WaMa 3 Wastewater Treatment

Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management
Water Management and Climate Change Adaptation
3 Wastewater treatment
Peter Krebs
UNEP Course
CIPSEM Dresden, September 2014
Peter Krebs
Department of Hydro Science, Institute for Urban Water Management
Environmental management
Wastewater Treatment
3.1
Boundary conditions
3.2
Layout of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)
3.3
Physical treatment
3.4
Biological treatment
3.5
Final clarification
3.6
Sludge treatment
UNEP Water and Climate
PK, 2014 page 2
Peter Krebs
3.1
Boundary conditions
3.2
3.3
Physical treatment
3.4
3.5
Final clarification
3.6
Sludge treatment
PK, 2014 page 3
Goals of wastewater disposal

Hygiene
Hygienic disposal
Flood protection
No backwater effects in and from

sewers
Water protection
Minimising of pollutants impact

Minimising oxygen depletion
Maintaining hygienic water quality
PK, 2014 page 4
Retention
Sewage
retention tank
Reservoir
Rain-runoff process
Sewer system
Water
distribution
Urban region
Urban water system
Retention tank
Sedimentation
CSO structure
Overflow
Clean water
inflow
WWTP
Treatment
Sludge disposal
In-/Exfiltration
Receiving
water
Ground
water
Water
purification
Infiltration
PK, 2014 page 5
The urban drainage system
Sewage retention
Overflow structure
Overflow
Combined
water storage
WWTP
WWTP
effluent
Receiving water
PK, 2014 page 6
Capacity of WWTP
Inflow rate (l/s)
400
Capacity of WWTP
Q m = 2 Q S,max (85%) + Q f
300
WWTP capacity
for stormwater
inflow
200
Dry-weather flow
Qt
Average inflow rate
100
Q s,m
Q s Sewage flow
Extraneous water flow
Qf
0
0
12
16
20
24
Time (h)
PK, 2014 page 7
Extraneous water flow Qf

Groundwater infiltration
Drainage
Small rivers
Water from fountains
Cooling water
Excess water from drinking water reservoirs
Extraneous water flow is variable

Average, if no data available
Q f 0,5 Qs
Better: mechanistic reason
Q f f sewer length
PK, 2014 page 8
Load variation in WWTP inlet

70
NH4-load
50
5
COD-load
40
30
3
Daily average
20
COD and NH4
10
0
00:00
NH 4-load (kg/h)
COD-load (kg/h)
60
04:00
08:00
12:00
16:00
20:00
0
00:00
Time (hh:mm)
PK, 2014 page 9
Wet-weather load of NH4+ and TSS from sewer

16
TSS Fracht
load
TSS
12
10
8
6
NH
NH44 Fracht
-load // (Q
(QddC
C0))
Flow rate
Abfluss
14
4
2
10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00

Q /Q d; TSS
Fracht// (Q
(QddC
C00))
Q/Q
TSS-load
NH4 Fracht
load
NH4
0:00
2:00
PK, 2014 page 10
Effluent standards
Class
COD
(mg/l)
BOD5
(mg/l)
NH4-N
(mg/l)
N*
(mg/l)
Ptot
(mg/l)
< 1000 PE
60 kg BOD5 / d
150
40
< 5000 PE
300 kg BOD5 / d
110
25
< 10000 PE
600 kg BOD5 / d
90
20
10
< 100000 PE
6000 kg BOD5 / d
90
20
10
18
> 100000 PE
6000 kg BOD5 / d
75
15
10
13
* N = Sum of NH4+, NO3-, und NO2-
PK, 2014 page 11
Approach of Water Framework Directive
Immission
Emission
PK, 2014 page 12
Peter Krebs
3.1
Boundary conditions
3.2
3.3
Physical treatment
3.4
3.5
Final clarification
3.6
Sludge treatment
PK, 2014 page 13
Layout of a WWTP
Mechanical treatment
Screen
Primary
clarifier
Grid and fat

chamber
Process
water
Activated sludge
tank
Deni
Precipitation
Nitri
Secondary
clarifier
River,
filtration
Sand
Primary
sludge
Return sludge
FHM
Excess sludge
MEST
Sludge treatment
Fresh
sludge
Biogas
Processwater
fertiliser
compost
Drying
Incineration
Fat
Disposal and
treatment with
solid waste
Washing,
Disposal
Digester
Storage
Dewatering
PK, 2014 page 14
Example: WWTP Chemnitz-Heinersdorf
PK, 2014 page 15
Typical residence time in reactors
Wastewater
HRT (h)
Sludge
SRT (d)
Mechanical pre-treatment
0.2
0.01
Primary clarifier
1.5
Activated sludge tank

