SUMMARY FOR STUDY

The simple present

O tempo verbal Simple Present corresponde ao Presente do Indicativo em portugus.
Ns o utilizamos para expressar verdades universais, fatos cientficos ou da natureza.
Utilizamos tambm para falar sobre aes habituais que fazem parte da rotina,
repetidas no presente. Neste caso costumamos acompanhar o verbo com advrbios
ou expresses de frequncia que do maior especificidade ideia da frase, como
always (sempre), often (frequentemente), never (nunca), every day (todos os dias),
sometimes (s vezes) e etc.
ESTRUTURA DAS SENTENAS AFIRMATIVAS
A forma bsica da sentena no Simple Present o verbo no infinitivo, mas sem a partcula TO. Essa a
forma para todas as pessoas, exceto para a 3 pessoa do singular (he/she/it), nessa forma costuma-se
acrescentar s no verbo. Observe:

SIMPLE PRESENT AFIRMATIVA

TO THINK

TO MAKE

think

You
He
She
It
We
You
They

You
He
She
It
We
You
They

thinks.

think.

TO LOVE

make

makes.

make.

love

You
He
She
It
We
You
They

loves.

love.

Casos especiais
* O 1 caso especial o verbo TO BE (ser, estar)
Ele j tem a 3 pessoa especificado.
* O 2 caso especial o verbo TO HAVE (ter)
Na 3 pessoa ele perde as duas ltimas letras e acrescenta-se S.

TO BE

TO HAVE

I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They

am.
are.
is.

are.

I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They

have.
has.

have.

* O 3 caso especial so os verbos terminados em o, ss, ch, sh, x, em que se acrescenta ES:

go (ir)

he/she/it goes

SS

kiss (beijar)

he/she/it kisses

CH teach (ensinar)

he/she/it teaches

SH

wash (lavar)

he/she/it washes

fix (consertar)

he/she/it fixes

* O 4 caso especial so os verbos terminados em Y, eles tm 2 possibilidades:

Y precedido de VOGAL acrescenta-se S

Pay (pagar), buy (comprar)

He/she/it pays, buys

Y precedido de CONSOANTE acrescenta-se IES

Cry (chorar), try (tentar)

He/she/it cries, tries

Proper Nouns (Names)

We very often use possessive 's with names:

This is Mary's car.

Where is Ram's telephone?

Who took Anthony's pen?

I like Tara's hair.

When a name ends in s, we usually treat it like any other singular noun, and add 's:

This is Charles's chair.

But it is possible (especially with older, classical names) to just add the apostrophe ':

Who was Jesus' father?

Possessive Pronouns

Plural of substantives
singular

plural

a car

two cars

a cassette

two cassettes

a lamp

two lamps

a hat

two hats

a cup

two cups

Add -es after sibilants:

singular

plural

a box

two boxes

a sandwich

two sandwiches

a suitcase

two suitcases

a rose

two roses

a garage

two garages

Substitute y after consonant with -ies:

singular

plural

a city

two cities

a lady

two ladies

Add -s after vowel + y:

singular

plural

a boy

two boys

a day

two days

There are two forms of the plural of the word penny:

pennies -> You refer to the coins.
pence -> You refer to the price (how much sth. is).
Nouns on -f or -fe:
add -s

substitute with -ves

singular

plural

singular

plural

a roof

two roofs

a thief

two thieves

a cliff

two cliffs

a wife

two wives

a sheriff

two sheriffs

a shelf

two shelves

There are two forms possible:

scarf - scarfs/scarves
hoof - hoofs/hooves
Add -s for words ending in -ff.
Always use a dictionary if you are not sure.

(1) Quando devo usar DO?

- Quando eu quero fazer uma pergunta no Presente Simples, e o sujeito a 1 pessoa
do singular, 2 pessoa do singular, 1 pessoa do plural, 2 pessoa do plural ou 3
pessoa do plural.
Um exemplo:

Do you live here? (Voc mora aqui?)

