BioSystems 69 (2003) 2738

Quantum monadology: a consistent world model

for consciousness and physics
Teruaki Nakagomi
Department of Information Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
Received 6 June 2002; received in revised form 8 October 2002; accepted 5 November 2002

Abstract
The NL world model presented in the previous paper is embodied by use of relativistic quantum mechanics, which reveals
the significance of the reduction of quantum states and the relativity principle, and locates consciousness and the concept of
flowing time consistently in physics. This model provides a consistent framework to solve apparent incompatibilities between
consciousness (as our interior experience) and matter (as described by quantum mechanics and relativity theory). Does matter
have an inside? What is the flowing time now? Does physics allow the indeterminism by volition? The problem of quantum
measurement is also resolved in this model.
2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Origin of consciousness; Quantum consciousness; Now in relativity; Life and matter

1. Introduction
Recently, consciousness is becoming one of the
most important subjects of scientific research among
a small but increasing number of physical scientists in the situation in which various functions of
mind are explained in terms of material sciences and
the peculiarity of consciousness has been brought
into relief (see e.g. Globus, 1995). Among them,
quantum-mechanical approaches are particularly interesting. Analogy or connection between the behavior of quantum states and that of mind has been
pointed out by several philosophers and scientists
(e.g. Whitehead, 1929; Bohm, 1951; Riccardi and
Umezawa, 1967; Cochran, 1971; Nakagomi, 1992,
1995; Khrennikov, 2000, 2002) and moreover, explicit
quantum-mechanical approaches to brain, especially,
to consciousness are proposed by Jibu et al. (1994,
E-mail address: nakagomi@is.kochi-u.ac.jp (T. Nakagomi).

1995, 1997) and Vitiello (2001). The author also considers that quantum theory will play an essential role
in understanding consciousness. However, there are
apparent incompatibilities appearing between fundamental properties of consciousness and prerequisites
of physics as given below, and before proceeding to
physical study of consciousness, we must first resolve
these incompatibilities. Otherwise, physics must deny
consciousness.
1. Interiority: Consciousness is internal experience.
We can experience consciousness through introspection, but cannot observe it externally. When we
dissect the brain, we will see only material systems
such as neurons, microtubules, proteins, molecules,
and so on. What is the experience of consciousness
or the direct experiences of colors, sounds, smells,
pains, and so on? If these are material phenomena,
then matter must have an interior, because we are
able to experience these only from the inside of

0303-2647/02/$ see front matter 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 3 0 3 - 2 6 4 7 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 1 6 1 - 2

28

T. Nakagomi / BioSystems 69 (2003) 2738

the brain matter, where the inside does not mean

spatial concept such as the inside of the skull but
something that cannot be explained as material systems. What is the interior of matter? Physics does
not have the concept of inside or interior of matter
and cannot explain the interiorexterior mystery of
consciousness.
2. Now: Consciousness exists now and not at any
point of the past or the future. The interior of
matter, if it exists, is accompanied with now and
not with the future nor the past. What is now?
Now is the time point or the duration where consciousness exists.1 My consciousness and your
consciousness seem to share in common the now,
which is flowing or passing. The physical picture
of time is, however, the fourth component of the
four-dimensional spacetime continuum. In this
picture, our experience of time is something passing along with the time axis, but what is passing?
Physics cannot explain the passing now associated
with consciousness or the interior of matter.
3. Volition: Consciousness is not only passive in
receiving senses but also active in giving indeterministic effects to the material world. This effect
occurs with flowing time and propagates in the future but not in the past. However, physics neither
accept the indeterministic effects due to volition
nor asymmetry between past and future, because
there is the deterministic and time reversible law
of change of material states at the bottom level
of physics, i.e. the Shrdinger equation or the
unitary evolution law of quantum states.
In spite of these contradictions, physics remains
valid by taking the strategy that physics concerns only
what are measured objectively by measuring apparatuses and tells nothing about what are not measured
objectively. Consciousness is experienced internally
and not observed externally, being out of the scope of
physics. The spacetime concept is used only for describing the deterministic law of change of material
states and causes no difficulties in the proper field of
physics.
1 When we map the now where consciousness exists into the
physical time, it can be a duration rather than an instant, as
suggested by the experiments of Libet (1985). Also in quantum
monadology, a duration of time is required to describe volitional
action of monads in physical time.

