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ENGINEERING
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[Type text]

Page 1

UNIT

1.
2.
3.
4.

ELECTRICITY

What does the picture show?

Have you experienced the situation in your own life? How can?
What is electricity?
Do you think electricity is important for our life?

A. Read the passage and answer the questions related to the passage.

What is Electricity?
Electricity is the flow of electrical power or charge. It is a secondary energy source which
means that we get it from the conversion of other sources of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear
power and other natural sources, which are called primary sources. The energy sources we use to make
electricity can be renewable or non-renewable, but electricity itself is neither renewable or nonrenewable.
Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of our most widely used forms of energy. Many
cities and towns were built alongside waterfalls (a primary source of mechanical energy) that turned
water wheels to perform work. Before electricity generation began over 100 years ago, houses were lit
with kerosene lamps, food was cooled in iceboxes, and rooms were warmed by wood-burning or coalburning stoves. Beginning with Benjamin Franklin's experiment with a kite one stormy night in
Philadelphia, the principles of electricity gradually became understood. Thomas Edison helped change
everyone's life -- he perfected his invention -- the electric light bulb. Prior to 1879, direct current (DC)
electricity had been used for outdoor lighting. In the late-1800s, Nikola Tesla pioneered the generation,
transmission, and use of alternating current (AC) electricity, which can be transmitted over much
greater distances than direct current. Tesla's inventions used electricity to bring indoor lighting to our
homes and to power industrial machines.
Despite its great importance in our daily lives, most of us rarely stop to think what life would
be like without electricity. Yet like air and water, we tend to take electricity for granted. Everyday, we
use electricity to do many jobs for us -- from lighting and heating/cooling our homes, to powering our
televisions and computers. Electricity is a controllable and convenient form of energy used in the
applications of heat, light and power.
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Page 2

Answer the following questions

1. What is electricity?
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Why is electricity called as a secondary source of energy?
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Mention the examples of primary energy sources!
___________________________________________________________________________________
4. Why were many cities bulit alongside waterfalls?
___________________________________________________________________________________
5. Describe the life before the invention of electricity?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
6. How many inventors are mentioned in the text? Mention their names and
inventions
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
7. What is the difference of alternating current and direct current?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
8. What are the advantages of electricity in our life?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

B. Language Focus
Be: personal questions
Positive/Negative Statement

Questions

Complete the dialogue above with am, is,

or are.
Beny is talking to his brother during a
blackout at home.
Beny: Where ______ you, Steve? There
_____ a blackout. I cannot see anything. It
_____ so dark.
Steve:
I ______ here, Ben. In the
living room. Dont be panic. Ill check the
fuse.
I think the blackout ______ because
of a short connection.
Beny: Hurry up, please!

am am
are
(not
)

is

When
Where
Why
How
is

are

Steve:Okay, Ben. But, where ______ the

flashlight? I need it to find the way.
[Type text]

I
You
We
They
He
She
It

Page 3

He
she
it
you
they
we

I
on
holiday?
happy.
angry?
from Indonesia.
Chinese. on
seventeen business
years
?
old.
married?

Beny: Oh, it _____ in the living room. It ______ beside the television.
Steve:Ive got it. Just stay seated. Ill check the korsleting by myself.

C. Who are you?

Complete these forms of identity card and student card usimg your own identity.

IDENTITY CARD
Full name
:
______________________________________________________
Place/Date of Birth
:______________________________________________________
Sex

:________________ Blood Type

Adress

:______________________________________________________

Marital Status

: ______________________________________________________

Occupation

: ______________________________________________________

Nationality

:_________________ _

STUDENT CARD
Name

: _______________________________________________________

Registration Number
:_______________________________________________________
University
_____

:__________________________________________________

Faculty/Department
_____

:__________________________________________________

Phone Number

:_______________________________________________________

E-mail Adress

:_______________________________________________________

D. Who are they?

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Page 4

1. Bill Gates is a/an __________________ inventor.

2. Nicole Kidman is a/an __________________ actress
3. Valentino Rosi is a/an ___________________racer.

a. Match the nationalities to the countries.

b. Which of these companies is:
Korean? Italian? Indonesian? German? Japanese?
Mercedes HYUNDAI SONY GUCCI Sido
Benz
Muncul
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________

c. Work in pairs. Write a paragraph about a famous

person in the field of technology. Can your partner
guess who he/she is.
He is was born in May 14,
1984.
MarkHe is from America.
He is the founder of
facebook
company.
Zuckerberg

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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Page 5

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

UNIT

ELECTRONICS

IN THE HOME

1. Can you find things in your house which use electronics? What are they?
2. Find out the meaning of these abbreviations! IC, CD, and hi-fi

A. Fill in the gaps in this table with the help of the text.
Date
Early of 20th

Invention

Applications in the home

century
1947
1958
Now
Future

Electronics in the home

Electronics began at the start of the twentieth century with the invention of the vacuum
tube. The first devices for everyday use were radios, followed by televisions, record players, and
tape recorders. These devices were large and used a lot of power.
The invention of the transistor in 1947 meant that much smaller, low-powered devices
could be developed. A wide variety of electronic devices such as hi-fi units and portable radios
became common in the home.
It was not until 1958 that microelectronics began with the development of ICs (integrated
circuits) on silicon chips. This led to a great increase in the use of electronics in everyday items.
The introduction of the microprocessor allowed electronics to be used for the control of many
common processes.
Microprocessors are now used to control many household items such as automatic
washing-machines, dishwashers, central heating systems, sewing machines, and food processors.
Electronic timers are found in digital alarm clocks, water heaters, electric cookers, and microwave
ovens. Telephones use electronics to provide automatic dialing and answer phone facilities. New
entertainment devices have been developed, such as video recorders and CD (compact disc)
players.
In the future, electronics are likely to become even more common in the home as multimedia
entertainment systems and computer-controlled robots are developed.

