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Philip K. Dick
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Philip K. Dick
PhilipDick.jpg
Philip K. Dick
Born

Philip Kindred Dick

December 16, 1928

Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Died

March 2, 1982 (aged 53)

Santa Ana, California, U.S.

Pen name
Richard Phillipps
Jack Dowland
Occupation

Novelist, short story writer, essayist and philosopher

Nationality

American

Period

19521982

Genre

Science fiction, paranoid fiction, philosophical fiction

Literary movement Postmodernism

Notable works
Ubik
Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?
The Man in the High Castle
A Scanner Darkly

Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said

VALIS trilogy
Second Variety
Signature
Philip Kindred Dick (December 16, 1928 March 2, 1982) was an American novelist, short
story writer, essayist and philosopher whose published works mainly belong to the genre
of science fiction. Dick explored philosophical, sociological, political and metaphysical
themes in novels dominated by monopolistic corporations, authoritarian governments,
and altered states of consciousness. In his later works, Dick's thematic focus strongly
reflected his personal interest in metaphysics and theology. He often drew upon his own
life experiences in addressing the nature of drug abuse, paranoia, schizophrenia, and
transcendental experiences in novels such as A Scanner Darkly and VALIS.[1] Later in life,
he wrote non-fiction on philosophy, theology, the nature of reality and science; this
material was published posthumously as The Exegesis.

The novel The Man in the High Castle bridged the genres of alternate history and science
fiction, earning Dick a Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1963.[2] Flow My Tears, the
Policeman Said, a novel about a celebrity who awakens in a parallel universe where he is
unknown, won the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for best novel in 1975.[3] "I want to
write about people I love, and put them into a fictional world spun out of my own mind,
not the world we actually have, because the world we actually have does not meet my
standards," Dick wrote of these stories. "In my writing I even question the universe; I
wonder out loud if it is real, and I wonder out loud if all of us are real."[4]

In addition to 44 published novels, Dick wrote approximately 121 short stories, most of
which appeared in science fiction magazines during his lifetime.[5] Although Dick spent
most of his career as a writer in near-poverty,[6] eleven popular films based on his works
have been produced, including Blade Runner, Total Recall, A Scanner Darkly, Minority
Report, Paycheck, Next, Screamers, The Adjustment Bureau and Impostor. In 2005, Time
magazine named Ubik one of the hundred greatest English-language novels published
since 1923.[7] In 2007, Dick became the first science fiction writer to be included in The
Library of America series.[8][9][10][11]

Contents [hide]
1 Personal life
2 Career
2.1 Paranormal experiences and mental health issues

2.2 Pen names

3 Style and works
3.1 Themes
3.2 Selected works
3.3 Adaptations
3.3.1 Films
3.3.2 Television
3.3.3 Stage and radio
3.3.4 Comics
3.4 Alternate formats
4 Death
5 Influence and legacy
5.1 Film
5.2 In fiction
5.3 Music
5.4 Theater
5.5 Contemporary philosophy
6 Awards and honors
7 Philip K. Dick award
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Personal life[edit]
Philip Kindred Dick and his twin sister, Jane Charlotte Dick, were born six weeks
premature on December 16, 1928, in Chicago, Illinois, to Dorothy Kindred Dick and Joseph
Edgar Dick, who worked for the United States Department of Agriculture.[12][13] The
death of Jane, six weeks later on January 26, 1929, profoundly affected Philip's life,
leading to the recurrent motif of the "phantom twin" in his books.[12]

Dick's family later moved to the San Francisco Bay Area. When Philip was five, his father
was transferred to Reno, Nevada; when Dorothy refused to move, she and Joseph
divorced. Both parents fought for custody of Philip, which was awarded to the mother.
Dorothy, determined to raise Philip alone, took a job in Washington, D.C., and moved
there with her son. Philip was enrolled at John Eaton Elementary School (193638),
completing the second through fourth grades. His lowest grade was a "C" in Written
Composition, although a teacher remarked that he "shows interest and ability in story
telling." He was educated in Quaker schools.[14] In June 1938, Dorothy and Philip
returned to California, and it was around this time that he became interested in science
fiction.[15] Dick states that, in 1940, at the age of twelve, he read his first science fiction
magazine, Stirring Science Stories.[15]

Dick attended Berkeley High School in Berkeley, California. He and fellow science fiction
author Ursula K. Le Guin were members of the same graduating class (1947) but did not
know each other at the time. After graduation, he briefly attended the University of
California, Berkeley, (September 1949 to November 11, 1949) with an honorable
dismissal granted January 1, 1950. Dick did not declare a major and took classes in
history, psychology, philosophy, and zoology. Through his studies in philosophy, he
believed that existence is based on the internal-based perception of a human, which does
not necessarily correspond to external reality; he described himself as "a cosmic
panentheist," believing in the universe only as an extension of God.[16] After reading the
works of Plato and pondering the possibilities of metaphysical realms, Dick came to the
conclusion that, in a certain sense, the world is not entirely real and there is no way to
confirm whether it is truly there. This question from his early studies persisted as a theme
in many of his novels. Dick dropped out because of ongoing anxiety problems, according
to his third wife Anne's memoir. She also says he disliked the mandatory ROTC training.
At Berkeley, Dick befriended poet Robert Duncan and poet and linguist Jack Spicer, who
gave Dick ideas for a Martian language. Dick claimed to have been host of a classical
music program on KSMO Radio in 1947.[17]