This strategy of physics makes sense, so long as

consciousness is passive. However, if consciousness
has active effects mentioned above, the strategy would
show some failure even in its proper field. Indeed,
physics has been bothered for a long time by the fundamental problems concerning the conflict between
determinism and indeterminism that appears in the
measurement problem of quantum mechanics and in
the reasoning of statistical mechanics. Many efforts
have been spent in attempts to reduce the indeterminism to the determinism, although these efforts have
not yet been successful.
Physics consists of mathematical theories and a
world model by which the theories are interpreted.
It is apparent that the incompatibilities and the problems mentioned originate in the world model that
physics adopts. Spacetime continuum and matter
in it, this is the all of the world that physics supposes. There is no room for consciousness, interior
of matter, the flowing now, and indeterminism. So a
new world model is needed that allows them to exist
and brings no effective change in the mathematics of
physics except a small one that could not be detected
in the current experiments but might be observed in
the future by advanced technology.
As such a world model, the author proposed quantum monadology (Nakagomi, 1992) 10 yeas ago.
In this paper, the model is fully revised on the basis
of the NL world formulated in the previous paper
(Nakagomi, 2002). In this world model, the monadological structure of interiorexterior reflection and
the basic theory of physics, relativistic quantum mechanics, are incorporated consistently . It is called
the quantum NL world in the sense of a quantum
restriction to the NL world. Its outline is as follows:
Let
W = (V, F, L, , , , , )
be the quantum NL world to be constructed. The set
V of monad-images can be any finite set with an element specified as the self-image vself . The main idea
in defining the other items of W is that the internal
world of a monad is described by a quantum state and
Lorentz frames associated with the monad-images.
This main idea and the purpose of the quantum NL
world almost determine the structure of W.
The set V is decomposed into two subsets {vself } and
Vother = V {vself }. The quantum state of a monad is

T. Nakagomi / BioSystems 69 (2003) 2738

also decomposed into the tensor product of the self part

and the other part, and the selfother coupling of the
quantum state defines the list of choices . The choices
by monads appear as quantum reduction processes of
selfother coupled states. The preferability is related
to the reduction probability. The choice-driven part of
state-change operator represents this reduction. The
automatic part of is defined so as to cause inhomogeneous change of Lorentz frames of monad-images.
The interpreter is specified by frameframe relation
and selfother conversion of monad-images. Finally,
the appetite is given by the entropy of distribution
of over in the same way as proposed in the NL
world.
The quantum NL world fulfills all the optional conditions in the NL world, and hence the consequences
from them discussed here hold also in the quantum
NL world and are reinterpreted from the point of view
of relativistic quantum mechanics. Applying Theorem
of the NL world to the quantum NL world yields
the relativity principle with inhomogeneous Lorentz
group. The enhancement process of monads decision
by a dominant-state mechanism explains the measurement process in quantum mechanics. Henceforth, Theorem 1 and Conditions 14 mean those of the previous
paper.
The time parameter t introduced in the NL world
represents the flowing time in which monads make
decisions and cause the change of internal states.
In the quantum NL world, the automatic part of
state-change can be expressed as a motion of viewpoint in Minkowsky spacetime, and this motion is
parameterized by t. Ordinary physics does not have
such a flowing time parameter, and cannot describe
the reduction of quantum states properly, and also
cannot deal with motion of viewpoint with which
consciousness and free will are associated. Note that
the time axis in Minkowsky spacetime is a mathematical entity needed for manipulating the Lorentz
group and does not represent the real time. Also note
that unitary transformation of quantum state is only
the motion of viewpoint and not the real change.
Without reduction of states, the motion of viewpoint
gives no effect to the world.
In Section 2, we prepare relativistic quantum mechanics in the form of continuous unitary representations of the inhomogeneous SL(2, C) group. Special
notations in this paper are also explained there. In

29

Section 3, each item of the quantum NL world W is

specified. In Section 4, basic rules are restated in the
style of the quantum NL world. In Section 5, a symmetry on S(F) induced from S(V) is introduced, and
discussed are relativity principle, internal description
and the relation between the flowing time and the
Minkowsky time. In Section 6, dominant-state mechanism is dealt with, which gives an answer to the
problem of measurement in relation with enhancement process of monads volition.
Here it is noted that consciousness and volition
appearing in this model should not be given direct interpretation by our daily experience, but be considered
as an elemental and primitive origin of those of the
human level.