Secondary clarifier
10
10
Sludge thickener
Digester
20
<1d
> 1 month
PK, 2014 page 16
Peter Krebs
3.1
Boundary conditions
3.2
3.3
Physical treatment
3.4
3.5
Final clarification
3.6
Sludge treatment
PK, 2014 page 17
Automatically cleaned trash rack
PK, 2014 page 18
Sedimentation: hydraulic overflow rate qA = Q/A

L
(Hazen, 1904)
U
Q
VS
Critical case
Settling condition
L
U
L
H
U
VS
VS
VS
U BH
Q
LB
ANB
VS qA
Independent of H !
PK, 2014 page 19
Grid chamber
In connection with combined systems
Effects of non-organic particles:
Abrasion of steel (e.g. pumps)
Clogging (Sludge hopper, pipes, Pumps)
Sedimentation (activated sludge tank, digester)
High maintenance requirements
Sludge in sand is hindering
Sand in sludge is detrimental for operation !
PK, 2014 page 20
Aerated grid chamber
PK, 2014 page 21
Efficiency of primary clarifier
100
90
settleable
solids
Efficiency (%)
80
70
TSS
60
50
40
30
BOD5
20
10
0
0
Residence time HRT (h)

PK, 2014 page 22
Effects of primary clarifier on wastewater
Unit
Inlet
Outlet*
g TSS / m3
360
180
Compound
TSS
g O2 / m3
BOD5
COD
g O2 / m3
TKN
g N / m3
NH4-N
g N / m3
NO2-N
g N / m3
NO3-N
g N / m3
Ptot
g P / m3
Alkalinity mol HCO3- / m3
*
Cin Cout

Cin
0.5
300
230
0.23
600
450
0.25
60
56
0.067
40
40
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
10
9
0.1
= f(Drinking water) + NH4-N
Short residence time
PK, 2014 page 23
Peter Krebs
3.1
Boundary conditions
3.2
3.3
Physical treatment
3.4
3.5
Final clarification
3.6
Sludge treatment
PK, 2014 page 24
Suspended biomass
Activated sludge system
suspended through turbulence

sludge flocs with 0.1 1 mm diameter
degradation related to biomass
Increase suspended biomass concentration
Sessile biomass
Biofilm system
biofilm on carrier
little erosion
degradation related to biofilm surface area
Increase of specific surface area
PK, 2014 page 25
Important micro-biological processes

Growth
Implementation of C, N, P in biomass
Decay
If external nutrients are rare
Hydrolysis
Heavily easily degradable substances, through

encymes
Aerobic
degradation
organic compounds CH2O + O2 CO2 + H2O
Nitrification
NH4+ + 2 O2 NO3- + H2O + 2 H+
Denitrification
5 CH2O + 4 NO3- + 4 H+ 2 N2 + 5 CO2 + 7 H2O
PK, 2014 page 26
Activated sludge system

Activated
sludge tank
Air, O2
Secondary
clarifier
Sedimentation
Inlet
Nutrients
Effluent
Bacteria
Return sludge
Excess
sludge
PK, 2014 page 27
Sludge inventory in activated sludge system

Activated
sludge tank
XAST
Secondary
clarifier
Q + QRAS
XAST
Xe
(QWAS)
QRAS = RQ
XRAS
(XWAS)
Sludge balance in equilibrium
X RAS X AST
1 R
R
mit
Q RAS
R
Q
PK, 2014 page 28
Flow scheme of activated sludge system