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Page 6

Answer the following question briefly!

1. What was the great invention in the early of twentieth century?
__________________________________________________________________________
2. Did vacuum tube have disadvantages? Explain your answer.
__________________________________________________________________________
3. How could radio become a portable device?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Mention the application of microprocesor in our life?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. What do you think about the development of electronics ?
________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6. Make a list of ways in which you think electronics may be used in the home in the future.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________
__________________________

_B. Degrees of Comparison

Positive degree
Adjective
Adjective
One syllable
Fast
Fast
Small
Big

Positive Degree
Comparative
(sama.... seperti ....)
(lebih..............)
as ...... as
Adjective + -er
My car is as fast as yours
Faster
Smaller
Bigger

Two syllables ending with y

Busy
Lazy
Early

Busier
Lazier
Earlier

Two syllables ending with er

Clever

Cleverer

Superlative
(paling .......)
Adjective + -est
Fastest
Smallest
Biggest

Busiest
Laziest
Earliest

Example:
Cleverest

Two syllables ending with ow

Narrow
Mellow

Narrower
Mellower

Two syllables ending with some

handsome

Handsomer

Narrowest
Mellowest

Handsomest
Two syllables or more
[Type text]
Expensive
Difficult
Interesting

more + adjective
Page
7
more
expensive
more difficult
more interesting

Comparative &
Superlative
Degree

most + adjective
most expensive
most difficult
most interesting

The
train is
faster
than
the
bus.

The train is the longest means of transportation.

C. Exercises
a. Compare the following things
1. A car a motorcycle
_____________________________________________________________________
2. A computer a notebook
_____________________________________________________________________
3. A transistor a diode
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Making a robot making a radio
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Sending an email sending a letter
_____________________________________________________________________
b. Use the following words in your sentences.
1. (the most sophisticated)
______________________________________________________________________
2. (the coldest)
_______________________________________________________________________
3. (the most interesting)
_______________________________________________________________________
4. (the most difficult)
_______________________________________________________________________
5. (the tallest)
_______________________________________________________________________
c. Put in the adjective in bold from the first sentence into the second sentence in its correct form
(comparative or superlative)!
1. This is a nice car. It's much ____________ than my friend's car.
2. He has an interesting game, but my sister has the ____________ game in the world.
3. In the last holidays I read a good book, but father gave me an even __________ one last weekend.
4. Skateboarding is a dangerous hobby. Bungee jumping is __________ than skateboarding.
5. Yesterday John told me a funny joke. This joke was the ___________ joke I've ever heard.
6. We live in a small house, but my grandparents' house is even ______________ than ours.
7. This netbook is cheap, but that one is the ___________ of all.
8. Here is Emily. She's six years old. Her twin brothers are nine. She is the ____________ child.
9. Dina can speak French fluently. Her mother speaks ________________ than her.
10. My house is far from here, but his house is ___________ than mine.
d. Compare two alternatives
Example. John : Should we take some food with us to the game?
Fred : Yes. Its more expensive at the stadium.
Should we ................?
1. take some food with us to the game
2. stay at the Grant Hotel
3. take the train
4. have the picnic in Rideway Park
5. go to a soccer game

[Type text]

Yes. Its ..................

a. faster than the bus
b. more expensive at the stadium
c. not as far as Mountain State Park
d. less expensive than the Paramount Hotel
e. more exciting than baseball

Page 8

e.

A
B

Talk about the weather

: Whats the
Its supposed to ..........................
: Its supposed
get

cooler
warmer
colder
hotter

weather going to be like tonight?

to get cooler.

UNIT

COMPUTERS

1. Do you have acces to computers?

2. Where? At home? At work? At college or
university?
3. Can you explain what CPU stands for?

FAMILIARIZING YOURSELF
WITH COMPUTERS
Perhaps you have never used a computer and are not sure how one works.
Essentially, a computer is a giant brain that can be programmed to help you learn
faster, work more efficiently, or just have a good time. It can also store huge
amounts of information for easy reference. Although the only way to learn to use a
computer is to actually do so, it is worthwhile to know before you start what the
different parts actually do.
____________The
basic
parts
of
a
computer
system
________________________________
HARDWARE
The hardware is the computer machinery and consists of the following parts:
CPU
The CPU (short for Central Processing Unit) is the core of the computer. It contains
the processor, which translates information into a form both you and the computer
can understand, and the memory, which saves information you want to keep. The
CPU is made up of billions off on and off switches.
KEYBOARD
The keyboard is used to put information into the computer. It has keys that look
like those on a typewriter.
DISKS and DISK DRIVE
Most computers store information on disks, which look like records. The disks are
put into a disk drive, which is connected to the CPU.
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Page 9

MONITOR
The monitor looks like a television screen. It displays either new information that
you have typed or information that you have asked the computer to give you from
the memory.
PRINTER
The printer prints any information that you choose to have on paper.
SOFTWARE
The software is the computer program. A program is a set of codes that tell the
computer how to do different tasks. For example, one program may teach you
French, another may help you keep a budget, while yet another lets you pretend
you are flying an airplane or shooting aliens out of the sky. There are thousands of
different programs, but to use a computer, there is no need to know how to
program it. Because computers are programmed by specialists, all you have to
learn is how to use an existing program.