From 1948 to 1952, Dick worked at Art Music Company, a record store on Telegraph
Avenue. In 1955, he and his second wife, Kleo Apostolides, received a visit from the FBI,
which they believed to be the result of Kleo's socialist views and left-wing activities. The
couple briefly befriended one of the FBI agents.[18]

Dick was married five times:

Jeanette Marlin (May to November 1948)

Kleo Apostolides (June 14, 1950 to 1959)

Anne Williams Rubinstein (April 1, 1959 to October 1965)
Nancy Hackett (July 6, 1966 to 1972)
Leslie (Tessa) Busby (April 18, 1973 to 1977)
Dick had three children, Laura Archer (February 25, 1960), Isolde Freya (now Isa Dick
Hackett) (March 15, 1967), and Christopher Kenneth (July 25, 1973).

Dick tried to stay out of the political scene because of high societal turmoil from the
Vietnam War; however, he did show some anti-Vietnam War and anti-governmental
sentiments. In 1968, he joined the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest",[16][19] an antiwar pledge to pay no U.S. federal income tax, which resulted in the confiscation of his car
by the IRS.

Career[edit]
Dick sold his first story in 1951 and wrote full-time from that point. During 1952 his first
speculative fiction publications appeared in July and September numbers of Planet
Stories, edited by Jack O'Sullivan, and in If and The Magazine of Fantasy and Science
Fiction that fall.[20] His debut novel was Solar Lottery, published in 1955 as half of Ace
Double #D-103 alongside The Big Jump by Leigh Brackett.[20] The 1950s were a difficult
and impoverished time for Dick, who once lamented, "We couldn't even pay the late fees
on a library book." He published almost exclusively within the science fiction genre, but
dreamed of a career in mainstream American literature. During the 1950s he produced a
series of non-genre, relatively conventional novels. In 1960 he wrote that he was willing
to "take twenty to thirty years to succeed as a literary writer." The dream of mainstream
success formally died in January 1963 when the Scott Meredith Literary Agency returned
all of his unsold mainstream novels. Only one of these works, Confessions of a Crap Artist,
was published during Dick's lifetime.

In 1963, Dick won the Hugo Award for The Man in the High Castle.[2] Although he was
hailed as a genius in the science fiction world, the mainstream literary world was
unappreciative, and he could publish books only through low-paying science fiction
publishers such as Ace. Even in his later years, he continued to have financial troubles. In
the introduction to the 1980 short story collection The Golden Man, Dick wrote:

"Several years ago, when I was ill, Heinlein offered his help, anything he could do, and we
had never met; he would phone me to cheer me up and see how I was doing. He wanted
to buy me an electric typewriter, God bless himone of the few true gentlemen in this

world. I don't agree with any ideas he puts forth in his writing, but that is neither here nor
there. One time when I owed the IRS a lot of money and couldn't raise it, Heinlein loaned
the money to me. I think a great deal of him and his wife; I dedicated a book to them in
appreciation. Robert Heinlein is a fine-looking man, very impressive and very military in
stance; you can tell he has a military background, even to the haircut. He knows I'm a
flipped-out freak and still he helped me and my wife when we were in trouble. That is the
best in humanity, there; that is who and what I love."
In 1972, Dick donated manuscripts, papers and other materials to the Special Collections
Library at California State University, Fullerton where they are archived in the Philip K.
Dick Science Fiction Collection in the Pollak Library. It was in Fullerton that Philip K. Dick
befriended budding science-fiction writers K. W. Jeter, James Blaylock, and Tim Powers.
The last novel Dick wrote was The Transmigration of Timothy Archer; it was published
shortly after his death in 1982.

Paranormal experiences and mental health issues[edit]

On February 20, 1974, while recovering from the effects of sodium pentothal
administered for the extraction of an impacted wisdom tooth, Dick received a home
delivery of Darvon from a young woman. When he opened the door, he was struck by the
beauty of the dark-haired girl and was especially drawn to her golden necklace. He asked
her about its curious fish-shaped design. "This is a sign used by the early Christians," she
said, and then left. Dick called the symbol the "vesicle pisces". This name seems to have
been based on his conflation of two related symbols, the Christian ichthys symbol (two
intersecting arcs delineating a fish in profile) which the woman was wearing, and the
vesica piscis.[21]

Dick recounted that as the sun glinted off the gold pendant, the reflection caused the
generation of a "pink beam" of light that mesmerized him. He came to believe the beam
imparted wisdom and clairvoyance, and also believed it to be intelligent. On one
occasion, Dick was startled by a separate recurrence of the pink beam. It imparted the
information to him that his infant son was ill. The Dicks rushed the child to the hospital,
where his suspicion was confirmed by professional diagnosis.[22]

After the woman's departure, Dick began experiencing strange hallucinations. Although
initially attributing them to side effects from medication, he considered this explanation
implausible after weeks of continued hallucinations. "I experienced an invasion of my
mind by a transcendentally rational mind, as if I had been insane all my life and suddenly
I had become sane," Dick told Charles Platt.[23]