Hydraulic wash-out of sludge to secondary clarifier
sludge must be returned to activated sludge tank
Activated sludge is circled 20 to 50 times
sludge concentration in activated sludge tank is maintained
Excess sludge is withdrawn from system
equivalent to sludge production
Through increased hydraulic loading (wet-weather condition)
sludge is shifted to secondary clarifier
PK, 2014 page 29
Dynamic sludge shift

Sludge mass (kg COD)
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
Activated sludge tank
0
0
0,5
1,5
1,5
Time (d)
Sludge mass (kg COD)
1400
1200
Sludge bed
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
0,5
Time (d)
PK, 2014 page 30
Dimensioning on sludge loading

Sludge loading
F/M
Q BOD5,in
VAST X AST
kg BOD5
in
kg TSS d
BOD5 inlet load is related to sludge mass in

activated sludge tank (AST)
F/M
BOD5 loading related to dry sludge mass (Food/Microorganisms)
Inflow to WWTP (m3/d)
BOD5,in BOD5 concentration in inlet (kg BOD5 / m3)

VAST
Volume of activated sludge tank (m3)
XAST
Sludge concentration in activated sludge tank (kg TSS / m3)
PK, 2014 page 31
Dimensioning on sludge age

VAST X AST
1
Sludge SRT VAST X AST
SP
ESPBOD Q BOD5,in
F / M ESPBOD
age
Sludge production is related to sludge mass in

activated sludge tank
SRT
Sludge age in (d), 3 15 d
ESPBOD Specific excess sludge production per BOD5 converted

(kg TSS / kg BOD5)
SP
Sludge production (kg TSS / d)
SP ESPBOD Q BOD5,in
PK, 2014 page 32
Nutrients demand of micro-organisms

Nitrogen
Phosphorous
iN = 0.04 0.05 (g N / g BOD5)

iP = 0.01 0.02 (g P / g BOD5)
Partial elimination of nutrients

Wastewater composition in the inlet
300 (g BOD5/m3)
60 (g TKN/m3)
12 (g TP/m3)
Effluent concentrations after 100% BOD5 degradation

TKNeff = TKNin iNBOD5,in = 60 0.045300 =
TPeff
= TPin iPBOD5,in
= 12 0.015300 =
46.5 (g N / m3)
7.5 (g P / m3)
Enhanced nutrients removal is necessary!

PK, 2014 page 33
Nitrification NH4+ NO3Nitrifying organisms (autotrophic biomass XA) have a low

growth rate A
With production of autotrophic biomass
SPA rA VAST A X A,AST VAST

and a safety factor SF the necessary sludge age yields
SRT SF
VAST X A,AST
SPA
SF
VAST X A,AST
A X A,AST VAST
1
SF
A
high sludge age necessary to omit nitrifiers from being

washed out of the system
Volume of activated sludge tank must be large
PK, 2014 page 34
Development of activated sludge system

C-Elimination
aerobic
Nitrification
aerobic
De-nitrification
anoxic
aerobic
Bio-P
anoxic anaerobic
anoxic
aerobic
PK, 2014 page 35
Design rules
Type of
biological reactor
SRT
Without
nitrification
Nitrification
>10C
Denitrification
Simultaneous
aerobic sludge
stabilisation
< 20000 PE
10
12 18
25
> 100000 PE
10 16
0.30
0.15
0.12
0.05
0.8 1.1
0.7 1.0
1.0
F/M (kg BOD5 / (kg TS d))
ESPBOD (kg TS / kg BOD5) 0.9 1.2
PK, 2014 page 36
Trickling filter
Trickling filter
Primary
clarification
Biofilm grown on
internal surface
Secondary
clarification
Recirculation
Sludge
withdrawal
Return sludge
PK, 2014 page 37
Dimensioning of trickling filter

Surface loading
BSu
BSu
Q BOD5,in
a VTF
Surface loading (g BOD5 / (m2d))

without nitrification 4 (g BOD5 / (m2d)), with nitrifi. 2 (g BOD5 / (m2d))
Inflow to trickling filter (m3/d)
BOD5,in BOD5 inlet concentration (kg BOD5 / m3)

VTF
Volume of trickling filter (m3)
Specific biofilm surface per volume of trickling filter (m2 / m3 TF)