A. Read the article. Then say Right or Wrong.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

CPU stands for central processing unit

If you want to put new information into computer, you type it on the keyboard.
The monitor prints information on paper.
If you dont know how to program a computer, you wont be able to use one.
There are probably computer programs that can teach you English.
The CPU isnt a very important part of the computer.
A computer can help you do your work faster.

B.

I
clean
the room
have
fingers
You
Hardwar thepush
computerthe
machinery
button
We
e
They
Software
He
cleans
the room
Memory
has
fingers
She
Keyboar
pushes
the button
It
d

Give definitions for these words.

Monitor
Disk
Program
Processo
r
Disk
drive
Printer

C. Language Focus
Simple Present:
Simple present is used mainly to talk about:
a. Habits and routinitities
b. Facts and things that generally true
c. Schedule or timetables
Time reference of simple present: usually, often, offten, every year, seldom, etc.

Affirmative
[Type
text]
statement

Page 10

I
You
We
They
He
She
It

Negative
statement

Question

Why
When
How
Where

do

do
es

I
yo
u
we
the
y
he
she
it

dont eat

Vegetables

doesnt eat

vegetables

repair the car?

write the article?

Match each component or unit with its function in a battery charger. For example:
The transformer steps down the AC main voltage.
Component unit
1. Transformer
2. Double-pole switch
3. Neon lamp
4. Fuse
5. Rectifier
6. Aluminium heatsink
7. Smoothing circuit
8. Stabilizing circuit

Function in a battery charger

a. Steps down the AC mains
voltage
b. Prevents the output from
changing when the load varies
c. Keeps the diodes from
overheating
d. Shows when the charger is on
e. Removes the fluctuations in the
DC output of the rectifier
f. Protects the transformer
g. Converts the AC voltage to a DC
voltage
h. Switches the charger on and off

Match the words and phrases in A and B

o p e n
i n
t h e
e v e n i
n g
a
b i g
m
e a l
s t a r t
g o
t o
w
o r k

[Type text]

i n
t h e
m
o r n
i n g
g o
h o m
e
fi n i s h
a
s n a c
k
c l o s e

Page 11

Read about life in Britain. Complete the text with words or phrases from exercise above.

Life in Britain
HOMES
Most British people live in houses not flats. Most houses have gardens.
DAILY LIFE
Most office workers (a)____________ at about nine oclock in the morning and finish at
about five or six (b)_____________ . People dont go home for lunch. People usually eat a
big meal in the evening they just have (c)_______________ at lunch time.
SCHOOL LIFE
Children start school at about nine oclock and (d)_______________ at about half past three.
Most children have lunch at school. Children (e)_________________ school when they are
four or five years old and leave when they are sixteen or eighteen.
SHOPS AND RESTAURANT
Shops (f)__________________ at about nine oclock in the morning and (g)________________
at about six in the evening. Normally, they dont close for lunch. Most shops open on
Sunday, too. Many supermarkets stay open twenty-four hours, but most pubs and
restaurant close at about eleven oclock in the morning.
Describe about the use of computers in your life.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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Page 12

UNIT

HOW DOES IT WORK?

Common verbs in electronics

These verbs are often used in electronics:
conduct

emit

dissipate

process

rectify

sample
record

suppres

Fill in the gaps in these sentences with an appropriate verb from the list above. Make
sure the verb is in the correct form.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Computers ________ data.

You can ___________ sound on tape or disc.
A bridge circuit is used to ___________ alternating current to produce direct current.
All metals, and some non-metals such as carbon, _____________ electricity.
To prevent radio interference, you must _____________ any sources of interference
such as car ignition systems.
6. Power transistors _____________ heat. Therefore they must be mounted on a
heatsink.
7. The electron gun in a CRT ______________ a stream of electrons.
8. When recording a CD, sound is _____________ 44,100 times every second.
Verbs and related nouns
Each of these verbs has a related noun ending in er and or which refers to an
instrument or component. Complete the column of nouns.
Verb
Example: record
1. Oscillate
2. Transmit
3. Transform
4. Charge
5. Rectify
6. Process
7. Amplify
[Type text]

Noun
recorder

Page 13

8. Collect
9. Detect
10.tune

Compound Nouns
a. Study these examples of compound nouns and their meaning;
A silicon diode = a diode which contains silicon
A smoke alarm = an alarm which warns of smoke
A car radio = a radio for use in car
b. Explain each of these compounds:
1. A burglar alarm
:
____________________________________________________________
2. A clock timer
:
____________________________________________________________
3. A mercury switch : ____________________________________________________________
4. A car phone
: ____________________________________________________________
5. A germanium diode
:
____________________________________________________________
6. A computer screen : ____________________________________________________________
7. A block diagram
:
____________________________________________________________
8. An assembly line : ____________________________________________________________
c. Some compound nouns have become single words, for example, a voltmeter is an
instrument for measuring voltage. Explain the meaning of these words:
1. A fuseholder : ___________________________________________________________________
2. A wavemeter
:
___________________________________________________________________
3. A cellphone : ___________________________________________________________________
4. Headphones : ___________________________________________________________________
5. An ammeter : ___________________________________________________________________
6. A handset
: ___________________________________________________________________
d. Study these examples of compound nouns:
A signal generator = equipment for generating signals
A cassette player = equipment for playing cassettes
A battery tester = equipment for testing batteries
What do we call equipment for ....
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Playing CDs?
Receiving radio (signals)?
Charging batteries?
Amplifying aerial (signals)?
Filtering (out) noise?