Throughout February and March 1974, Dick experienced a series of hallucinations, which

he referred to as "2-3-74", shorthand for FebruaryMarch 1974. Aside from the "pink
beam", Dick described the initial hallucinations as geometric patterns, and, occasionally,
brief pictures of Jesus and ancient Rome. As the hallucinations increased in length and
frequency, Dick claimed he began to live two parallel lives, one as himself, "Philip K.
Dick", and one as "Thomas", a Christian persecuted by Romans in the first century CE. He
referred to the "transcendentally rational mind" as "Zebra", "God" and "VALIS". Dick
wrote about the experiences, first in the semi-autobiographical novel Radio Free
Albemuth and then in VALIS, The Divine Invasion and the unfinished The Owl in Daylight
(the VALIS trilogy).

At one point Dick felt that he had been taken over by the spirit of the prophet Elijah. He
believed that an episode in his novel Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said was a detailed
retelling of a biblical story from the Book of Acts, which he had never read.[24] Dick
documented and discussed his experiences and faith in a private journal, later published
as The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick.

Pen names[edit]
Dick had two professional stories published under the pen names Richard Phillipps and
Jack Dowland. "Some Kinds of Life" was published in October 1953 in Fantastic Universe
under byline Richard Phillipps, apparently because the magazine had a policy against
publishing multiple stories by the same author in the same issue; "Planet for Transients"
was published in the same issue under his own name.[25]

The short story "Orpheus with Clay Feet" was published under the pen name Jack
Dowland. The protagonist desires to be the muse for fictional author Jack Dowland,
considered the greatest science fiction author of the 20th century. In the story, Dowland
publishes a short story titled "Orpheus with Clay Feet" under the pen name Philip K. Dick.

The surname Dowland refers to Renaissance composer John Dowland, who is featured in
several works. The title Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said directly refers to Dowland's
best-known composition, "Flow My Tears". In the novel The Divine Invasion, the character
Linda Fox, created specifically with Linda Ronstadt in mind, is an intergalactically famous
singer whose entire body of work consists of recordings of John Dowland compositions.
Also, some protagonists in Dick's short fiction are named Dowland[which?].

Style and works[edit]

Themes[edit]

"Dick's third major theme is his fascination with war and his fear and hatred of it. One
hardly sees critical mention of it, yet it is as integral to his body of work as oxygen is to
water."[26]

Steven Owen Godersky

Dick's stories typically focus on the fragile nature of what is "real" and the construction of
personal identity. His stories often become surreal fantasies, as the main characters
slowly discover that their everyday world is actually an illusion constructed by powerful
external entities (such as in Ubik),[27] vast political conspiracies, or simply from the
vicissitudes of an unreliable narrator. "All of his work starts with the basic assumption
that there cannot be one, single, objective reality", writes science fiction author Charles
Platt. "Everything is a matter of perception. The ground is liable to shift under your feet. A
protagonist may find himself living out another person's dream, or he may enter a druginduced state that actually makes better sense than the real world, or he may cross into a
different universe completely."[23]

Alternate universes and simulacra were common plot devices, with fictional worlds
inhabited by common, working people, rather than galactic elites. "There are no heroes in
Dick's books", Ursula K. Le Guin wrote, "but there are heroics. One is reminded of
Dickens: what counts is the honesty, constancy, kindness and patience of ordinary
people."[27] Dick made no secret that much of his thinking and work was heavily
influenced by the writings of Carl Jung.[28][29] The Jungian constructs and models that
most concerned Dick seem to be the archetypes of the collective unconscious, group
projection/hallucination, synchronicities, and personality theory.[28] Many of Dick's
protagonists overtly analyze reality and their perceptions in Jungian terms (see Lies Inc.),
while at other times, the themes are so obviously in reference to Jung their usage needs
no explanation.[citation needed] Dick's self-named Exegesis also contained many notes
on Jung in relation to theology and mysticism.[citation needed]

Dick identified one major theme of his work as the question, "What constitutes the
authentic human being?"[30] In works such as Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?,
beings can appear totally human in every respect while lacking soul or compassion, while
completely alien beings such as Glimmung in Galactic Pot-Healer may be more humane
and complex than Dick's human characters.

Mental illness was a constant interest of Dick's, and themes of mental illness permeate
his work. The character Jack Bohlen in the 1964 novel Martian Time-Slip is an "exschizophrenic". The novel Clans of the Alphane Moon centers on an entire society made
up of descendants of lunatic asylum inmates. In 1965 he wrote the essay titled
Schizophrenia and the Book of Changes.[31]

Drug use (including religious, recreational, and abuse) was also a theme in many of Dick's
works, such as A Scanner Darkly and The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch. Dick himself
was a drug user for much of his life. According to a 1975 interview in Rolling Stone,[32]
Dick wrote all of his books published before 1970 while on amphetamines. "A Scanner
Darkly (1977) was the first complete novel I had written without speed", said Dick in the
interview. He also experimented briefly with psychedelics, but wrote The Three Stigmata
of Palmer Eldritch, which Rolling Stone dubs "the classic LSD novel of all time", before he
had ever tried them. Despite his heavy amphetamine use, however, Dick later said that
doctors told him the amphetamines never actually affected him, that his liver had
processed them before they reached his brain.[32]

Summing up all these themes in Understanding Philip K. Dick, Eric Carl Link discussed
eight themes or 'ideas and motifs':[33] Epistemology and the Nature of Reality, Know
Thyself, The Android and the Human, Entropy and Pot Healing, The Theodicy Problem,
Warfare and Power Politics, The Evolved Human, and 'Technology, Media, Drugs and
Madness'.[34]

Selected works[edit]
For complete bibliography, see Philip K. Dick bibliography.
The Man in the High Castle (1962) is set in an alternative universe in which the United
States is ruled by the victorious Axis powers. It is considered a defining novel of the
alternate history subgenre,[35] and is the only Dick novel to win a Hugo Award.

