

where , kc , and ET* are the indentation value, contact stiffness, and effective modulus, respectively:
ET* =

2 2Gxy

E / E y xz2 Ex / E y xz2
1 xy x
+
1 xy2
1 xy2

1/ 2

1 + x 1 xz (1 + xy )

2Gxz

xy

1/2

(27)

Therefore

3F
=
*
4 RET

2/3

( kc )eff

4
RET*
3

(28)

This law can be modified further by computing ET* based on the average (of the whole thickness) of
the moduli of elasticity proposed in Eq. (25). For the unloading phase, the modified Hertzian contact
law proposed by Yang and Sun [42] is employed in the present research:

0
Fc = Fmax

max 0

5/ 2

(29)

where Fmax is the maximum contact force reached during the loading phase, max is the relevant
maximum indentation, and 0 is the permanent indentation, if any.

2.4 The governing nonlinear equations of motion

Based on Eq. (8), the matrix representation of the global-local displacement field may be
introduced as:

( k ) ( x, y, z, t ) = ( k ) ( z ) ( k ) ( x, y, t )

(30)
where
(k ) T

= u(k)

(k ) T

(k )
= 11 12 21 22 11( k ) 12( k ) 21
22( k )

( )
( )

v(k )

w
(31)

w0

Therefore, the strain matrix may be determined from:

( k )

x

y
= xy

xz
yz

(k )

u, x
v

,y

= u,y + v,x
w + v
,x , z
w,y + u, z

(k )

=
y

0 ( k ) ( k ) = A ( k ) (z, ) ( k )

(32)

where the comma and symbols denote partial differentiation operations; so that, based on Eq. (24):

k

( k ) ( k ) ( k ) = Q

( k ) A (z, ) ( k ) ( k )
( ) = Q
s
s

(33)

Since the stress components are dependent on partial derivatives of the displacement parameters ( k ) ,

imposing the continuity and boundary conditions (10), cannot be accomplished directly. A new idea is
proposed here to enable this task. In this regard, the plate is discretized by means of quadratic
rectangular elements [43], as shown in Fig. 1. So that, each displacement parameter may be
represented in the following finite element form:
( ) = N ( x, y ) ( ) (t )
k

(34)

where, N is the shape function matrix and is the nodal values vector. Therefore:

A (z, ) ( k ) = A (z, ) N ( x, y ) ( k ) (t ) = B (z, x, y)( k ) (t )

(35)

By imposing the continuity and boundary conditions (10), the local parameters may be interpreted in
terms of the global parameters, so that finally, the global displacement parameters become the only
independent unknown displacement parameters:


( k ) ( x, y, z , t ) = ( k ) ( z ) ( x, y , t ) = ( k ) ( z ) N * ( x, y ) (t )

(36)

where, N * is the overall matrix of the shape functions and:

N

0
*
N = 0

0
0

N
0
0
0

0
N

0
0

0
0

N
0

0
0 ,

0
N

T = 11 12 21 22

10

w0

(37)

 is vector of the nodal values of the vector components. These complicated mathematical

operations have been carried out, using MAPLE software.

The governing equations may be derived using Hamiltons principle:
T

(U W ) dt = 0

(38)

where increments of the strain energy ( U ) and work of the external loads (including the inertia
forces and moments) ( W ) may be determined from:
n

( )

U =

hk + 1

(k ) T

(k )

hk

0 k =1

W =
0 k =1

hk +1

hk

=
0 k =1

hk +1

hk
T

N*

hk

0 k =1

( )
hk +1

k =1

(k ) T

hk


0 0 1 (k )N *

N * (s

k)

) dz d

(39

nT T dz ds + Fc w0i

 dzd +
0 ( ) ( ( k ) N * ) ( ( k ) N * )
0

 (k )

) ( Q
( )A

T
0 ( ( k ) ) ( k ) dzd 0 +

 (k )

( ) (A

hk +1

+ Fc ( )

dz d0 =

 (k )

( ) (
k =1

hk +1

hk

N*

nT T dz ds

(40
)

where and represent respectively, area of the reference plane and the edge of the plate, and n
0

denote the unit outer normal vector and traction vector, respectively. Fc and w0i are

and T

respectively, the contact force and displacement of the indenter.