2. Preliminaries for relativistic quantum

mechanics
In general, a relativistic quantum mechanical system
is defined by specifying a continuous unitary representation of the inhomogeneous SL(2, C) (cf. Streater
and Wightman, 1964). This section starts with a brief
review of SL(2, C). The set V of monad-images is assumed to be given.
2.1. SL(2,C) and Lorentz transformations
The special linear group SL(2, C) is the well-known
matrix group defined by
SL(2, C) = { M(2, C) | det = 1},
where M(2, C) is the set of 2 2 complex matrices.
Let
H(2) = {x M(2, C) | x = x}.
H(2) makes a four-dimensional real linear space because any x H(2) can be written as



x0 + x3 x1 ix2
x=
x1 + ix2 x0 x3
= x0 0 + x1 1 + x2 2 + x3 3 ,
where 0 = I, and 1 , 2 and 3 are the Pauli spin matrices. For each SL(2, C) a linear transformation

30

T. Nakagomi / BioSystems 69 (2003) 2738

() on H(2) is defined by

It is evident that (I) = I and ()(

) = (
),
and the mapping  () defines a representation
of SL(2, C) by linear transformations on H(2).2 The
inner product in H(2) is introduced by

is evident from x x = det x and 0 x = (1/2)tr x

that SLpure (2, C) coincides with Htime,1 (2).

Any Htime,1 (2)

has its square root
SLpure (2, C), and ( ) is the pure Lorentz trans
formation that brings 0 to , that is, ( )0 = .
For any SL(2, C) there exist uniquely

SLpure (2, C) and o SU(2) such that

x y = 21 (det(x + y) det x det y).

=
o,

The transformation () preserves this inner product,

which is called the polar decompositionof . This ex

pression
1is obtained by putting = and o =
( ) , and the uniqueness follows from the positivity of
. In terms of Lorentz transformations, (
)
represents a pure Lorentz transformation, and (o) a
spatial rotation.
For x Htime , the proper time length |x| is defined
by

|x| = x x.

()x = x

for x H(2).

()x ()y = x y.
The 4 4 matrix (i j )ij is equal to the Minkowsky
metric matrix, i.e.

(i j )ij =
.

1
1
Hence, H(2) is regarded as the Minkowsky space and
() as the Lorentz transformation on it. Here after
we will call elements in H(2) 4-vectors. Note that
1 (I) = {I, I} and  () is a two-to-one correspondence, but covers the proper Lorentz group, the
connected component of the Lorentz group containing
the identity.
2.2. Polar decomposition
Let us define subsets of H(2) and SL(2, C):
Htime (2) = {x H(2) | x x > 0, 0 x > 0},
Htime,1 (2) = {x H(2) | x x = 1, 0 x > 0},
Hspace (2) = {x H(2) | x x < 0

or

x = 0},

SLpure (2, C) = { SL(2, C) | = , tr > 0},

SU(2) = { SL(2, C) | = I}.
Htime (2) is the set of positive time-like 4-vectors,
Htime,1 (2) the set of unit time-like 4-vectors, and
Hspace (2) the set of space-like 4-vectors. SLpure (2, C)
corresponds to the set of pure Lorentz transformations,
and SU(2) is known as the special unitary group. It
2 Symbol I stands for two meanings, the identity matrix in
H(2) and the identity transformation on H(2), which can be easily
distinguished in context.

The sets Hspace (2) and Htime (2) are characterized as

follows:

x H(2),
x Hspace
(1)
Htime,1 (2), x = 0.

x H(2),
(2)
x Htime
Htime,1 (2), x |x|.
The equality in (2) holds iff = x/|x|. Note
that for
x Htime the Lorentz transformation ( x/|x|)1
brings x to a 4-vector parallel to the time axis 0 for
which the equality in (2) holds.
2.3. Linear functionals on H(2)
For a linear mapping f from H(2) to R, there exists
uniquely a 4-vector f
such that f(x) = f
x for any
x H(2), which is explicitly written as
f
=

i (i )i f(i ).

i=0

We will identify f
with f and write as f(x) = f x.
Generalizing the above fact to an arbitrary linear
space S, we will call a linear mapping q from H(2) to
S a S-valued 4-vector, and ()q is defined by
(()q)(x) = q(( 1 )x).

T. Nakagomi / BioSystems 69 (2003) 2738

With the notation q(x) = q x, it becomes

()q x = q (

U(x, ) = U0 (x, )

)x.

()f(q) = f(()q).
2.4. Inhomogeneous SL(2, C)

(x, )(x
,
) = (x + ()x
,
).

(3)

The identity element of G is given by (0, I) and the

inverse of (x, ) by
(x, )1 = (( 1 )x, 1 ).