The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch (1965) utilizes an array of science fiction concepts
and features several layers of reality and unreality. It is also one of Dick's first works to
explore religious themes. The novel takes place in the 21st century, when, under UN
authority, mankind has colonized the Solar System's every habitable planet and moon.
Life is physically daunting and psychologically monotonous for most colonists, so the UN
must draft people to go to the colonies. Most entertain themselves using "Perky Pat" dolls
and accessories manufactured by Earth-based "P.P. Layouts". The company also secretly
creates "Can-D", an illegal but widely available hallucinogenic drug allowing the user to
"translate" into Perky Pat (if the drug user is a woman) or Pat's boyfriend, Walt (if the drug
user is a man). This recreational use of Can-D allows colonists to experience a few
minutes of an idealized life on Earth by participating in a collective hallucination.

Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1968) is the story of a bounty hunter policing the
local android population. It occurs on a dying, poisoned Earth de-populated of all

"successful" humans; the only remaining inhabitants of the planet are people with no
prospects off-world. The 1968 novel is the literary source of the film Blade Runner (1982).
[36] It is both a conflation and an intensification of the pivotally Dickian question, What is
real, what is fake? What crucial factor defines humanity as distinctly 'alive', versus those
merely alive only in their outward appearance?

Ubik (1969) uses extensive networks of psychics and a suspended state after death in
creating a state of eroding reality. A group of psychics is sent to investigate a group of
rival psychics, but several of them are apparently killed by a saboteur's bomb. Much of
the novel flicks between a number of equally plausible realities; the "real" reality, a state
of half-life and psychically manipulated realities. In 2005, Time magazine listed it among
the "All-TIME 100 Greatest Novels" published since 1923.[7]

Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said (1974) concerns Jason Taverner, a television star living
in a dystopian near-future police state. After being attacked by an angry ex-girlfriend,
Taverner awakens in a dingy Los Angeles hotel room. He still has his money in his wallet,
but his identification cards are missing. This is no minor inconvenience, as security
checkpoints (manned by "pols" and "nats", the police and National Guard) are set up
throughout the city to stop and arrest anyone without valid ID. Jason at first thinks that he
was robbed, but soon discovers that his entire identity has been erased. There is no
record of him in any official database, and even his closest associates do not recognize or
remember him. For the first time in many years, Jason has no fame or reputation to rely
on. He has only his innate charisma to help him as he tries to find out what happened to
his past while avoiding the attention of the pols. The novel was Dick's first published
novel after years of silence, during which time his critical reputation had grown, and this
novel was awarded the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel.
[3] It is the only Philip K. Dick novel nominated for both a Hugo and a Nebula Award.

In an essay written two years before dying, Dick described how he learned from his
Episcopalian priest that an important scene in Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said
involving its other main character, Police General Felix Buckman, the policeman of the
title was very similar to a scene in Acts of the Apostles,[24] a book of the Christian New
Testament. Film director Richard Linklater discusses this novel in his film Waking Life,
which begins with a scene reminiscent of another Dick novel, Time Out of Joint.

A Scanner Darkly (1977) is a bleak mixture of science fiction and police procedural
novels; in its story, an undercover narcotics police detective begins to lose touch with
reality after falling victim to the same permanently mind-altering drug, Substance D, he
was enlisted to help fight. Substance D is instantly addictive, beginning with a pleasant
euphoria which is quickly replaced with increasing confusion, hallucinations and

eventually total psychosis. In this novel, as with all Dick novels, there is an underlying
thread of paranoia and dissociation with multiple realities perceived simultaneously. It
was adapted to film by Richard Linklater.

The Philip K. Dick Reader[37] is an introduction to the variety of Dick's short fiction.

VALIS (1980) is perhaps Dick's most postmodern and autobiographical novel, examining
his own unexplained experiences. It may also be his most academically studied work, and
was adapted as an opera by Tod Machover.[38] Later works like the VALIS trilogy were
heavily autobiographical, many with "two-three-seventy-four" (2-3-74) references and
influences. The word VALIS is the acronym for Vast Active Living Intelligence System.
Later, Dick theorized that VALIS was both a "reality generator" and a means of
extraterrestrial communication. A fourth VALIS manuscript, Radio Free Albemuth,
although composed in 1976, was posthumously published in 1985. This work is described
by the publisher (Arbor House) as "an introduction and key to his magnificent VALIS
trilogy."