T

Sine Eq. (38) has to be valid for any arbitrary time interval and ( ) , based on Eqs. (38) to (40), one
may deduce that:
n

hk + 1

hk

0 k =1

 (k ) *

N
0

(
hk +1

hk

0 k =1

+ Fc

 (k )

) (


A (k ) N *


 + A ( k ) N *
N*

(sk ) dz d0 +


0 0 1 (k ) N *

(
k =1

hk + 1

hk



( k )A ( k ) N * dz d
Q
0


(k ) N *

(41)

nT T n dz ds

or in a compact form

 + K = F
M

(42)

where:

11

M=

0 k =1
n

K=

hk +1

 (k )

0 k =1



( k ) A ( k ) N * dz d ,
Q
0

(43)
hk +1

+ Fc

N*

hk

0 ( ( k ) N * ) ( ( k ) N * ) dz d0

(A

0 k =1

F=

hk +1

hk

hk


A (k ) N *


0 0 1 (k ) N *

(s ) dz d0 +
k

hk +1

(
k =1

hk


(k ) N *

n T T n dz ds

The system of equations (42) has to be assembled with the governing equation of motion of the
indenter
(44)

0i = Fc
mi w
or
3/2

0i + kc ( w0i wc )
mi w

(45)

=0

where mi , and wc are the mass of the indenter and lateral deflection of the impacted node (central
point) of the plate, respectively.

3 Solution procedure of the resulting augmented nonlinear system of equations

As stated in the foregoing section, the governing finite element system of equations of the SMA
composite plate, is an augmented system that includes both Eqs. (42) and (45). Responses of the
impacted plate are determined through using Newmarks numerical time integration method. Since
the resulting system of equations is nonlinear, an iterative solution scheme has to be carried out,
within each time step, using the following initial conditions:

, 
=0

t =0

(46)

For clamped and simply-supported plates, the = 0 edge condition may be imposed respectively, on
the entire thickness or only on the reference plane.
Due to the nonlinear constitutive equation of the SMA wires, the stiffness matrix of the hybrid
composite plate is nonlinear and dependent on the nodal displacement parameters. Therefore, in each
time step, it must be updated several times. In this regard, the stiffness matrix of each step may be
constructed initially, based on displacement parameters (and therefore, martensite volume fractions
and stresses) of the end of the previous time step. After solving the augmented system of equations,
the stiffness matrix may be updated based on the resulting displacement field, and so on. In this
regard, it is important to check whether loading, local unloading or reverse loading is happening at
each individual point of the SMA wires. The constitutive laws are different for each of these cases.
Since Brinsons model has mainly been proposed for the loading events, this model is modified here
through proposing an algorithm illustrated in the flow chart of Fig. 2. In Fig. 2, i is the counter of the
time integration steps. In the reverse loading, signs of the second and third expressions of the right

12

hand side of Eq. (16) have to be changed. Therefore, the instantaneous and local variations of the
volume fraction of the martensite phase have to be traced for each point of the SMA wires.
Start

No

Yes

i i 1 0
Unloading

Loading

Check the phase transformation

Check the phase transformation

Yes

Yes

i > As

i = i 1

i < Ms
No

No

Yes

i < Af

i = 0

i > Mf

No

No

i = i 1
Yes

i = 1

Austenite to martensite
phase transformation

Martensite to austenite
phase transformation

Fig. 2 An algorithm for checking whether a localized loading, local unloading or reverse loading
event happens at each individual point of the SMA wires to adequately modify Brinsons model.

4 Results and discussions

The element size (as discussed in the next section) and the integration time step are adopted
according to convergence studies. To accurately trace the time history of the displacement parameters,
an integration time step in the order of the 10 6 (sec) that is much less than the fundamental period
time of the structure and especially much less than the response time of the structure is adopted.