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Page 14

6. Synthesizing speech?
7. Cleaning cassette heads?
8. Amplifying (the) power (of a signal)?
9. Sensing vibration?
10.Scanning (the human) body (for disease)?

How does it work?

Linda Brown and Jerry Rothman own Holiday Tours, a small travel agency. Today is Lindas
first day back from a two-week vacation.
Jerry : Welcome back, Linda. How was your vacation?
Linda : Great. I really got a lot of rest. Hey, whats this?
Jerry : Its a telephone answering machine.
Linda : Oh, yeah? How does it work?
Jerry : Its easy. Before you leave the office, turn this dial to ANSWER. Then push the ON
button.
Linda : Like this?
Jerry : Yes, thats right.
Linda : This coffee maker is new, too. How does it work?
Jerry : Well, you put the coffee in here and the water in here. Then you turn on the
machine.
Linda : Hey, lets make some now. Uh, wheres the coffee?
Jerry : There isnt any left.
Linda : Oh, thats too bad.

Give instruction
A

: Whats this?

: Its a telephone answering machine.

: How does it work?

: (You) turn the dial to ANSWER. Then (you) push the ON button.
Add you to soften
the instruction.

1. Give the name of each machine or appliance.

a radio
a record player
a tape recorder
a washing
machine
2. Then match the pictures with the appropriate instructions.
a. Put the clothes into the machine and add soap. Then turn the dial to WASH.
b. Put a tape in the machine. Then push the PLAY button.
c. Put a record on the turntable. Then push the switch to AUTO.
[Type text]

Page 15

d. Turn the OFF/ON dial to the right. Then select a station.

3. Complete the conversation using the information about one of the machine or
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:

appliances above. Then act it out with a friend.

Hey, whats that?
Oh, its my new ____________________________________ .
How does it work?
Well, first you ____________________________________________ .
Like this?
Yes, thats right. Then you _____________________________________ .
Oh, thats not hard.

Explain about the way to operate an electric device.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Safety Tips

_______________________________________________________________________________________
Electrical energy can perform many useful functions. However, improper use
_______________________________________________________________________________________
can result in electrical shocks or fires.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
CAUTION: Please read and observe all warnings and instructions contained in
_______________________________________________________________________________________
this pamphlet. Keep this pamphlet for reference.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
1. After unpacking any electrical appliances, examine it carefully to make
_______________________________________________________________________________________
sure it isnt damaged. If it seems damaged, do not plug it in. Contact
_______________________________________________________________________________________
the store or have it repaired.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. If the electrical cord is damaged in any ways, do not use it. Have it
repaired or replaced.
3. Do not use an electrical appliance near water. Never touch an electrical
appliance with wet hands. Before cleaning, unplug the appliance. Do
not apply liquid cleaners directly to the appliance. Use a damp cloth.
4. Do not plug too many appliances into the same wall outlet or extension
UNIT
cord. This can cause a fire or an electric shock.
5. Do not put anything on top of an electrical cord. Do not put an

ELECTRICITY

appliance in a place where people will walk on the cord. Never hide an

electrical cord under a rug.

6. If you have a television, never let the antenna touch another electrical
appliance, such as metal lamp.
[Type text]
Page 16

A. Read the safety instructions. Then answer the questions.

1. What are you supposed to do if you buy an appliance that is damaged?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
_
2. Why shouldnt you plug a lot of appliances into the same wall outlet?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
__
3. What is one very important thing to do before you clean an appliance?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
__
4. How should you clean an appliance?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
__
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Page 17

5. Why do you think a television antenna isnt supposed to touch another electrical
appliances?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
_
6. What do you think can happen if you hide an electrical cord under a rug?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
_
B. Fill the table below based on the information given in the text.
Things to do

Things not to do

1. ........................................................

1. ........................................................

.
2. ........................................................

.
2. ........................................................

.
3. ........................................................

.
3. ........................................................

[Type text]

Page 18

Language study Giving advice

For example:
Things to do
Leave it for a bit before you make the final copy.

Things not to do
Make sure you don't go into the red or you'II get distortion.
Here are some other ways in which we can give advice in an informal way. Note how we can make the advice stronger.
Things to do
1 You should keep an eye on the recording level.
2 Always keep an eye on the recording level.
3

You must always keep an eye on the recording level.

Things not to do
1

You shouldn't put the microphone too close to the drums.

2 Never put the microphone too close to the drums.

3

You must never put the microphone too close to the drums.

Complete these sentences with a suitable action or consequence.