Regardless of the feeling that he was somehow experiencing a divine communication,

Dick was never fully able to rationalize the events. For the rest of his life, he struggled to
comprehend what was occurring, questioning his own sanity and perception of reality. He
transcribed what thoughts he could into an eight-thousand-page, one-million-word journal
dubbed the Exegesis. From 1974 until his death in 1982, Dick spent many nights writing
in this journal. A recurring theme in Exegesis is Dick's hypothesis that history had been
stopped in the first century CE, and that "the Empire never ended". He saw Rome as the
pinnacle of materialism and despotism, which, after forcing the Gnostics underground,
had kept the population of Earth enslaved to worldly possessions. Dick believed that
VALIS had communicated with him, and anonymous others, to induce the impeachment
of U.S. President Richard Nixon, whom Dick believed to be the current Emperor of Rome
incarnate.

In a 1968 essay titled "Self Portrait", collected in the 1995 book The Shifting Realities of
Philip K. Dick, Dick reflects on his work and lists which books he feels "might escape
World War Three": Eye in the Sky, The Man in the High Castle, Martian Time-Slip, Dr.
Bloodmoney, or How We Got Along After the Bomb, The Zap Gun, The Penultimate Truth,
The Simulacra, The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch (which he refers to as "the most
vital of them all"), Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, and Ubik.[39] In a 1976
interview, Dick cited A Scanner Darkly as his best work, feeling that he "had finally
written a true masterpiece, after 25 years of writing".[40]

Adaptations[edit]
Main article: List of adaptations of works by Philip K. Dick
Films[edit]
A number of Dick's stories have been made into films. Dick himself wrote a screenplay for
an intended film adaptation of Ubik in 1974, but the film was never made. Many film
adaptations have not used Dick's original titles. When asked why this was, Dick's ex-wife
Tessa said, "Actually, the books rarely carry Phil's original titles, as the editors usually
wrote new titles after reading his manuscripts. Phil often commented that he couldn't
write good titles. If he could, he would have been an advertising writer instead of a
novelist."[41] Films based on Dick's writing have accumulated a total revenue of over US
$1 billion as of 2009.[42]

Blade Runner (1982), based on Dick's 1968 novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?,
directed by Ridley Scott and starring Harrison Ford. A screenplay had been in the works
for years before Scott took the helm, with Dick being extremely critical of all versions.
Dick was still apprehensive about how his story would be adapted for the film when the
project was finally put into motion. Among other things, he refused to do a novelization of
the film. But contrary to his initial reactions, when he was given an opportunity to see
some of the special effects sequences of Los Angeles 2019, Dick was amazed that the
environment was "exactly as how I'd imagined it!", though Ridley Scott has mentioned he
had never even read the source material.[43] Following the screening, Dick and Scott had
a frank but cordial discussion of Blade Runner's themes and characters, and although
they had wildly differing views, Dick fully backed the film from then on, stating that his
"life and creative work are justified and completed by Blade Runner."[44] Dick died from a
stroke less than four months before the release of the film.
Total Recall (1990), based on the short story "We Can Remember It for You Wholesale",
directed by Paul Verhoeven and starring Arnold Schwarzenegger. The film includes such
Dickian elements as the confusion of fantasy and reality, the progression towards more
fantastic elements as the story progresses, machines talking back to humans, and the
protagonist's doubts about his own identity.
Confessions d'un Barjo (1992), titled Barjo in its English-language release, a French film
based on the non-science-fiction novel Confessions of a Crap Artist. Reflecting Dick's
popularity and critical respect in France,[citation needed] a brief science fiction homage
is slipped into the film in the form of a TV show.
Screamers (1995), based on the short story "Second Variety", directed by Christian
Duguay and starring Peter Weller. The location was altered from a war-devastated Earth
to a distant planet. A sequel without Weller, titled Screamers: The Hunting, was released
straight to DVD in 2009.
Minority Report (2002), based on the short story "The Minority Report", directed by
Steven Spielberg and starring Tom Cruise. The film translates many of Dick's themes, but

changes major plot points and adds an action-adventure framework.

Impostor (2002), based on the 1953 story "Impostor," directed by Gary Fleder and
starring Gary Sinise, Vincent D'Onofrio and Madeleine Stowe. The story was also adapted
in 1962 for the British television anthology series Out of This World.
Paycheck (2003), directed by John Woo and starring Ben Affleck, based on Dick's short
story of the same name.
A Scanner Darkly (2006), directed by Richard Linklater and starring Keanu Reeves,
Winona Ryder, and Robert Downey Jr., based on Dick's novel of the same name. The film
was produced using the process of rotoscoping: it was first shot in live-action and then
the live footage was animated over.
Next (2007), directed by Lee Tamahori and starring Nicolas Cage, loosely based on the
short story "The Golden Man".
Radio Free Albemuth (2010), directed by John Alan Simon loosely based on the novel
"Radio Free Albemuth".
The Adjustment Bureau (2011), directed by George Nolfi and starring Matt Damon,
loosely based on the short story "Adjustment Team".
Total Recall (2012), directed by Len Wiseman and starring Colin Farrell, second film
adaptation of the short story "We Can Remember It for You Wholesale".
Future films based on Dick's writing include an animated adaptation of The King of the
Elves from Walt Disney Animation Studios, set to be released in the spring of 2016; and a
film adaptation of Ubik which, according to Dick's daughter, Isa Dick Hackett, is in
advanced negotiation.[45] Ubik is set to be made into a film by Michel Gondry.[46]

The Terminator series also uses the theme of humanoid assassination machines
portrayed in Second Variety. The Halcyon Company, known for developing the Terminator
franchise, acquired right of first refusal to film adaptations of the works of Philip K. Dick in
2007. In May 2009, they announced plans for an adaptation of Flow My Tears, the
Policeman Said.[47]

Television[edit]
It was reported in 2010 that Ridley Scott would produce an adaptation of The Man in the
High Castle for the BBC, in the form of a mini-series.[48] A pilot episode was released on
Amazon Prime in January 2015 and the series was greenlit for a full season.

