1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Technical Systems
1.7
1.8
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1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Technical Systems
1.7
1.8
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Definition 1:
A technical process is a process during which material, energy or
information is altered in its state. This modification of state can imply
the transition from an initial state to a final state.
process, procedure, event
Initial state of
material, energy
or information
TECHNICAL
PROCESS
in a technical system
Final state of
material, energy
or information
transformation
transport
storage
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Examples
Initial State
Technical Process
Technical System
Final State
Low ambient
temperature
Heating of a house
Dirty
laundry
Washing process
Unsorted parcels
Energy of fossil or
nuclear fuels
Parts to be
stored
Storage process
Train at location A
Traffic process
Monomere substance
Chemical reaction
Untested device
Test process
Test laboratory
Tested device
Drilling process
Drilling machine
Pollutants
Pollution monitoring
Washing machine
Power plant
Fresh laundry
Electric energy
Information on pollution
concentrations are indicated
in monitoring center
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Definition 2:
DIN 66201
A process is the entirety of all interacting processes within a
system that transforms and stores material, energy or information.
A technical process is a process in which its physical parameters
are recorded and influenced by technical means.
effecting
variables
material,
energy or
information
inflow
output
quantities
TECHNICAL PROCESS
material, energy
or information
outflow
in a technical system
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material, energy
or information
inflow
measured
signals
Technical System
material, energy
or information
outflow
(device,machine
or technical plant)
process
influencing
information
process
outcome
information
Technical
Process
process
input
process
output
the technical
process runs on
technical system
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Example
actuating signals
Technical Plant
measured signals
substance A
substance B
substance C
Technical Process
feed
substance A
feed
substance B
fill
reaction
empty
outflow
reactions
product
substance C
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Industrial automation
= process
automation
automat
cigarette vending machine
= independently
operating
technical systems
automation
office automation,
= to enable machines,
installations and facilities
to operate independently
traffic automation,
railway automation,
industrial automation
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Industrial automation
process operators
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People
(process operators)
for managing and operating
the technical
process as well as
intervening in
exceptional situations
process
influence
process
outcome
computer and
communication system
consisting of e.g.,
programmable logic
controllers (PLC), industrials PCs,
micro controllers,
bus systems, etc.
control
signals to the
technical
process
signals
from the
technical
process
technical system
(technical product or
technical plant), in which
a technical process
takes place
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Real-time system
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Hardware/software system
External events
Processing priority
Real-time system allows real-time operation
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Timeliness
reaction right on time
not too soon, not too late
Simultaneousness
simultaneous reaction to various events
parallel processes
Dependability
reliable, safe, available
important reason for purchase
Predictability
all reactions must be predictable and deterministic
comprehensible in case errors occur
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people
time
time
external
influences
sensor signals
computer and
communication
system
control signals
technical process
in a
technical plant
operating personnel
computer and communication
system
technical process
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Features
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1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Technical systems
1.7
1.8
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Degree of automation
The sense and benefit of an automation depends on the technical process
(accessible / inaccessible) and the general conditions (economically
reasonable / senseless). The degree of automation describes the extend of
the processes included in the automation.
bandwidth: from zero up to fully automated operation
Caution! - Also with fully automated operation the human being can
make interventions (set point default or malfunction)!
Types of operation
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process
management
applications
process
personnel
no automation
control and
regulation devices
display device and
graphical recorder
manual
device
technical plant
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General management
orders
operation
protocoll
operation
protocol input
Off-line
computer
process
management
instructions
process
personnel
control and
regulation devices
display and
grapical recorder
low degree of
automation, no
connection to
the technical
process
manual
device
technical plant
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operation
monitoring
orders
operation
protocol
control board
instructions
open-loop
processpersonnel
control and
regulation devices
medium degree
of automation,
data acquisition
from the
technical process
computer
system
manual
device
on-line
technical plant
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on-line and
closed-loop
operation
protocol
emergency
instruments
high degree of
automation, data
recording and
influence of the
technical process
technical plant
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1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Technical systems
1.7
1.8
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Product automation
industrial automation systems, in which the technical process takes place
within a device or within a single machine
large quantities
Plant automation
industrial automation systems, in which the technical process is composed of
single partial processes that take place on greater, often geographically wide
spread plants
unique systems
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Examples
Examples of products in
product automation
heating systems
washing machines
sewing machines
microwave, etc.)
TVs, radios
chemical reactors
cameras
alarm systems
toys
milling installations
railway traffic system (long distance
trains, commuter railways, metros)
traffic light installations
navigation systems
answering machines
musical instruments
machine tools
measuring devices
automobiles with sub-systems:
motor control, ABS, distance warning
system, route planning,
etc.
