TESTS OF CORRELATION

Correlation vs Regression
The two most common methods to describe
the relationship between two quantitative
variables ( x and y) are linear correlation and
linear regression

Linear correlation is a statistic that

measures the STRENGTH of a bivariate
association while linear regression is a
prediction equation that estimates the value
of y for any given x

Questions that can be answered

by Correlation:
Is there a relationship between IQ and
Grade point average?
Is there a relationship between the size of
the family and educational attainment of the
father?

Questions that can be answered

by Regression:
What change will occur in ones blood
pressure after one reduces salt intake?
What would be an infants predicted birth
weight for a mother possessing a known
prepregnancy weight?
What would be the predicted grade of
student in college algebra given her/his grade
in Highschool math?

Test of Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis (Ho) : There is no

relationship between/among variables
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) : There is
relationship between/among variables

When we accept Ho
It means that the difference is due to
* Sampling Fluctuations
* Chance Occurrence
* Correlation obtained is applicable only on
the sample and not be concluded/applied on
the population

When we reject Ho

We say that the sample results are

significant. The correlation obtained can be
applied to the actual population
The result obtained is NOT by mere chance
or sampling variation

Interpretation of alpha () and p-value

Level of significance of .05 means that in repeated

sampling from a given population of interest, the
probability of obtaining sample results similar to the one
presently observed is 95% and the probability of
obtaining different sample results is 5%
Significance of a certain level alpha means that the
results due to plain chance or sampling error is equal or
less than alpha
A p-value of .005 means that the probability of
committing the error of rejecting a true null hypothesis
is 0.5% and the the probability that the said error is not
committed by the researcher is 99.5%

1. PHI COEFFICIENT

Determines the degree of relationship

between two variables which are both
nominal dichotomous
2x2 table

Example. Finding the correlation between the hypothetical

data on voters' sex (male=1, female=0) and preference for
president (male prex=1, female prex=0)
Voters

Gender

Result

Test of Hypothesis
Ho: there is no relationship between gender and preference
for president
Ha: there is relationship between gender and preference for
president
Computed:2.58 tabulated: 1.96
Decision: Reject Ho
Conclusion: At 5% level of sig, it can be concluded that
there is relationship between gender and preference for
president. A female voter is most likely to prefer a male
president, and a male voter is most likely to prefer a female
president.
r=-0.81, remarks = very strong relationship
Coefficient of determination = 0.67 or 67% of the
preference for president can be attributed to ones gender

PHI-CORRELATION (At the back of Page 90)

Determine correlation of
a. gender and watching basketball A and K)
b. Draw a 2x2 table at the back of page 90,
write summarized values
c. conduct test of hypothesis
Ho: There is no relationship between gender and likeness
to watch basketball
Ha: There is relationship between gender
and likeness to watch basketball
computed:
tabulated:
decision:
conclusion:
r=
interpretation=
r 2=
interpretation=

3. Pearson Product-Moment

Commonly used test of correlation

Pearson moment correlation ( r )

Coefficient of Determination ( r2 ), determines

the variation of the variables attributed by the
other variable

PEARSON PRODUCT (Page 103)

Determine correlation of the ff:
1. math grade and english grade (H and I)
2. Height and arm span ( D and E)
3. Neck circumference and waist line (F and G)

Conduct test of hypothesis

Ho:
Ha:
Computed:
Tabulated:
Conclusion:
r=
remarks:
r2 =
interpretation:

Decision:

2. POINT-BISERIAL CORRELATION

Dichotomous measure will be in the form of

arbitrary code nos. like 1 and 0
Used for 2 variables- interval/ratio and
nominal dichotomous
Point biserial correlation ( r ), Coefficient of
Determination ( r2 ), determines the variation
of the variables attributed by the other
variable

POINT BISERIAL (Page 105)

Determine correlation between
1. Gender and Height (A and D)
2. Cup of rice and Weight (B and C)
3. Gender and Math grade (A and I)

Conduct test of hypothesis

Ho:
Ha:
Computed:
Tabulated:
Conclusion:
r=
remarks:
r2 =
interpretation:

Decision:

4. SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION

This method can be used on predicting values of the

dependent variable
The variable that is used to make the prediction is called the
predictor variable; the variable about which the prediction
is made is called the criterion variable
Only when a correlation of 0.50 or higher is obtained can
individual predictions that are reasonable accurate for most
purposes be made

LINEAR REGRESSION (Page 113)

Determine regression equation of :
1.math grade (y) and hrs. of study (x)
2. english grade (y) and hrs. of study (x)

Result of Pearson Moment Correlation

Result of Linear Regression:

y = 6.77 + 3.907 x