Stage and radio[edit]

Four of Dick's works have been adapted for the stage.

One was the opera VALIS, composed and with libretto by Tod Machover, which premiered
at the Pompidou Center in Paris on December 1, 1987, with a French libretto. It was
subsequently revised and readapted into English, and was recorded and released on CD
(Bridge Records BCD9007) in 1988.

Another was Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said, adapted by Linda Hartinian and produced
by the New York-based avant-garde company Mabou Mines. It premiered in Boston at the
Boston Shakespeare Theatre (June 1830, 1985) and was subsequently staged in New
York and Chicago. Productions of Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said were also staged by
the Evidence Room [49] in Los Angeles in 1999[50] and by the Fifth Column Theatre
Company at the Oval House Theatre in London in the same year.[51]

A play based on Radio Free Albemuth also had a brief run in the 1980s.

In November 2010, a production of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, adapted by

Edward Einhorn, premiered at the 3LD Art and Technology Center in Manhattan.[52]

A radio drama adaptation of Dick's short story "Mr. Spaceship" was aired by the Finnish
Broadcasting Company (Yleisradio) in 1996 under the name Menolippu Paratiisiin. Radio
dramatizations of Dick's short stories Colony and The Defenders[53] were aired by NBC in
1956 as part of the series X Minus One.

Comics[edit]
Marvel Comics adapted Dick's short story "The Electric Ant" as a limited series which was
released in 2009. The comic was produced by writer David Mack (Daredevil) and artist
Pascal Alixe (Ultimate X-Men), with covers provided by artist Paul Pope.[54] "The Electric
Ant" had earlier been loosely adapted by Frank Miller and Geof Darrow in their 3-issue
mini-series Hard Boiled published by Dark Horse Comics in 1990-1992.[55]

In 2009, BOOM! Studios started publishing a 24-issue miniseries comic book adaptation of
Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?[56] Blade Runner, the 1982 film adapted from Do
Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, had previously been adapted to comics as A Marvel
Comics Super Special: Blade Runner.

In 2011, Dynamite Entertainment published a 4-issue miniseries "Total Recall," a sequel

to the 1990 film Total Recall, inspired by Philip K. Dick's short story "We Can Remember It
for You Wholesale".[57] In 1990, DC Comics published the official adaptation of the
original film as a DC Movie Special: Total Recall.[58]

Alternate formats[edit]
In response to a 1975 request from the National Library for the Blind for permission to
make use of The Man in the High Castle, Dick responded, "I also grant you a general
permission to transcribe any of my former, present or future work, so indeed you can add
my name to your 'general permission' list."[59] A number of his books and stories are
available in braille and other specialized formats through the NLS.[60]

As of December 2012, thirteen of Philip K. Dick's early works in the public domain in the
United States are available in ebook form from Project Gutenberg. As of April 4, 2012,
Wikisource has one of Philip K. Dick's early works in the public domain in the United
States available in ebook form which is not from Project Gutenberg. See Author:Philip
Kindred Dick at Wikisource.

Death[edit]
On February 17, 1982, after completing an interview, Dick contacted his therapist,
complaining of failing eyesight, and was advised to go to a hospital immediately; but he
did not. The next day, he was found unconscious on the floor of his Santa Ana, California,
home, having suffered a stroke. In the hospital, he suffered another stroke, after which his
brain activity ceased. Five days later, on March 2, 1982, he was disconnected from life
support and died. After his death, Dick's father, Joseph, took his son's ashes to Riverside
Cemetery in Fort Morgan, Colorado, (section K, block 1, lot 56) where they were buried
next to his twin sister Jane, whose tombstone had been inscribed with both their names
when she died 53 years earlier.[18][28][61]

Influence and legacy[edit]

Lawrence Sutin's 1989 biography of Dick, Divine Invasions: A Life of Philip K. Dick, is
considered the standard biographical treatment of Dick's life.[31]

In 1993, French writer Emmanuel Carrre published Je suis vivant et vous tes morts
which was first translated and published in English in 2004 as I Am Alive and You Are

Dead: A Journey Into the Mind of Philip K. Dick, which the author describes in his preface
in this way:

The book you hold in your hands is a very peculiar book. I have tried to depict the life of
Philip K. Dick from the inside, in other words, with the same freedom and empathy
indeed with the same truth with which he depicted his own characters.[28]

Critics of the book have complained about the lack of fact checking, sourcing, notes and
index, "the usual evidence of deep research that gives a biography the solid stamp of
authority."[62][63][64] It can be considered a non-fiction novel about his life.