(4)

Note that x H(2) can be identified with (x, I) G

and that H(2) is treated as a subgroup of G.
A V -indexed family of elements of G is written as
g = {gv }vV with gv G (v V). The set of all
V -indexed families of elements of G is denoted by
GV . For g = {gv }vV , g
= {gv
}vV in GV , g, g
in
G and r in S(V), we define
=

gg g = {ggv g }vV ,

Also we use such notation as g = (x , ), which

means gv = (xv , v ) (v V).
2.5. Unitary representations
In order to make a quantum description of the internal world of a monad, we introduce a Hilbert space
H and continuous unitary representations U and Kv ,
v V , of G:
(x, ) G  U(x, s) (whole unitary representation),
(x, ) G  Kv (x, s), v V
(individual unitary representations).
It is assumed that H has a V -indexed tensor product
expression such that
vV

v
V

then U0 (x, ) else I0 },

(7)

where H0 is a Hilbert space, U0 (x, ) is a unitary

operator on H0 , and I0 is the identity operator on H0 .
This assumption implies that

if

x Hspace (2),

(8)

Kv (x, )Kv
(x
,
) = Kv
(x
,
)Kv (x, ).

(9)

The condition (6) or (8) corresponds to the causality

condition in quantum field theory, whose significance
in the NL world is shown later.
By using the above tensor product expression, a unitary operator (r) on H for each r S(V) is defined
by
(r) v = r1 v .
vV

vV

The mapping r S(V)  (r) makes a unitary representation of the group S(V). Evidently,
(r)Kv (x, ) = Krv (x, )(r).

(10)

Commutability between (r) and U(x, ) holds in the

case of (6), but we generally assume that

gr = {grv }vV .

H = H0 ,

Kv (x, ) = {ifv
= v

(6)

U(x, )Kv (y, I) = Kv (()y, I)U(x, )

We make a new group G = H(2) SL(2, C), inhomogeneous extension of SL(2, C), whose group operation is defined by

{gv gv
}vV ,

x Hspace (2),

if

vV

Let f be a linear mapping from S to a linear space

S
(S, R or any other). Then the x  f(q(x)) defines
S
-valued 4-vector, which we write f(q). From these
definitions we have

g g

31

(5)

U(x, )(r) = (r)U(x, ).

(11)

The tensor product vV v is identified with

vself (vVother v ). By this identification, we also
use such tensor product expression of H as
H = Hself Hother
with

Hself = H0

and

Hother =

H0 ,

vVother

and the partial trace with respect to Hother is denoted by Tr other . For any trace class operator A on H,
Trother A defines a trace class operator on Hself .
The inner product of and
H is denoted by
,
, and [] represents the subspace spanned by
. For a closed subspace S in H, the projection operator to S is denoted by Q(S). In particular, Q([]) =
|| if  = 1.

32

T. Nakagomi / BioSystems 69 (2003) 2738

2.6. Energymomentum operators

The whole energymomentum operator P is defined by the generator of U(x, I), x H(2), through
Wigners theorem, i.e. an operator valued 4-vector P
satisfying

U(x, I) = eiPx

causality assumption (6) yields

p v x if x Hspace (2),
P x =
vV

which implies

P =
p v .
vV

for any x H(2). The four components of P are given

by P i , i = 0, . . . , 3. The 0-th component P 0 =
P 0 corresponds to energy and the remaining three
P = (P 1 , P 2 , P 3 ) to momentum. The group
property implies
U(y, )U(x, I)U(y, )1

1 Px

= U(()x, I) = eiP()x = ei()

Note that this is not true for the energy component.

Finally, we assume that , p v  is included in
Htime (2) for any non-zero . This means positive
energy and positive mass. The mass operator m
v is
defined by


m
v = p v p v = (p 0v )2 p v p v .
Now the preparations are completed.

and we obtain

U(y, )PU(y,
)1 = ()1 P

for any (y, ) G.

The quantum NL world W is constructed by specifying each item of W =(V , F , L, , , , , ), but

V is already given.

The assumption of (11) implies

(r)P(r)
= P

for any

r S(V).

For each v V the individual energymomentum

operator p v is defined as the generators of Kv (x, I),
x H(2), in the similar way as above.