- Quando eu quero enfatizar aquilo que o verbo principal expressa. Por exemplo,
algum pergunta para voc: Por que voc no vai escola de nibus? Mas voc
sempre vai escola de nibus. Ento, voc responde: Mas eu vou escola de
nibus!
Em ingls, ficaria assim:
Why dont you go to school by bus?
But I do go to school by bus!
- Quando desejo usar o verbo principal fazer. Mas preciso tomar muito cuidado nesse
caso, porque em ingls temos make e do. preciso saber qual dos dois usar em
cada expresso.
Algumas expresses com do:
Do the homework (fazer o tema)
Do a favor (fazer um favor)
Do business (fazer negcio)
Do your hair (arrumar seu cabelo)
Do the cleaning (fazer a limpeza)
Do the cooking (cozinhar)
Do the laundry (fazer a lavanderia, isto , lavar roupa)
- Quando quero negar algo no Presente Simples, tanto nas frases por extenso como
nas respostas curtas, uso do juntamente com not quando o sujeito for I, you, we, you,
they:
I do not like fish.
Do you like fish? No, I do not.
Nesses casos, tambm podemos usar a forma contrada dont.
Dessa forma, teremos:
I dont like fish.
Do you like fish? No, I dont.
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(2) Quando devo usar DOES?

- Nos mesmos casos acima: para fazer perguntar no Presente Simples, para enfatizar
a idia expressa pelo verbo principal no Presente Simples, em expresses especificas
com o verbo fazer e em frases negativas e respostas curtas negativas no Presente
Simples, em que o sujeito for a 3 pessoa do singular.
Exemplos:
a) Does she live here?
b) Your friend, Why doesnt Mary go to school by bus?
You, But she does go to school by bus!
c) She always does the homework in the evening.
d) He does not like fish.
e) He doesnt like fish.
f) Does Peter like fish? No, he doesnt.

Adverbs of frequency

The Simple Past

O Simple Past (Passado simples) usa-se para descrever aes que
aconteceram em um tempo definido do passado: sabemos quando
aconteceram e, geralmente, vem acompanhado de uma expresso de tempo
(yesterday, last week, two weeks ago, last month, last year, five years
ago...).
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O Simple Past dos verbos regulares forma-se acrescentando -ed, -d ou -ied,

ao infinitivo dos verbos (sem to), dependendo de cada terminao.
Os verbos terminados em (e), no infinitivo, acrescentam apenas (d).
Exemplo: I dance (eu dano)-Presente(present tense)
I danced (eu dancei/danava)-Passado(past tense)

Os verbos terminados em (y) precedido de consoante formam o passado

mudando o (y) por (ied).

Exemplo: I study (eu estudo)-Presente(present tense)

I studied (eu estudei/estudava)-Passado(past tense)

Os verbos terminados em (y) precedido de vogal formam o passado

acrescentando (ed) ao verbo.

Exemplo: I play (eu jogo/brinco/toco)-Presente(present tense)

I played (eu joguei/jogava - toquei/tocava - brinquei/brincava )-Passado
(simple past)

Regra geral: acrescenta-se (ed) para formar os verbos regulares no

passado.

Exemplo: I visit (eu visito)-Presente-(present tense)

I visited (eu visitei/visitava)-Passado(simple past)

Observao: A conjugao dos verbos diferente do portugus.

Enquanto cada pronome do portugus h uma conjugao diferente, no
ingls h somente uma conjugao para todos os pronomes, e a
traduo depende do sujeito. Em ingls com excesso as frases
imperativas, todas as frases afirmativa, interrogativa ou negativa h um
sujeito, no tem sujeito oculto.

(3) Quando devo usar DID?

- Devo usar did nas frases interrogativas em que eu quero dizer algo no passado e que
eu menciono, mencionei o tempo ou j sei quando a ao, fato ou situao ocorreu.
Por isso, comumente usado com expresses de tempo no passado, como:
yesterday, last week, last night, 3 days ago, one year ago, when I was a child, when I
called you, etc.
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Exemplos:
Negativas:
I did not call you this morning. (Eu no te liguei hoje de manh.)
He did not take vacations last year (Ele no tirou frias ano passado.).
Interrogativas:
Did you see that? (Voc viu isso?)
Why did you sell it? (Por que voc o vendeu?)
Did she tell you that? (Ela lhe disse isso?)
- Devo usar did para enfatizar uma idia no afirmativo, no Passado Simples.
Exemplo:
Its a shame you didnt come to the party last night.
What!? I did come to the party!
- Devo usar did quando eu desejar usar o verbo principal fazer, em expresses
especficas, cuidando para no usar did no lugar de make. (Ver algumas expresses
que utilizam do e consequentemente did no passado acima.)
- Devo usar did + not, ou simplesmente didnt, nas negaes no Passado Simples:
I didnt take vacations last year.
Did you leave a message? No, I didnt.
Irregular Verbs

Os verbos irregulares possuem formas prprias para a construo do passado.

Portanto, para construir frases afirmativas com o Passado Simples, utilize-se das
formas irregulares desses verbos, que esto descritas na segunda coluna (Simple
Past). Para todas as frases negativas e perguntas, deve ser usado o auxiliar DIDNT
ou DID, conforme explicado acima. (No se desesperem em decorar todos esses
verbos, atentem-se mais aos verbos j estudados e mais comuns de serem usados!!!)