4.1 Verification of the results

An example previously presented by Tiberkak et al. [44] is reconsidered to verify results of the
present formulations. Tiberkak et al. used a finite element formulation based on the first-order shear
deformation plate theory. Length, width, and thickness of the simply supported plate are 0.127m,
0.0762m, and 0.00465 m, respectively. Specifications of the [45/90/-45/0]3s composite plate and
indenter are as follows [44]:

Plate: E1 = 129GPa, E2 = 7.5GPa, G12 = 3.5GPa, 12 = 0.33, = 1540kgm 3

Indenter: R = 12.7mm, E = 207GPa, = 0.3, mi = 0.314kg , V = 2.92m / s

Comparing present results for time variations of the contact force with those of Tiberkak et al. [44] in
Fig. 3, confirms the good agreement between these results.

13

Fig. 3 A comparison between present results and results of Tiberkak et al. [44] for time variations of
the contact force.
4.2 Convergence analysis
In the present and remaining examples, a composite simply supported square six-layer [02/902/02]
epoxy-glass composite plate with side length of 75mm whose thickness of each layer is 0.5mm is
considered as a baseline. Material properties of the composite plate are [45]:

E1 = 32.062GPa, E2 = E3 = 10.789GPa, G12 = G13 = 11.92GPa, G23 = 4.68GPa,

12 = 13 = 23 = 0.344, = 1796kgm 3
Radius, mass, initial velocity, and initial energy of the rigid spherical indenter are 25.4mm, 3kg, 5m/s,
and 37.5J, respectively. The maximum contact force is plotted in Fig. 4, for various numbers of the
elements. As may be noted from Fig. 4, convergence has occurred for mesh sizes equal or greater than
77 elements. However, to ensure that the results are convergent in all of the next analyses, a 1010
mesh size is selected in the present research.

Fig 4 A convergence study based on variations of the maximum contact force with number of the
elements.

4.3 Influence of the SMA wires

To increase efficiency and volume fraction of the SMA wire for a fixed height, wires with square
section are adopted and assumed to be embedded in the top and bottom layers. In this regard, 45
square wires whose height is equal to the layer thickness are chosen for each of the top and bottom
layers (Fig. 5); so that the SMA volume fraction is 30% and 10% for the relevant layers and the whole
plate, respectively. Material properties of the Ni-Ti SMA wires are [46]:
E A = 51.7GPa, EM = 47.8GPa , G = 29.4GPa , A = M = 0.3, = 6450kgm3 ,
As = 34.5C , A f = 49C , M s = 18.4C , M f = 9C , C A = CM = 6.527 MPa / C , T0 = 37C ,

L = 0.063, Ms = 600MPa, Mf = 670MPa, As = 288MPa, Af = 254MPa.

Fig. 5 Locations and arrangement of the square SMA wires.

Fig. 6 Effects of the SMA wires on time history of the contact force.

Effects of the SMA wires on time histories of the contact force as well as the lateral deflection of
the center point of the plate are illustrated in Figs. 6 and 7, respectively. In addition to the fact that
modulus of elasticity of the employed SMA wires is higher than that of the composite fibers, the
structural damping of the mentioned materials due to the hysteretic nature of superelastic behavior has
led to higher surface stiffness and consequently, higher contact forces and smaller lateral deflections.
The increase in the absorbed potential energy due to the hysteretic nature of the SMA materials may
be inferred through comparing time variations of the absorbed energy of the initial plate with those of
the plate with embedded SMA wires, in Fig. 8.

Fig. 7 Effects of the SMA wires on time history of the lateral deflection of the center point of the
plate.

Fig. 8 Effects of the SMA wires on time history of the absorbed energy of the plate.

4.4 Time variations of the martensite volume fraction at different locations of the SMA wires

The available limited papers on impact response analysis of the hybrid SMA composite plates have
been performed based on the assumption of uniform martensite volume fraction distribution that
remains unchanged with time (e.g., due to inserting the SMA wires into covers, instead of actually
embedding them in the composite plate). Since distribution of the stress is both non-uniform and timedependent, the martensite volume fraction must be a localized and time-dependent quantity. To
investigate this fact, time variations of the volume fraction of the martensite phase of 24 points of the
central SMA wire (Fig. 9) of the bottom layer are plotted in Fig. 10. The adjacent points are 1 mm
apart.