3.1. Internal states (F)

F = {(, x , , ) Htime,1 (2) GV H
| (xvself , vself ) = (0, I),

Kv (x, I) = eip v x
for any x H(2). Energy p 0v = p v 0 and momentum
p v = (p v 1 , p v 2 , p v 3 ) are defined for each
v V.
From (8) it follows that if y Hspace (2) then
U(y, )Kv (x, I)U(y, )1
1 p
v x

= Kv (()x, I) = eip v ()x = ei()

which implies

xv = 0 v V },

where (, x , , ) is abbreviation of (, (x , ), ).
Henceforth, =(, g , ) =(, x , , ) is an arbitrary element of F if not specified otherwise. represents the quantum state of the internal world of a
monad, xv and v are the location and Lorentz frame
of a monad-image v viewed from the self-image vself ,
and is a time axis which characterizes the locations
of monad-images.
3.2. Contents of consciousness (L)

U(y, )p v U(y, )1 = ()1 p v

if y Hspace (2),

and also from (10)

(r)p v (r) = p r1 v

3. Construction of the quantum NL world

L = the set of all closed subspaces of H,

which is an orthomodular lattice with lattice operations

for any

r S(V).

In general, the whole energymomentum operator is

not the total sum of the individual ones. However, the

ab=a+b

and

ab=ab

for a, b L

and with the ordinary orthocomplement operation in

H. It is evident that any unitary operator on H induces

T. Nakagomi / BioSystems 69 (2003) 2738

an automorphism on L. As mentioned in the previous

paper (Nakagomi, 2002), contents of consciousness
is only the name of elements of L, but the author
consider that there is a certain relation between L and
the structure of our experience of consciousness.

33

where 0 and 1 are constants with 0 < 0 1 and

0 < 1 . S() means the entropy of the probability distribution (a | ) over a () and is non-negative.
Therefore, 0 () < 0 1.
3.6. Interpreter ()

3.3. List of choices ()

() = ()

{Qi Iother H | i = 0, 1, 2, . . . } if =
 0,
=

if = 0,
where Iother is the identity operator on Hother and Qi ,
i 1, are projection operators on Hself defined by the
spectral decomposition of Tr other Q([]), i.e.

Tr other Q([]) =
pi Q i ,
i1

(r, ) = (r, g ) = U(grvself )(r).

3.7. State-change operator ()
It consists of two parts, the pure change part 0 (a)
and the automatic change part 1
(a) = 1 0 (a).
0 (a) provides the reduction of quantum state associated with the choice a

with
pi > pi+1 > 0, i = 1, 2, . . . ,

pi Tr Qi = 1,

The function (r, ) depends only on r S(V) and

g = (x , ) of and is defined by

0 (a) = (, g , )

and

i1

and Q0 is defined by Q0 = I i1 Qi . Here
() = () means that () depends only on of
= (, g , ). Such a notation will be used in the
following.
3.4. Preferability ()

, Q(a)
2
(a | ) = (a | ) =

if = 0,
if = 0.

It is evident that ( | ) defines a probability measure

on L if = 0 and that

(a | ) = 1 if = 0.
a()

3.5. Appetite ()

where

 Q(a)

Q(a)
=

if Q(a) = 0,
if Q(a) = 0.

1 is made of two steps:

1 = 11 10 ,
which are defined by
10 = ((vself ), g v1
g , U(gv1
))
self
self
with

g v = (x, )



p v 


,

1
0, (v )
if =
 0,
p v |

| ,
= gv

I
if = 0,
(13)
and

() = () = 0 (1 e1 S() )

1
1
11 = (, g vself g , U(g vself ))

with

with

S() =

a()

(12)

(a | )log (a | ),

g v = gv

0
(v1 ) 0

(14)


,I .

(15)

34

T. Nakagomi / BioSystems 69 (2003) 2738

Evidently 0 (a) F and 1 F if F , and

(a) defines an operator on F . It is easily checked that
0 (1) = I and hence (1) = 1 , which agrees with
the definition of automatic change in the NL world.
Either of 10 and 11 consists of change of g followed
by the change of viewpoint of the self-image vself .
The transformation v  v in (13) has the meaning
that it makes the average energymomentum vector
p v 
parallel to the time axis or equivalently let its
,
p 0v 
minimum. The minimum
energy component ,
value is in general equal to or larger than the average
m
In particular, if
is the eigenstate of
mass ,
v .
m
then it is equal to the average mass. The second step
of (14) represents translations of frames associated
with monad-images along respective proper time axis
(v )0 of lengths 1/ (v )0 for v V . In the
automatic change 1 , the quantum state undergoes
only the unitary transformation caused by the change
of viewpoint.
3.8. Check of basic conditions
Conditions C0.1, C0.2, C0.3 are evident, and C0.4
is checked below.
Take = (, x , , ) and
= (
, x
,
,
)
F . Any a (
) can be written as
a = {if v = vself
vV

then

QH0

else

H0 },

where Q is a projection operator on H0 . Since xv =

0 is equivalent with xv = 0 or xv xv < 0, we have
from the causality condition (6)


(r, ) = U0 (xrvself , rvself ) (r).
vV

Therefore,
(r, )a
= vV U0 (xrvself , rvself )
vV {if v = rvself
= vV {if v = rvself
else H0 }.