If pressure mats are constantly walked on,
_________________________________________________
If you fit an exit
delay,_________________________________________________________________
If your system doesn't have an automatic cutoff,______________________________________________
If a burglar walks in front of a motion
sensor,________________________________________________
Vibration sensors will respond
if_______________________________________________________
Tamper sensors will trigger the alarm
if___________________________________________________
A magnet on the moving part trips a switch
if________________________________________________
The alarm stops after a set time
if______________________________________________________

[Type text]

Page 19

Write a list of things to do and things not to do when making a recording. Use information from
the text and from the tape together with any information of your own. For example:
Things to do
1

You should listen to your master through different speakers.

Things not to do
2

Don't keep turning the volume up to 'hear things better'.

When you have finished, exchange lists with your partner. Do you agree with the list your
partner has made? If not, discuss any disagreement with your partner.

Give some tips in using a technology.

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

UNIT

6
[Type text]

TECHNOLOGY

Page 20

GETTING IN TOUCH THROUGH THE AGES

Nobody knows who wrote the first letter or when, but we know that 4,000 years
ago in ancient Egypt people carried letter by hand over hundreds of kilometers. Very few
people could write, so there were special people, called scribes, who wrote letter for
everyone else.
In those days, you didnt need a stamp. The first stamp didnt appear until 1840
and it cost just one penny. Nowadays, one of these original stamps costs $375. Letter
writing was so popular in the 1840s that they delivered the post several times a day.
An American company Remington and Sons made the first typewriter in 1871.
All the letters in the word typewriter were on the top line of the keyboard so that
salesmen could demonstrate the machine easily. Amazingly, the letters are still in the
same place on the modern computer keyboard.
In 1876, when Alexander Graham Bell demonstrated a fantastic invention called
the telephone, nobody was very interested in it. The first fax machine appeared at
around the same time, but it was so enormous that no one wanted one in fact fax
machine didnt become popular for another hundred years.
Then there was the talkie walkie, a small two-way radio first used by the US army
in the 1930s. However, since they weighed around 13.5 kilos, the talking was perhaps
easier than the walking. After World War Two they became popular with police officer.
Before that they had to use whistles to call for help.
Nowadays, of course, we can send messages and pictures around the world in a
few seconds using computers and mobile phone. Its hard to believe that e-mail was only
invented in 1971, and the first text message was sent in 1992. Today we send over a
billion text messages around the world every single day, and an incredible thirty-six
billion emails. Technologies, surely, have changed our ways of getting in touch.

A. Answer the following questions based on the information given in the passage.

1. How did people send messages 4,000 years ago?

____________________________________________________________________________
2. Can you explain the similarity of a typewriter and a computer?
______________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Mention at least three invention of technology mentioned in the passage and their
function?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
4. Technologies have not only advantages but also disadvantages. Clarify this
statement.

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______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
B. Language study
Present Perfect
The present perfect often refers to an unspecified time in the past.
I have done the assignment. (I have finished it)
I
You
They
We
He
She
It

have
(not)

repaired
fixed
finished

my computer
the car

has

have
(How long)
has

I
you
they
we
she
he
it

completed
passed

the tasks.
the exam.

Study these sentences

Engineers developed optical fibre cables in the 1980s.
Optical fibre cables have improved the telephone system immensely. Morse first developed
tlie telegraph, a digital system, in 18 32.
Digital systems of information transmission have replaced analogue systems in the last 20
years.
Zafira has brought in her video cassete recorder (VCR) to be repaired. Look at the repair
checklist form. Then, use theTEKTRONIK
present perfect tense to describe the repairs.
The technician has checked the recording heads.
Customer: Zafira
Date received:4/8
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Item: Avant VCR (SL-88)
date due: 4/22
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
COMPLET NOT
__________________________________________________
ED
COMPLETED
Check recording

heads
Check playback

[Type
text]
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heads
Clean bearings

Adjust tension

Lubricate motor

UNIT

INTERNET

Tim Berner-Lee invented something important. Do you know what it was?

[Type text]

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An ordinary life, an amazing idea

Tim Berners-Lee looks very ordinary. Hes about fifty years old and has brown hair. He was
born in England but now lives in Massachusetts in the USA. But in 1989 Tim had a very important
idea. He invented the world wide web (www).
Tim went to school in London. Both his parents worked with computers so it isnt surprising
that he loved computers from an early age. When he was eighteen, he left school and went to Oxford
University where he studied physics. At Oxford, he became more and more interested in computers,
and he made his first computer from an old television. He graduated in 1976 and got a job with a
computer company in Dorset, England. In 1989, he went to work in Switzerland where he first had the
idea of international information network linked by computer. He decided to call it the world wide
web, and he also decided to make his idea free to everyone - that is why today we do not pay to use
the Internet.
In 1994 he went to live in the United States where he now works. In 1995 he wrote an article in
the New York Times where he said, The web is a universe of information and it is for everyone.
Today his idea of a web, where people from all over the world can exchange information, is real.
A. Anwer the questions below after reading the passage.
1. What does www stand for? What is it?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. How could Tim be interested in computer when he was in childhood?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Why can people use an international web for free?
__________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
4. Do you think Tims invention of a web is useful for peoples life? Explain your answer.
__________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Find some past tense forms of irregular verbs in the text.
1. Have
1. Had
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
[Type text]

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5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