Fig. 9 The points adopted for investigation of the localized and time dependent volume fraction of the
martensite phase of the central SMA wire.

Fig. 10 Time variations of the volume fraction of the martesite phase of the central SMA wire at the
points shown in Fig. 9.

Fig. 11 illustrates variations of the stresses versus the strains associated with representative points
of the central SMA wire of the bottom layer (shown in Fig. 9). As may be expected, the impacted
point experience the maximum stress and phase transformation (from the austenite to martensite
phase) and consequently, a larger hysteresis loop. As one proceeds from the central point of the plate
to the edges, the martensite volume fraction diminishes; so that at point 24, no phase transformation
occurs and behavior of the SMA wire is an elastic one.

Fig. 11 Variations of the stress versus the strain for representative points of the central SMA wire of
the bottom layer.

4.5 Effects of the preloads

The main loads of the plate structures may be assumed to be preloads when considering effects of
the impact. To investigate effects of the preloads on the impact responses, longitudinal tensile loads of
magnitude T=100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 MPa are exerted on the edges of the plate, in direction of
the SMA wires. It is evident that effects of the compressive preloads are opposite. Results are plotted
in Figs. 12 and 13. As may be noted form Fig. 13, the tensile loads decrease the lateral mobility of the
plate and therefore, lead to higher apparent lateral stiffness and consequently, higher contact forces
and less impact time durations. On the other hand, the tensile preloads induce initial stresses in the
SMA wires and expedite the phase transformation; so that higher martensite volume fractions and
therefore, more structural damping can be achieved. For example, the initial martensite volume
fraction was zero for point 24 of the central SMA wire (Fig. 10), but as a tensile preload of magnitude

500MPa is imposed, this value grows to about 30%. Effects of the tensile load on activation of the
phase transformation and time variations of the martensite volume fraction of point 24 may be
deduced from Fig. 14.

Fig. 12 Effects of the tensile preloads on the impact time duration and time variations of the contact
force.

Fig. 13 Effects of the tensile preloads on time variations of the lateral deflection of the center point of
the plate.

Fig. 14 Effects of the tensile preloads on expedition of the phase transformation phenomenon and
time variations of the martensite volume fraction of point 24 of Fig. 9.

4.6 Effects of details of the initial energy on the martensite volume fraction

The initial energy of the indenter (37.5J) is increased to twice, threefold, and fourfold, to
investigate effects of the mentioned energy on impact responses of the plate. This has been
accomplished through two procedures: (i) fixing the indenter mass and increasing the initial velocity
from 5m/s to 5 2 , 5 3 , and 10m/s and (ii) fixing the initial velocity and increasing the indenter
mass from 3kg to 6, 9, and 12 kg. Results illustrated in Figs. 15 and 16 confirm that these procedures
lead to quite different responses.

Fig. 15 Effects of various methods of increasing the initial energy of the indenter on impact time
duration and contact force of the SMA composite plate.

Fig. 16 Effects of various methods of increasing the initial energy of the indenter on lateral deflection
of the central point of the SMA composite plate.

Although results of Figs. 15 and 16 show that both the contact force and the lateral deflection increase
by increasing the initial energy of the indenter, the contact time increases when only the indenter mass
increases but decreases as only the initial velocity increases. As expected, the volume fraction of the
martensite phase increases by increasing the initial energy of the indenter (Fig. 17); so that by
increasing the initial energy from 37.5J to 150J, the initial zero volume fraction of Point 24 of the
central SMA wire (Fig. 9), increases to about 20%.

Fig. 17 Time variations of the martensite volume fraction of point 24 of Fig. 9 associated with
different methods of increasing the initial energy of the indenter.

4.7 Influence of eccentricity of the impact

In order to investigate effects of the eccentricity of the impact on responses of the hybrid SMA
composite plate, the following two locations are considered for the impacted point:
i)

x=a/2, y=2a/3.

ii) x=a/2, y=5a/6.