Now that the mathematical items that comprise the

quantum NL world W have been specified with basic
conditions satisfied, we can apply Rules 13 to W.
Rule 1 (Monads and correspondences). With W, a set
MW of monads is associated, whose cardinal number
is the same as that of V . Each monad i MW has a
one-to-one and onto correspondence ci : j MW 
ci j V that satisfies
ci i = vself .

rij = ci cj1 .

i = (i , i , i ),
and i has 2|V | subcomponents:
i = {iv }vV = {Xiv , iv }vV .
Rule 3 (Choice and renewal). The current states of
monads are renewed by iteration of the following process: Each monad decides to choose an element from
(m ) or to do nothing. Let A be the set of monads to make decision of choosing, and am (m )
be the choice by m A. This situation occurs with
probability





1
(m )
(1 (m ))
|A|

Note that the causality condition (6) has played an

essential role in deriving this commutability condition.

mA
/

i , Q(a(i) )i 
A

iA

with
(i)

if rvself = r
vself .

(17)

Rule 2 (Current states). Each monad i MW has a

variable i taking values in F , called the current state
of the monad i. The current state variable i of each
monad i W has three main components:

aA =

Consequently,

(16)

For every pair i, j MW , a correspondence rij S(V)

is defined by

mA

then QH0 else H0 }

then U0 (xrvself , rvself )QH0

(r, )(
) (r
, )(

4. Rules

i 2
U(rim vself )(rim )am ,

mA

and yields the change of current state for each monad

as follows:
(i)

(i , i , i ) := 1 0 (aA )(i , i , i ).

(18)

T. Nakagomi / BioSystems 69 (2003) 2738

where we have used the same convention for A =

as in the previous paper.
The style of presenting Rule 3 is different from that
of the previous paper, but equivalent to it.
(i)
Note that in case of A = we have aA = 1, and
only the automatic change occurs, in which the component i undergoes unitary transformation associated
with the change of viewpoint of the monad i.

35

tioned in Theorem 1 is achieved among all the active monads. Moreover, Condition 3 make it possible
to give the internal description by use of the quantities v () and v (). By definitions these quantities
become
v () = ([v, vself ], [v, vself ])([v, vself ]),
v () = ([v, vself ]),
where [v, vself ] S(V) is the transposition of v and
vself . Explicit forms of these are as follows:

5. Internal description and relativity

v () = v () = ([v, vself ])(([v, vself ])),

5.1. Null monads

v () = v () = 0 (1 exp 1 Sv ())

The null state condition () = is equivalent to

= 0, and a null monad i is specified by i = 0. It is
evident that the quantum NL world satisfies Condition
1. Hence, a null monad remains a null monad as the
current state changes.

with

5.2. Symmetry conditions

Operation of r S(V) on = (, g , ) F is
defined by
1
1
1
), gv(r)
r = ((v(r)
gr1 , U(gv(r)
)(r))

(19)

with
v(r) = r1 vself ,

(20)

where g = (x , ). This defines a representation of

the group S(V) on S(F) because IV = (IV is the
identity in S(V)) and
1
1
r(r
) = ((v(rr

) v(r
) )(v(r
) ),
1
1
gv(rr

) gv(r
) gv(r
) gr
1 r 1 ,
1
1

U(gv(rr

) gv(r
) )(r)U(gv(r
) )(r ))
1
1
= ((v(rr

) ), gv(rr
) g(rr
)1 ,
1

U(gv(rr

) )(rr ))

= (rr
).

Conditions 2 and 3 can be checked straightforwardly

with some patience.

Sv () = S(([v, vself ]))

=
(a | )log (a | ).
av ()

Let us consider the internal description in an active

monad i0 MW . Put = (, , ) = i0 . The
probability variables J and b J for J Vact are defined
in the same way as in the previous paper. J takes
values in 2Vact and b J in J (i ), where J () =

vJ v (). The conditional probability P( | ) of
these variables depends only on as given below:
P(J = J, b J = a | )





, Q(a) 
=
v ()
(1 v ())
 2
vJ

vJ
/

(21)
for any J Vact and any a J (). The law of statechange is given by
(, , ) := 1 0 (b )(, , ).
(22)
J