B. Language Focus
Past Simple
Simple past is used for a completed events in the past. Sometimes, a day, date or time
is given, e.g. in 1832, yesterday, last week, two years ago.
I
He
She
It
You
We
They

was
(not
)

a rich person.
the best student.
famous groups.

were

Past tense irregular verbs: affirmative and negative statement

I
went
to the hospital.
You
didnt go
Past tense: Question
saw
the play.
He
didnt
Did see you
call an ambulance?
She
had
a good
Why
he
go totime.
the bookstore?
We
didnt
How
did haveshe
They
When
they
Where
Make statements using the words in parentheses.
1. (go to a party have a good time)
He went to a party but he didnt have a good time.
2. (hurt her finger break the vase)
________________________________________
3. (sell the old car buy a new one)
________________________________________
4. (make dinner do the dishes)
________________________________________
C. Do you know who invented the telephone? The radio? Read and complete the following text to
find if you were correct.
Who really invented the telephone and the radio?

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Many schoolchildren learn that the Scotsman Alexander Graham Bell (1)_____________
(invent) the telephone in 1876. But the real inventor (2) ____________ (be) Antonio Meucci, a poor
Italian American. He ___________ (share) a workshop with Bell in the 1860s, and
(4)___________(make) a talking telegraph for his wife who was ill in bed, so that she
(5)_________(can) call him when she (6)__________(want) something. But Meucci never (7)
______________(take) his idea to the US Patent Office because he was too poor to pay the $250 that
he (8)____________(need). So on February 14th 1986 Alexander graham Bell (9)___________ (take)
the invention to the Patent Office instead. Just two hours later another inventor, Elisha Gray
(10)_______________(arrive) with the same idea too late!
At the time, nobody (11)______________(believe) that the telephone was an important
invention. Bells father-in-law, also a scientist, (12)___________(describe) the invention as a
beautiful toy. And it was in 2002 before the US Congress (13)____________(decide) that Meucci was
the true inventor of the telephone.
But everyone knows that the Italian Marconi (14)_______________(invent) the radio, right?
Wrong. Actually, Guglielmo Marconi (18)____________(take) the idea to the US Patent Office and
soon (19)____________ (begin) to sell it. In 1909 he even (20)____________(win) a Nobel Prize for
his invention.
In 1943 Nikola Tesla (21)_____________(die) in New York, a poor man. That year, the US
Congress (22)______________(decide) that Nikola Tesla was the true father of the radio.
Put this time phrases in order to go back into the past.
yesterday morning
when I was twelve
when I was born
last year

a few years ago

one day

not long ago

Work in small groups. Play the board game using a die. Take turns. When you land on a question,
choose which member of the group to ask.
Tania, when was the last time
you bought some new
clothes?

[Type text]

About a month ago I

bought some jeans.

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F
R
A
T
y
b
v
d
lu
E
k
p
s
m
c
h
o
g
n
a
e
it
r
w
H
S
N
I
When was the last time you....?

Describe about technology is your life.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_

[Type text]

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UNIT

COMPUTER SHOPPING

Computer Shopping in Your Home

Will people still run their errands in the same way ten years from now? Will they
still go to the grocery store for food and to bank for money?
Some experts think that in ten years, people will run both of these errands and
more from their living rooms. To do this, they will have to buy home computers, but
they wont have to take college courses in programming. They will simply talk to their
computers and, if these futurists are right, the computers will talk back to them.
More and more, people will shop from home. Lets say a family wants to buy a TV.
They will see a picture of the model they want on a video screen and find the store with
the best price. They theyll send a message to that store, and the right amount of money
will be taken out of their bank account and put into the stores.
Of course, few people will run all of their errands electronically. Sometimes they
will still want to go shopping the old-fashioned way going from store to store to find
shoes that fit or a comfortable chair for living room.

A. Read the article

1. Do you think people will really shop from their living rooms in ten years?
________________________________________________________________________________
2. Do people need to study computer programming for shopping from home? Explain
your answer.
___________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Describe the way of how people purchase the chosen thing through computer
shopping?
___________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of such system?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
5. Find other examples of the use of technologies which make our life better in the
future.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

[Type text]

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_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

B. Language Focus
Simple Future
Future with will: affirmative and negative statements
I
You
Thoma
s
They

will

(not)

Form of question
Why
How
will
Where
When

repair
check

the
computer
the
installation

you
Thomas
they

repair
check

tomorrow.
next week.

the computer?
the installation?

The future with will is often used with maybe and probably
Maybe I will go away this weekend
Tom will probably go away this weekend.
About Education
Imagine a factory with no people where robots are building robots.
Or a computer that designs products, then tells robots on the
factory floor how to make them.
Science fiction? No, says James OToole, just a description of what
is already happening in a factory in Japan where robots do all the
work. Dr. OToole, associate professor of management at the
University of Southern California, says that robots will soon make
every product in American factories. But what will this mean for
millions of future workers? What will they do? If there are not great
improvements in public education, Dr. OToole says, there will be
serious problems.
Education in the future will need to emphasize computing,
analyzing, and solving problems, in addition to the basic skills of
reading, writing, and math. According to Dr. OToole, succes will

C. Read the article above and then say Right or Wrong.

1. A robot is a machine. ( ........... )

2. In some countries, machine will soon work that most factory workers do today.
(............)

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3. Future workers will not need a good education. (..............)