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simple
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display
micro controller
example:
process results
set values
manipulated variables
user
or
operator
kitchen appliance
technical product
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microcontroller
bus-system
microcontroller
1
microcontroller
2
microcontroller
n
subsystem
1
subsystem
2
subsystem
n
example:
automotive
electronics
technical product
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master
computer
PC
level 3
PC
pant bus
level 2
PLC
PLC
PLC
field bus
field bus
level 1
subsystem
subsystem
subsystem
technical plant
2004 IAS, Universitt Stuttgart
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1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Technical systems
1.7
1.8
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technical components
of an industrial
automation system
Overview
technical system to
be automated
(automation object)
technical
product
facilities for
user - process
communication
technical
plant
hardwired
individual
devices
interface to the
technical process:
sensors and actuators
automation
computer system
communication
system
communication
system close to the
process (field bus)
hardware system
(device system)
computer
hardware
process
periphery
automation
software system
user
software
system
software
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Sensors
temperature,
pressure ,
velocity
Actuators
relays,
magnets,
servomotors
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manipulated variables
micro controller
process results
display
set values
user
or
operator
technical product
Complex products
communication between subsystems via bus system
examples: CAN bus, Interbus-S
user
or
operator
microcontroller
bus system
microcontroller
1
microcontroller
2
microcontroller
n
subsystem
1
subsystem
2
subsystem
n
technical product
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Factory bus
observation,
operating,
protocolling
master
computer
PC
level 3
PC
plant bus
level2
PLC
PLC
PLC
field bus
Field bus
field bus
level1
subsystem
subsystem
subsystem
technical plant
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Micro controller
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Executive programs
(application software)
System software
programs for
organizing of
application
programs
programs for
process
control
programs for
process
regulation
programs for
process
optimization and
management
programs for
process safety
and security
operating system
programs for
acquisition of
process variables
programs for
process
monitoring
IA
programs for
organizing data traffic
with
external memories
programs for the
dialogue between
human and computer
compilation programs
run-time
programs
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1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Technical systems
1.7
1.8
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levels of distribution
levels of a company
long-term
distribution policy
business management
level
distribution planning
distribution tactics
sales
level of measuring
controlling and regulating
process variables
(process variable level)
field of action
market
technical process in a
technical system
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Automation functions
Levels of a company
Automation functions
business
management level
cost analysis,
statistical evaluations
production and
operation
management level
process control
level
process monitoring,
start-up and shut-down,
malfunction handling, process
guidance, process security
process variable
level
measuring, controlling,
manipulating, regulating
interlocking, emergency
handling of process variables,
shut-down, protection
field level
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1.6
Technical systems
1.7
1.8
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continuous processes
object-oriented processes
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Characteristics
Process variables
Examples
generation processes,
transformation processes,
movements, etc.
Mathematic
models
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Characteristics
Process variables
Examples
Models
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Characteristics
Process variables
Examples
Models
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Classification methods
Classification according to the kind of...
transformed or transported medium
material related processes, energy related processes,
information related processes
effect
generation processes, distribution processes, storage processes
material-related transformation
chemical processes, production processes
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Technical processes
Process types
Energy-related
processes
continuous processes,
sequential processes
chemical
processes
continuous processes,
sequential processes
production
processes
continuous processes,
sequential processes,
object-related processes
material-handling
processes
continuous processes,
sequential processes,
object-related processes
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Examples:
Generation of electric energy in a turbo generator
continuous process
sequential process (start-up sequence of plant)
Energy-related processes
Batch processes
single process steps are continuous processes
sequence of steps is a sequential process
Chemical processes
Manufacturing a swivel
transportation of the machine parts is an object-related process
manufacturing process consists of a sequence of steps (mount part,
drive machine to position etc.), thus it is a sequential process
cutting process is a continuous process
Production process
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1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Technical systems
1.7
1.8
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Flowchart
Similar to block diagrams used in control engineering
Processes and process steps are represented as rectangles
Arrows represent the information or material flow
Bundles of connections are shown as double lines with arrow
Example:
additive
crush
additive
crushed
solvent
raw
material
reaction
dissolve
solvent
2004 IAS, Universitt Stuttgart
material
dissolved
intermediate
product
separate
final product
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Information/material-oriented representation
Information/materials as circles
Processes/functions as linking arrows
Example:
additive
crus
additive
crushed
re
ac
material
diss
olve
material
dissolved
o
diss
tio
n
n
tio
ac
e
r
se
intermediate
product
se
pa
pa
t
ra
ion
rat
i
on
solvent
final
product
lve
solvent
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sub
process
additive
crushed
solvent
crush
reaction
raw
material
sub
process
dissolving
material
dissolved
intermediate
product
separate
final
product
solvent
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crushing
raw material
dissolving
solvent
reaction
final product
separation
solvent
additive
350 kg/h
x
raw material
800 kg/h
M1
M2
z1
heating steam
3 bar
W1
solvent
1000 kg/h
heating
steam
B1
solvent
700 kg/h
1 bar
108 C
B2
1 bar
20 C
1 bar
20 C
final product
1450 kg/h
depot
P1
P2
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heating steam
5 bar
V301
F1
additive
350 kg/h
solvent
700 kg/h
V302
V304
V206
V303
M
3h
FRC
raw material
800 kg/h
1.01
M1
Z1
M2
V105
TRC
1.02
W1
M
3h
LRC
V112
V111
solvent
1000 kg/h
FRC
V204
K1
V305
M
3h
2.01
B1
TRC
1.02
M
3h
W2
LRC
LRC
1.03
1.04
M
3h
M
3h
P1
V106
A1
B2
W3
V306
V301
LRC+
1.04
P2
V107
V106
1.04
V302
V116
V303
V110
condensate
final product
1450 kg/h
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1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Technical systems
1.7
1.8
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Answer
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Answer
The given system is a plant automation system. The production process
(assembly line) shall be automated and not the product itself.
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3000,-
5000,-
Answer
There is no difference in the performance range of the two computers. The
main difference between an ordinary PC and an industrial PC is that the
industrial PC is especially built to endure the higher stress in industrial
environments (temperature variations, EMI, vibrations, etc.)
In this case, therefore, the choice would be an industrial PC.
2004 IAS, Universitt Stuttgart
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Answer
Object-related processes
(all work steps are done at
the barrels)
Continuous processes
(e.g. transportation)
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Crosswords to Chapter 1
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Crosswords to Chapter 1
Across
3
10
Down
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