Note that the case of Q(b J ) = 0 does not appear,

because the probability (21) of such a case is equal
to 0.
5.4. Time parameter

5.3. Internal description in an active monad

In chronological description, time parameter t is

introduced by replacing the substitution formula (22)
with the equality formula:

Conditions 1 and 2 ensure Theorem 1. In the rest

of this section, we assume that the interrelation men-

([t + 1], [t + 1], [t + 1])

= 1 0 (b [t])([t], [t], [t]).
J[t]

(23)

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T. Nakagomi / BioSystems 69 (2003) 2738

The probability law for the t-parametric variables is

given by
= J, b J [t] = a | [t])
P(J[t]





=
v ( [t])
(1 v ( [t]))
vJ
/

the monad i0 and i1 . The latter appears in the ordinary

relativity theory, but the former does not.
The relativity principle in relativistic quantum mechanics is expressed fully by

= U(g),

vJ

 [t], Q(a) [t]

.

 [t]2
The above two equations with initial condition
([0], [0], [0]) defines a stochastic process for
t = 0, 1, 2, . . . . Note that (23) cannot be solved in
inverse direction of t as t = 0, 1, 2, . . . , because
0 (a, J) is not invertible unless a = 1.
5.5. Relativity principle
In the above subsection, we have obtained the internal description using the internal variables {, ,
(b J )JVact } of an active monad i0 . Let i1 be
, J,
another active monad, and the internal variables {
,

,
, J
, (b J
)
JVact } of i1 be defined in the same
way as above. Then these two are interrelated to each
other as follows:
1

= (v(r)
),

(24)

= v(r)
r1 ,

(25)

1

= U(v(r)
)(r),

(26)

J
= rJ,

(27)

b rJ
= U(v(r)
)(r)b J ,

(28)

where r = ri1 i0 and v(r) is defined by (20), which

means the image of the monad i1 appearing in the internal world of i0 . The law of change given by (21) and
(22) is invariant under these transformations (24)(28),
which gives the relativity principle stated in a general
style. Let us compare this with the ordinary relativity
principle of Einstein.
The above-mentioned interrelation has two kinds
of factors. One appears in v(r), (r), and r, whose
role is reassignment of the indexes of monad-images.
1
1
The other appears in (v(r)
), v(r)
and U(v(r) ),
which represent the (inhomogeneous) Lorentz transformation connecting the two frames associated with

(29)

where and
are the same quantum state viewed
from different frames, and g G represents the inhomogeneous Lorentz transformation that connects the
two frames. Since the two frames can be separated by
a time-like distance, the relation (29) includes relativistic evolution law. On the other hand, the relation
(26), though corresponding to (29), does not include
an evolution law, because the distance between the
two frames is restricted to space-like distances by the
condition Xv(r) = 0. If b J = 1 in (22), then only
the automatic change 1 , which is unitary on , occurs and relation (26) can be extended to a time-like
distance, such as

[t
] = U(g)(r) [t]

(t
= t)

with a suitable g G. The ordinary relativistic quantum mechanics corresponds to this special case. This
is the reason why we cannot describe the reduction
of quantum states in the relativistic quantum mechanics. To describe it, we need 0 in (22), which
brings non-unitary change of quantum states caused
by monads volition.
The reduction of quantum states does not occur in
the Minkowsky time or the time axis in space-time,
but in the flowing or living time that is expressed by
the parameter t in the chronological description. Thus,
we have two concepts of time. The variable has
the role to make linkage between them. The time-like
translation between two successive reductions by 0
is given by 11 , whose operation on is as follows




0
1
U
, I = exp
P 0 .
0
0
This means the translation of length 1/ 0 along
the time axis in Minkowsky space-time. Let H be the
energy operator in the ordinary physical units. Then
there is a universal constant 0 connecting the two
energy operators as P 0 = 0 H. In this unit, the length
of time translation is rewritten as
0
,
(30)
0

T. Nakagomi / BioSystems 69 (2003) 2738

and 0 provides the maximum time length of one step

change of the quantum NL world because 0 1
with equality iff = 0 .
The variables of active monads are related to each
other through the Lorentz transformations that connect
their frames, and they provide a common time axis.
This common time axis seems to have the role of the
absolute time, which necessarily implies the definition
of the simultaneity or the absolute space perpendicular
to the time axis. However, it has nothing to do with
the energymomentum operators and neither appear
in theory nor in experiment of the ordinary physics,
and hence it does not contradict the relativity theory.