4. Robots can analyze and solve problems. (................)
5. Machines will do all the work in the future. (................)

D. Complete the conversations. Use the future with will and the verbs in parentheses.

1. Jim
: What are you going to do this weekend?
Fina : Im not sure. Maybe Ill go to the beach. (go)
Jim
: Well, I probably _______________ anything special. (do)
2. Sidney
: Jim has just called. He __________ in the office tomorrow. (be) He has

3.
4.
5.
6.

to go to Canada.
Tom : ________________ back on Friday? (be)
Sidney
: No. Hes going to spend the weekend there, too.
Aryo : Lets go to Bali nextweek.
Sandra
: But, _________________________________. (stay)
Aryo : At my uncles. He called last night and invited us.
Martha
: Do you have any plan for the summer?
Bill
: I think ________________________ to Mexico. (go)
Ben : Im not going to go to the football game. Its raining too hard.
Wendy
: Oh! Well, maybe _________________________ either. (go)
Maybe ______________________________ home instead. (stay)
Jenny : Could you help me please?
Steve : Sure. Whats the trouble?
Jenny : I think the radiator exploded. The engine seems overheated.
Steve : Let me take a look.
Jenny : Gee, I hope you can fix it.
Steve : (Looks under hood) Well, I dont think I can today. I probably
_______________a part of it.

(order)

E. Write a paragraph that tells about the revolution of human life in the future due to
the development of technology.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
[Type text]

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__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

UNIT

LASERS

A. Read the following passage and answer the given question

LASERS
The Light of Twenty-first Century
The word laser stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
More simply, a laser is a device that produces a very strong light. The light from a laser is
called coherent light. The light we are most familiar with is incoherent light. Incoherent
light comes from electric bulbs and the sun. This light moves in all directions. The light
from a laser, however, moves in only one direction and is much stronger.
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Laser light is created by a process called stimulated emission. In this process, the
atoms of a certain substance, such as a crystal or gas, are excited in such a way that
they produce an extremely strong light that travel in one direction. This light is called
laser beam.
Once laser light was developed, scientists immediately started to think about its
applications. One of the lasers earliest uses was to measure distances and speeds. It
was discovered that this could be done with amazing accuracy. For example, the distance
to the moon was measured to within a foot, and the exact speed of light was determined
to be 186,282,397 miles per second.
In its early days, the military also thought about using the laser. The laser was
capable of selective destruction as opposed to total nuclear war, which would have
disastrous results. But, research into constructive (positive) uses of the laser has taken
place just as quickly. The laser can be used in surgery. This marvelous device can open
and close an incision without the danger of infection. A laser beam can be used to
delicate eye operations. For example, it can be used to reattach a retina and prevent
excessive bleeding of tiny blood vessels in the eye.
The laser is also important in the study and treatment of cancer. A laser beam can
remove a cancerous growth and completely destroy it. No dangerous cancer cells are left
behind which may spread to others parts of body. Because a laser can concentrate on an
individual cell, it could become a tool for studying and preventing this deadly disease.
Lasers are used for everyday tasks as well. In factories, they are used to cut cloth,
harden metals, and with robots increase the accuracy of work on assembly lines. In
supermarkets, a laser at checkout counter reads the price codes on packages. These
codes consist of closely spaced black lines. The information is put into the cash
register, which then records it as a price on a receipt.
The laser promises to bring great changes in the way telephone work. In ordinary
telephone technology, sound waves travel along thousands of miles of copper wire. But a
laser can transmit sound waves much faster. Ina addition, the laser would lessen the
need for copper, a natural resource. The laser is also used in video disc players to show
programs on television. When a disc is inserted into the player, the laser can read the
information on it in order to produce the sound and picture on the TV.
There are thousands of uses for laser light, but they are only a beginning. The
laser could truly become the light of the twentyfirst century.
1. What

is

laser?

_______________________________________________________________________
2. Explain the difference of coherent light and incoherent light.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. How is the laser light formed?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
4. What a laser beam is?
___________________________________________________________________________________
5. Give at least three uses of lasers.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
6. Match the synonymous words
1. Produce
2. Application
[Type text]
3. Device
4. Transmit
5. Incision

a.
b.
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c.
d.
e.

Send
Cut
Use
Instrument
Create

7. The suffix ous means possessing or having and changes a noun into an
adjective, as in cancerous possessing or having cancer. Complete the
paragraph, filling in each blank with an appropriate word from the list.
Cancerous humorous mysterious
Dangerous marvelous numerous
About twenty years ago, a laser was a new and ___________ device. Now, it is clear that
laser light has __________ applications. For example, it can remove a _____________ growth
and prevent its ______________ spread to other parts of the body. This _______________
device may truly become the light of the twenty-first century.