100 140 180 (m2 / m3 TF)
PK, 2014 page 38
Degradation in trickling filter

Concentration
BOD5
Trickling
filter
NH4+
N03-
C-degradation and nitrification are separated in space

PK, 2014 page 39
Peter Krebs
3.1
Boundary conditions
3.2
3.3
Physical treatment
3.4
3.5
Final clarification
3.6
Sludge treatment
PK, 2014 page 40
Functions of final clarifiers

Separation
of sludge and cleaned wastewater through

Sedimentation
Clarification Low effluent concentration

Storage
of sludge shifted from actibated sludge tank,

namely under wet-weather conditions
Thickening High return sludge concentration
Geometry
Circular, flow from centre to periphery

Rectangular, longitudinal flow
Rectangular, lateral flow
Vertical, upward flow
PK, 2014 page 41
Classification of sedimentation processes

Primary clarifier
Concentration
low
Free
settling
Final clarifier,
separation zone
Flocculating
settling
Hindered
settling
Thickening
high
none
Final clarifier, sludge

bed
Final clarifier,
bottom
flocculating
Particle-Interaction
PK, 2014 page 42
Sludge volume index SVI

SVI
is an indicator for volume of sludge flocs and their

settling characteristics
0.5 h
Sludge volume
h
SV V S (ml/l)
H
X0
H
SV
SVI
X0
(ml / g TSS)
hS
PK, 2014 page 43
Final clarifier, idealised functions

Inlet zone
Effective zone
Clear water layer

Separation layer
Storage layer
>3m
Thickening layer
ATV A131 (2000)

PK, 2014 page 44
Dimensioning of surface
Q
qSV
qSV
AFC
SV
X AST SVI
Surface overflow rate
qA
Sludge overflow rate
qSV q A X AST SVI
Limit values
qA
qSV
(m/h)
(l/(m2h)
Horizontal flow tanks
1.6
500
Vertical flow tanks
2.0
650
ATV A131 (2000)
PK, 2014 page 45
Dimensioning of water depth

Clear water layer
h1 0.5 m
Separation layer
h2
0.5 q A 1 R
1 SV 1000
Storage layer
h3
1.5 0.3 qSV 1 R

500
Thickening layer
h4
X AST q A 1 R tth
X BS
XBS
Sludge concentration at bottom
tth
Thickening time
1.5 2.0 h without nitrification

1.0 1.5 h with nitrification
2.0 (2.5) h with denitrification
X BS
1000 1 3
tth
SVI
ATV A131 (2000)

PK, 2014 page 46
Circular tank
Scum skimmer
Flocculation
chamber
Sludge
scraper
Inlet
With scraper or suction removal device

PK, 2014 page 47
Rectangular tank, longitudinal flow, flight scraper system
Chain motor
Water level
Effluent launder
Effluent
Inlet
Sludge
Sludge
hopper
PK, 2014 page 48
Rectangular sedimentation tank

Primary / secondary clarifier
Flight scraper
Effluent weir
Inlet
Effluent to
activated sludge
tank or to
receiving water
Sludge
withdrawal
Surface:
Primary clarifier
qA = 2 to 6 m/h
Secondary clarifier
qA = 0.5 to 1.5 m/h
PK, 2014 page 49
Rectangular tank, lateral flow, suction system
Inlet
channel
Removal bridge
Scum skimmer
Inlet baffle
PK, 2014 page 50
Vertical flow tank

Effluent
launder
Effluent
Inlet
Filter
Pump
Return
sludge
Thickening
Return sludge
PK, 2014 page 51
Peter Krebs
3.1
Boundary conditions
3.2
3.3
Physical treatment
3.4
3.5
Final clarification
3.6
Sludge treatment
PK, 2014 page 52
Composition of sludge
Predominantly water
Micro-organisms
Viruses, pathogens, germs
Inert and heavily bio-degradable organic particles energy
Nitrogen, renewable resource ev. use as fertiliser
Phosphorous, non-renewable resource recovery
Heavy metals, micro-pollutants
All non-degraded compounds removed from wastewater are
in the sludge
PK, 2014 page 53
Goals of sludge treatment