6. Enhancement processes
6.1. Dominant states
Let us consider a quantum version of dominant
states. A simple example of a dominant state =
(, g , ) with respect to a non-empty D Vother is
constructed as follows:

ci i i Hself Hother
(31)
=
i1

with
i =

jSi

cij vij Hother =

v

H0 ,

v=vself

(32)

where Si are suitable index sets, and

i i

and

vij vi
j

if (i, j) = (i , j
)

and

v D.

(33)

Without loss of generality, we can put

 = i  = i  = vij  = 1,
and hence

|ci |2 =
|cij |2 = 1.
i1

j1

For simplicity we also assume that there are no accidental degeneracies in the coefficients {|ci |2 }i and in
{|ci cij |2 }ij . Then we have
() = {[i ] Hother }i ,
v () = {([v, vself ])[vij ] Hother }ij .

37

For a = [i
] Hother () and b = ([v, vself ])
[vij ] Hother v () we have
(a b | ) = , Q(a b) = | ci
|2 | cij |2 i
i ,
(b | ) = , Q(b) = | ci |2 | cij | 2 .
Therefore, it is evident that the dominant state
condition
(a b | ) = 0 (b | ) = (b a | ),
is fulfilled.
6.2. Well-behavedness
The quantum NL world satisfies the well-behavedness condition. The definition of (a) = 1 0 (a) is in
accordance with C4.1. Conditions C4.2C4.4 follows
directly from the definitions of and , and C4.5
is satisfied if the constant 0 in (30) is sufficiently
small. Indeed, a and b given above with condition
(a b | ) = 0 cause the same reduction in the list
of choices, that is,
(0 (a)) = (0 (b)) = {a}

(34)

though the equalities in (34) should be replaced with

nearly equal if is used instead of 0 .
6.3. Measurement process
The discussion of measurement process in the
NL world can be paraphrased in the quantum NL
world by use of the dominant state presented before.
It is evident from the form of the dominant state
that this paraphrase reproduces the quantum probability of measurement. The form of (31) is similar
to the quantum state representing the coupling of
measured object and measuring apparatus in the standard measurement theory of von Neumann (1932),
but the reduction process is different from it. In von
Neumanns theory, the reduction is ultimately attributed to observers consciousness, while in our
theory it is to the decisions of large number of monads corresponding to monad-images in D, which is
considered as the measuring apparatus.
As discussed in the previous paper, this measurement process can be used to enhance the volition of
an active monad whose current state is dominant with
respect to a large set of monad-images corresponding

38

T. Nakagomi / BioSystems 69 (2003) 2738

to active monads. The author considers that such a

process may occur in our brain.

7. Concluding remarks
The quantum NL world allows to introduce the concepts of the flowing time and the interior of matter
with which monads live. The inconsistencies between
our inner experience and physics are resolved if we
adopt the quantum NL world to describe the real world
where we live. The hierarchy of consciousness mentioned in the previous paper must be constructed on
the basis of the quantum NL world.
Finally, there are some remarks in relation to
physics. In the quantum NL world, after relativistic
correspondence is achieved between all active monads, fundamental physical theories hold almost as
they are in the internal world of each active monad,
and the internal world can be identified with the
physical world. A modification is in the point that
the reduction of quantum states is included in the
fundamental law of state-change. The unitary evolution has only the role of linking two neighboring
reductions. Associated with reductions, simultaneity
is introduced, which is common to all active monads
or equivalently to all Lorentz frames. As mentioned
before, this simultaneity, however, has no effect on
the Hamiltonian, and hence has no contradiction to
the ordinary relativity theory. Its effect is only on the
reductions of quantum states, and might be detected
by measurement of simultaneous reductions of two
quantum systems separated by a long distance. Such
situation of measurement appears in the EPR problem (Einstein et al., 1935), in which two correlated
quantum particles separated by a long distance are
expected to cause quantum reduction simultaneously.
Another detectable
effect might be in the difference
between P 0 and v p 0v , where P 0 is the whole Hamiltonian of the internal world and p 0v the individual
Hamiltonians associated with monad-images v. The
latter Hamiltonians determine how the monad-images
appear in the internal world (or equivalently in the
physical world). Monad-images are expected to appear
as coherent quantum parts in the whole state, since reductions of a quantum state occur so as to resolve the
superposition that appears when written in the tensor
product form (5) and not to destroy each component

of the tensor product. This monad-coherent structure

might throw a new light on the ensembles used in statistical mechanics and provide a linkage between the
hierarchy of matter and that of consciousness mentioned in the previous paper.
Acknowledgements
Thanks are due to Prof. K. Yasue for helpful and
encouraging discussions.
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