B. Language Focus
Passive Voice
Describing a process
In English, the passive is often used to describe processes. Study this examples:
1. Each instrument is recorded.
2. Special effects are used.
3. Copies can be made.
The passive is made using the verb to be (am, is, are, etc) and the past participle of the
verb. Most technical verbs are regular so the past participle is made simply by adding
ed (Example 1).
Tense
Simple
Presen
t
Past

Active form

Passive form

S + V1/Vs

S + am/is/are + V3

S + V2

S + was/were + V3

Future

S + will + V1

S + will + be + V3

Contino
us

Presen
t
Past

Perfect

Presen
t
Past

S + am/is/are + Ving
S + was/were + Ving
S + has + V3

S + am/is/are +
being + V3
S + was/were +
being + V3
S + has + been + V3

S + had + V3

S + had + been +

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Example
A:
P:
A:
P:
A:
P:
A:
P:
A:
P:
A:
P:
A:

Future
Modal

S + will + have +
V3
S + can
+V1
may,must

V3
S + will + have +
been + V3
S + can
+ be
+ V3
may, must

P:
A:
P:
A:
P:

C. Complete this summary of how to make a recording by changing each of the verbs in
brackets in the correct form. For example:
Each instrument __(record)__ using a microphone. The sound __(feed)___ to a mixing
desk. The recording level __(control)___ and the EQ ____(adjust)___ by the sound engineer.
The output ___(record)___ on a multitrack. The sounds from the multitrack ___(master)__
back through the mixer. The tape ___(remix)___ until the musicians are happy with the
sound. Special effect can ___(add)___ on the mixing desk. The remixed tape __(master
down)___ to produce a master tape. This can ___(use)___ to produce copies in many
formats.

D. Describing purpose
a. Study these ways of describing the purpose of random access memory:
RAM is used for the temporary storage of programs and data.
RAM is used for storing programs and data temporarily. RAM is used to store
programs and data temporarily.

b. Identify each of the electronic components or pieces of equipment described below.

Compare answers with your partner.
1. It's used to change AC voltages from small to large or from large to small.
( ___________________________ )
2. It's used for measuring very small currents. ( _____________________________________ )
3. It's used to check the logic levels in the pins of ICS.
( _____________________________________ )
4. It's used as part of a burglar alarm to detect movement.
( ___________________________________ )
5. It's used for the transmission of RF signals. ( _______________________________________ )
6. It's used for protecting circuits from a surge in voltage.
( ___________________________________ )
7. It's used to master down different recordings to make a master tape.
( ____________________________ )
8. It's used to find buried metal. ( __________________________________ )

E. Follow up

Write a composition that describes the use of an electrical device.

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
[Type text]

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__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
UNIT

10

FIRST AID

First Aid for Electric Shock Victims

Someone who is in direct contact with electrical current needs immediate help. The victim may
be unable to move because of muscle spasms, or may be unconscious. Rescuing such a person can be
very dangerous. If you touch the victim, you yourself may get caught by the current and become a
second victim.
Making sure that you are not stepping in any electrified water on the floor, try to unplug the appliance
(turning it off is not good enough) or better yet, turn off the power at the electrical panel. If for any
reason turning off the power is not possible, try and get a long piece of wood (a broom handle will do)
or anything else that will not conduct electricity, and try to push the current away from the victim. You
can also try some dry rope or clothing, and possibly loop it around the victim's arm or leg, pulling
them free of the current.
PLEASE NOTE: If someone is being electrocuted by high-voltage
current, do not go near them. High voltage currents can arc (jump)
as far as 7 meters. Normal types of insulation will not protect you.
Call for emergency help.
[Type text]

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Unless there is immediate danger, do not move the victim. Keep him/her lying down.
Unconscious victims should be placed on their side to allow drainage of fluids. Do not move the victim
if there is a suspicion of neck or spine injuries unless absolutely necessary.
If the victim is not breathing, apply mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. If the victim has no pulse,
begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Then cover the victim with a blanket to maintain body
heat, keep the victims head low and get medical attention. Stay with the victim until help arrives
A. After reading the passaage, answer the questions below.

1. Why is helping electric shock victims very dangerous?

___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. Mention the steps for immediate help to the victims of electric shock?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. What can you do if the victim is being electrified by high voltage current?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
4. Describe the functions of resuscitation?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
5. Why do we need to keep the victims head low?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
B. Language Focus
Adjective Clause
Adjective Clause is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. An adjective clause
begins with the relative pronouns "who ", " whom" "that", "whose", or "which".
EX: They are searching for the one who borrowed the book.
Did I tell you about the author whom I met?
The books that people read were mainly religious.
The meat which they ate was tainted.
The book which has the blue cover is mine.
Reducing Adjective Clauses to Adjective Phrases
An adjective phrase modifies a noun. It doesnt contain a subject and verb.
An adjective clause can be reduced to an adjective phrase.
People who are sitting on the floor should find a seat or leave the room.
People sitting on the floor should find a seat or leave the room.
The room was full of people who were trying to buy airplane tickets.
The room was full of people trying to buy airplane tickets.
The student who is wearing a red dress is new.
The student wearing a red dress is new.
The book that is taught in this class is challenging.
The book taught in this class is challenging.
Students who are from out of state usually pay higher tuition.
Students from out of state usually pay higher tuition.
Make your own sentences by using adjective clause.

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1. ___________________________________________________________________________________
_
2. ___________________________________________________________________________________
_
3. ___________________________________________________________________________________
_
4. ___________________________________________________________________________________
_
5. ___________________________________________________________________________________
_
6. ___________________________________________________________________________________
_
7. ___________________________________________________________________________________
_
8. ___________________________________________________________________________________
_
9. ___________________________________________________________________________________
_
10.___________________________________________________________________________________
_

[Type text]

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