Dick has influenced many writers, including Jonathan Lethem,[65] and Ursula K. Le Guin.
[66] The prominent literary critic Fredric Jameson proclaimed Dick the "Shakespeare of
Science Fiction", and praised his work as "one of the most powerful expressions of the
society of spectacle and pseudo-event".[67] The author Roberto Bolao also praised Dick,
describing him as Thoreau plus the death of the American dream.[68] Dick has also
influenced filmmakers, his work being compared to films such as the Wachowskis' The
Matrix,[69] David Cronenberg's Videodrome,[70] eXistenZ,[69] and Spider,[70] Spike
Jonze's Being John Malkovich,[70] Adaptation,[70] Michel Gondry's Eternal Sunshine of the
Spotless Mind,[71][72] Alex Proyas's Dark City,[69] Peter Weir's The Truman Show,[69]
Andrew Niccol's Gattaca,[70] In Time,[73] Terry Gilliam's 12 Monkeys,[70] Wes Craven's A
Nightmare on Elm Street,[74] David Lynch's Mulholland Drive,[74] Alejandro Amenbar's
Open Your Eyes,[75] David Fincher's Fight Club,[70] Cameron Crowe's Vanilla Sky,[69]
Darren Aronofsky's Pi,[76] Richard Kelly's Donnie Darko[77] and Southland Tales,[78] and
Christopher Nolan's Memento[79] and Inception.[80]

The Philip K. Dick Society was an organization dedicated to promoting the literary works
of Dick and was led by Dick's longtime friend and music journalist Paul Williams. Williams
also served as Dick's literary executor for several years after Dick's death and wrote one
of the first biographies of Dick, entitled Only Apparently Real: The World of Philip K. Dick.

Dick was recreated by his fans in the form of a simulacrum or remote-controlled android
designed in his likeness.[81][82][83] Such simulacra had been themes of many of Dick's
works. The Philip K. Dick simulacrum was included on a discussion panel in a San Diego
Comic Con presentation about the film adaptation of the novel, A Scanner Darkly. In
February 2006, an America West Airlines employee misplaced the android's head, and it
has not yet been found.[84] In January 2011, it was announced that Hanson Robotics had
built a replacement.[85]

Film[edit]
BBC2 released in 1994 a biographical documentary as part of its Arena arts series called
Philip K. Dick: A Day in the Afterlife.[86]
The Gospel According to Philip K. Dick was a documentary film produced in 2001.[87]
The Penultimate Truth About Philip K. Dick was another biographical documentary film
produced in 2007.[88]
The 1987 film The Trouble with Dick, in which Tom Villard plays a character named "Dick
Kendred" (cf. Philip Kindred Dick), who is a science fiction author[89]
The dialogue of Nikos Nikolaidis' 1987 film Morning Patrol contains excerpts taken from
published works authored by Philip K. Dick.
The Spanish feature film PROXIMA (2007) by Carlos Atanes, where the character Felix
Cadecq is based on Dick[citation needed]
A 2008 film titled Your Name Here, by Matthew Wilder, features Bill Pullman as science
fiction author William J. Frick, a character based on Dick[90][91][92][93][94][95]
The 2010 science fiction film 15 Till Midnight cites Dick's influence with an
"acknowledgment to the works of" credit.[96]
Prophets of Science Fiction Philip K Dick. 2011 Documentary[97]
In 2013, a Kickstarter campaign was set up for a short film called The Crystal Crypt,
based on Dick's short story of the same name.[98] However, the campaign was
unsuccessful.
The 1991 Graffton anthology We Can Remember It For You Wholesale is talked about at
Hugo winning StarShipSofa
In fiction[edit]
Michael Bishop's The Secret Ascension (1987; currently published as Philip K. Dick Is
Dead, Alas), which is set in an alternative universe where his non-genre work is published
but his science fiction is banned by a totalitarian USA in thrall to a demonically possessed
Richard Nixon.
The Faction Paradox novel Of the City of the Saved... (2004) by Philip Purser-Hallard
the short story "The Transmigration of Philip K" (1984) by Michael Swanwick (to be found
in the 1991 collection Gravity's Angels)
In Ursula K. Le Guin's 1971 novel The Lathe of Heaven, whose characters alter reality
through their dreams. Two made-for-TV films based on the novel have been made: The
Lathe of Heaven (1980) and Lathe of Heaven (2002)

In Thomas M. Disch's The Word of God (2008)[99]