Results of the mentioned two cases are compared with results of the contact force and lateral
deflection of the original centrally impacted hybrid plate, in Figs. 18 and 19, respectively. Since the
central point of the plate is the most distant point of the plate from the supports, it is the most
compliant one. For this reason, the contact force and the lateral deflection of the plate have to be
respectively, higher and smaller for the eccentric impacts, as results of Figs. 18 and 19 confirm.
Moreover, the contact time duration has decreased due to the mentioned increase in the stiffness.

Fig. 18 Influence of the eccentricity of the impact on time variations of the contact force.

Fig. 19 Influence of the eccentricity of the impact on time variations of the lateral deflection of the
plate.

4.8 Transverse asymmetry of distribution of the material properties

As mentioned before, the available plate theories are inherently suitable for symmetric transverse
distributions of the material properties. Since it has been proven in section 2.1 that mathematically,
present global or local-global theories may lead to more suitable results for asymmetric laminations
schemes or more precisely, asymmetric transverse distributions of the material properties and due to
existence of very restricted results on impact analysis of the SMA composite and even composite
plates, present results may be used as bases for future comparisons. In the present section, effects of
the asymmetry in the transverse distribution of the material properties are assessed for plates with and
without SMA wires. In this regard, considering the same [02/902/02] lamination scheme, contact force
and lateral deflection results of the following six cases are compared:
i)

A [Glass]6 plate without SMA wires.

ii)

A [Glass]6 plate with SMA wires embedded in the top and bottom layers.

iii) A [Glass/Carbon]3 plate without SMA wires.

iv) A [Glass/Carbon]3 plate with SMA wires embedded in the top and bottom layers.
v)

A [Glass3/Carbon3] plate without SMA wires.

vi) A [Glass3/Carbon3] plate with SMA wires embedded in the top and bottom layers.
Material properties of the carbon (graphite) fibers are [45]:
E11 = E22 = 54GPa , E33 = 4.84GPa , G12 = 3.16GPa , G13 = G23 = 1.87GPa, 12 = 0.06,

13 = 23 = 0.313, = 1511kgm 3 ,

Fig. 20 A comparison among contact forces of hybrid plates with symmetric or asymmetric
lamination schemes with/without SMA wires.

Fig. 21 A comparison among lateral deflections of hybrid plates with symmetric or asymmetric
lamination schemes with/without SMA wires.

The corresponding results are depicted in Figs. 20 and 21. Since modulus of elasticity of the carbon
fiber is greater than that of the glass fiber, contact force and lateral deflection of the plates with carbon
fibers are respectively, higher and lower. However, these differences have decreased for plates with
embedded SMA wires. Moreover, the results reveal that stiffness of plates with quite asymmetric
lamination schemes is higher, especially when SMA wires are used. Although the elastic moduli of
the SMA wires are smaller than those of the glass fibers, the hysteretic damping nature of the SMA
materials has led to higher stiffnesses.

5 Conclusions
In the present research, eccentric low velocity impact analysis of rectangular SMA composite plates
subjected to preloads is investigated through proposing and employing a novel mixed-order
hyperbolic global-local theory that is inherently suitable for asymmetric transverse variations of the
material properties. Furthermore, a refined contact law and a suitable micromechanical model are
proposed. In contrast to researches performed by other researchers, both localized and time-dependent
variations of the austenite and martensite phases are taken into account. Some of the extracted
practical conclusions are:
- Due to establishing hysteretic loops and dissipating a significant portion of the stored strain energy,
the SMA wires increase the apparent stiffness of the plate and the strength of the plate against the
impact.
- The tensile preloads increase the apparent stiffness of the plate and thus, increase the contact force
(and the possible relevant damages) and decrease the lateral deflection of the plate.

- The more important issue is that the tensile preload expedite the phase transformation process
which in turn, increases the apparent stiffness of the plate further.
- The eccentric impacts lead to higher contact force (and consequently, greater possible damages).
- The asymmetric transverse distribution of the material properties leads to higher apparent
stiffnesses.

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