Volume reduction
Thickening
Dewatering
Elimination of
pathogenic germs
If used in agriculture as fertiliser or

compost
Stabilisation of organic Gas production

substances
Reduction of dry content
Improvement of dewatering characteristics
Reduction of odour
Recycling and use
of substances
Nutrients, fertiliser
Humus
Biogas
PK, 2014 page 54
Atmosphere
Overview
Wastewater treatment
Process water
Primary, secondary, tertiary sludge
Thickening
Hygienisation
Stabilisation
Biogas
Thickening
Agriculture
Dewatering
Disposal site
Drying
Gujer (1999)
Energy
Construction industry
Incineration
PK, 2014 page 55
Volume reduction
Water content of stabilised sludge > 95% !
reduction of water content and volume
Sludge volume
With water content
VS VDS VW VDS WVS

1
VDS
1 W
non-linear
relation!
VW
VS
25
relative volume VS /VTS
VS
drying
20
dewatering
thickening
15
10
5
0
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
Water content W
0,8
1,0
PK, 2014 page 56
Anaerobic mesophilic sludge stabilisation
Heated to 33 37C process rates are higher

Content of digester is mixed Sludge and water obtain a similar residence time
2 C5H7NO2 8 H2O 5 CH4 3 CO2 2 NH4 2 HCO3

Degradation of organic substances of app. 50%
Biogas production:
63% CH4 (Methane)

35% CO2
2% other gases (N2, H2, H2S)
electricity and heating

Organic nitrogen is converged to NH4+
N-loading of WWTP
PK, 2014 page 57
Sketch of an anaerobic digester (egg shape)
PK, 2014 page 58
Construction of a digester
PK, 2014 page 59
Incineration
Use of energy content, and eventually of P
Mono incineration (sludge exclusively)
Calorific value of sludge high enough no biogas use before, no stabilisation
Water content not minimised (no full drying)
Incineration at 800 950C in fluidised sand bed
Expensive!
Co- incineration
In coal power station
In solid waste incinerators
In cement production, ash is bounded to cement
PK, 2014 page 60
Incineration: calorific value of sludge
calory value [ MJ/kg ]
35
Stone cole
30
40% oTR
50% oTR
25
60% oTR
70% oTR
20
Waste
15
Brown
cole
10
5
0
-5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
dry mass content [ % ]
but: Energy investment for dewatering and drying

PK, 2014 page 61

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Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management

Water Management and Climate Change Adaptation

CIPSEM Dresden, September 2014

Layout of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)

UNEP Water and Climate

PK, 2014 page 2

Layout of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)

UNEP Water and Climate

PK, 2014 page 3

Goals of wastewater disposal

No backwater effects in and from

Minimising of pollutants impact

UNEP Water and Climate

PK, 2014 page 4

Urban water system

UNEP Water and Climate

PK, 2014 page 5

The urban drainage system

PK, 2014 page 6

Inflow rate (l/s)

Average inflow rate

Extraneous water flow

PK, 2014 page 7

Extraneous water flow Qf

Extraneous water flow is variable

Better: mechanistic reason

UNEP Water and Climate

PK, 2014 page 8

Load variation in WWTP inlet

COD and NH4

UNEP Water and Climate

PK, 2014 page 9

Wet-weather load of NH4+ and TSS from sewer

10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00

* N = Sum of NH4+, NO3-, und NO2-

UNEP Water and Climate

PK, 2014 page 11

Approach of Water Framework Directive

PK, 2014 page 12

Layout of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)

UNEP Water and Climate

PK, 2014 page 13

Grid and fat

UNEP Water and Climate

Example: WWTP Chemnitz-Heinersdorf

UNEP Water and Climate

PK, 2014 page 15

Typical residence time in reactors

Activated sludge tank

UNEP Water and Climate

Layout of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)

UNEP Water and Climate

PK, 2014 page 17

Automatically cleaned trash rack

UNEP Water and Climate

PK, 2014 page 18

Sedimentation: hydraulic overflow rate qA = Q/A

PK, 2014 page 19

UNEP Water and Climate

PK, 2014 page 20

Aerated grid chamber

UNEP Water and Climate

PK, 2014 page 21

Efficiency of primary clarifier