The comics magazine Weirdo published The Religious Experience of Philip K. Dick by artist
R. Crumb in 1986. Though this is not an adaptation of a specific book or story by Dick, it
incorporates elements of Dick's experience which he related in short stories, novels,
essays, and the Exegesis. The story parodies the form of a Chick tract, a type of
evangelical comic, many of which relate the story of an epiphany leading to a conversion
to fundamentalist Christianity.
In the Batman Beyond episode "Sentries of the Last Cosmos", the character Eldon
Michaels claims a typewriter on his desk to have belonged to Philip K. Dick.
In the Japanese science fiction anime Psycho-Pass, Dick's works are referred to as
recommended reading material to help reflect on the current state of affairs of those
character's world.
Music[edit]
"Flow My Tears" is the name of an instrumental by bassist Stuart Hamm, inspired by
Dick's novel of the same name. The track is found on his album Radio Free Albemuth, also
named after a Dick novel.[100]
"Listen to the Sirens", the first song on Tubeway Army's 1978 debut album has as its first
line "flow my tears, the new police song".
English singer Hugh Cornwell included an instrumental called "Philip K. Ridiculous" on his
2008 album "Hooverdam".[101]
The World/Inferno Friendship Society's 2011 album The Anarchy and the Ecstasy includes
a song entitled "Canonize Philip K. Dick, OK".
Bloc Party's 2012 album Four contains several references to Dick's work, including a song
entitled "V.A.L.I.S.".
German singer Pohlmann included a song called "Roy Batty (In Tribute to Philip K. Dick)"
on his 2013 album Nix ohne Grund.
Sister, a Sonic Youth album, "was in part inspired by the life and works of science fiction
writer Philip K. Dick. "
"What You See" is a song by Faded Paper Figures that pays homage to the literary work of
P.K.D
Theater[edit]
The short play Kindred Blood in Kensington Gore (1992) by Brian W. Aldiss
A 2005 play, 800 Words: the Transmigration of Philip K. Dick by Victoria Stewart, which reimagines Dick's final days.[102]
Contemporary philosophy[edit]

Dick's foreshadowing of postmodernity has been noted by philosophers as diverse as Jean

Baudrillard, Fredric Jameson, Laurence Rickels and Slavoj iek.[103] Jean Baudrillard
offers this interpretation:

It is hyperreal. It is a universe of simulation, which is something altogether different. And

this is so not because Dick speaks specifically of simulacra. SF has always done so, but it
has always played upon the double, on artificial replication or imaginary duplication,
whereas here the double has disappeared. There is no more double; one is always already
in the other world, an other world which is not another, without mirrors or projection or
utopias as means for reflection. The simulation is impassable, unsurpassable,
checkmated, without exteriority. We can no longer move "through the mirror" to the other
side, as we could during the golden age of transcendence.[104]

For his anti-government skepticism, Philip K. Dick was afforded minor mention in
Mythmakers and Lawbreakers, a collection of interviews about fiction by anarchist
authors. Noting his early authorship of "The Last of the Masters", an anarchist-themed
novelette, author Margaret Killjoy expressed that while Dick never fully sided with
anarchism, his opposition to government centralization and organized religion has
influenced anarchist interpretations of gnosticism.[105]

Awards and honors[edit]

The Science Fiction Hall of Fame inducted Dick in 2005.[106]

During his lifetime he received numerous annual literary awards and nominations for
particular works.[107]

Hugo Awards
Best Novel
1963 winner: The Man in the High Castle[2]
1975 nominee: Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said[3]
Best Novelette
1968 nominee: Faith of Our Fathers
Nebula Awards
Best Novel

1965 nominee: Dr. Bloodmoney[108]

1965 nominee: The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch[108]
1968 nominee: Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?[109]
1974 nominee: Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said[110]
1982 nominee: The Transmigration of Timothy Archer[111]
John W. Campbell Memorial Award
Best Novel
1975 winner: Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said[3]
British Science Fiction Association Award
Best Novel
1978 winner: A Scanner Darkly[112]
Graouilly d'Or (Festival de Metz, France)
1979 winner: A Scanner Darkly
Kurd-Lawitz-Preis
1985 winner VALIS
Philip K. Dick award[edit]
Main article: Philip K. Dick Award
The Philip K. Dick Award is a science fiction award that annually recognizes the previous
year's best SF paperback original published in the U.S.[113] It is conferred at Norwescon,
sponsored by the Philadelphia Science Fiction Society, and since 2005 supported by the
Philip K. Dick Trust. Winning works are identified on their covers as Best Original SF
Paperback. It is currently administered by David G. Hartwell and Gordon Van Gelder.[113]

The award was inaugurated in 1983, the year after Dick's death. It was founded by
Thomas Disch with assistance from David G. Hartwell, Paul S. Williams, and Charles N.
Brown. Past administrators include Algis J. Budrys and David Alexander Smith.[citation
needed]

Most of Dick's novels were paperback originals but worthy candidates for the award have
recently become difficult to find.[113]

See also[edit]
Book icon
Book: Philip K. Dick
Consensus reality
Cyberpunk
Paranoid fiction
Transcendental idealism
Iris centralheterochromy.jpgSpeculative fiction portal Books-aj.svg aj ashton
01.svgLiterature portal
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Further reading[edit]
For secondary bibliography, see Philip K. Dick bibliography#Book-length critical studies.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Philip K. Dick
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philip K. Dick.
Wikisource has original works written by or about:
Philip K. Dick
Works by Philip K. Dick at Open Library
Philip K. Dick at the Internet Movie Database
Philip K. Dick at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
Philip K. Dick at Goodreads
Philip K. Dick at the Internet Book List
Philip K. Dick biography at the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame
Are the robots waking up? ABC Radio National 360documentaries
Dark Roasted Blend: Science Fiction and Fantasy Reading Experience: Philip K. Dick
Works by Philip K. Dick at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Philip K. Dick at Internet Archive
Works by Philip K. Dick at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Speaker Icon.svg

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