INFINITIVO
to arise

10

PASSADO
SIMPLES
Arose

PARTICPIO
PASSADO
arisen

TRADUO
erguer, levantar

11

to awake

awoke

awoken

acordar, despertar-se

to be

was / were

Been

to bear

bore

borne

suportar, aguentar
bater, superar, vencer,
derrotar, espancar

ser, estar, ficar

to beat

beat

beaten

to become

became

become

to begin

began

begun

to bet

bet

Bet

apostar

to bite

bit

bitten

morder

to bleed

bled

bled

sangrar

to break

broke

broken

quebrar

to bring

brought

brought

trazer

to build

built

built

construir

to burn

burnt/burned

burnt/burned

queimar

to buy

bought

bought

comprar

to cast

cast

cast

to catch

caught

caught

pegar, agarrar

to choose

chose

chosen

escolher

to come

came

come

to cost

cost

cost

custar

to cut

cut

cut

cortar

to deal

dealt

dealt

tratar, lidar

to dig

dug

dug

cavar, escavar

to do

did

done

tornar-se
comear, iniciar

lanar

vir

fazer
desenhar, traar, puxar,
arrastar

to draw

drew

drawn

to dream

dreamt /
dreamed

dreamt /
dreamed

sonhar

to drink

drank

drunk

beber

to drive

drove

driven

dirigir, guiar

to eat

ate

eaten

comer

to fall

fell

fallen

cair, desaguar, abater-se,

decrescer, diminuir

to feed

fed

fed

alimentar, nutrir

to feel

felt

felt

sentir, notar

to fight

fought

fought

lutar, brigar

to find

found

found

achar, encontrar

to fit

fitted

fitted

servir, ajustar, adaptar, caber,

assentar.

to fly

flew

flown

voar

to forbid

forbade

forbidden

proibir

to forget

forgot

forgotten

esquecer(-se)

to forgive

forgave

forgiven

to freeze

froze

frozen

to get

got

got / gotten

to give

gave

given

dar

to go

went

gone

ir

to grow

grew

grown

perdoar
congelar, gelar
obter, conseguir

crescer, florescer, germinar

12

to hang

hung

hung

pendurar, suspender

to have

had

had

to hear

heard

heard

ouvir, escutar, ter notcias

to hide

hid

hidden

esconder(-se), ocultar

to hit

hit

hit

bater, chocar-se

to hold

held

held

segurar, agarrar

to hurt

hurt

hurt

ferir(-se), machucar

to keep

kept

kept

manter, conservar, preservar

to know

knew

known

to lay

laid

laid

pr, colocar, derrubar, deitar

to lead

led

led

conduzir, liderar, dirigir,

comandar

to learn

learnt / learned learnt / learned

to leave

left

left

partir, deixar, sair

to lend

lent

lent

emprestar

to let

let

let

permitir, deixar

to lie

lay

lain

deitar, jazer

to lose

lost

lost

perder

to light

lit

lit

to make

made

made

fazer, criar, elaborar

to mean

meant

meant

significar, querer dizer

to meet

met

met

to
misunderstand

misunderstood

misunderstood

to pay

paid

paid

to partake

partook

partaken

to prove

proved

proved, proven

to put

put

put

to quit

quit / quitted

quit / quitted

to read

read

read

ter, possuir

saber, conhecer

aprender, ficar sabendo

acender, iluminar

encontrar(-se), reunir(-se)
entender mal, interpretar mal
pagar
participar
provar, comprovar
pr, colocar
desistir, abandonar
ler, interpretar
cavalgar, andar de bibicleta,
carro, etc.

to ride

rode

ridden

to ring

rang

rung

soar, tocar (campainha,

telefone)

to rise

rose

risen

erguer-se, levantar-se

to run

ran

run

to saw

sawed

sawn

serrar

to say

said

said

dizer, afirmar, declarar

to see

saw

seen

ver, perceber

to sell

sold

sold

vender

to send

sent

sent

enviar, mandar

to set

set

set

to sew

sewed

sewn, sewed

to shake

shook

shaken

to shave

shaved

shaven / shaved

to shine

shone

shone

to shoot

shot

shot

correr, apressar-se

pr, dispor, ajustar

costurar, coser
sacudir, agitar, apertar a mo
(em cumprimento)
barbear-se
brilhar
atirar, ferir com tiro

13

to show

showed

shown

mostrar, apresentar

to sing

sang

sung

to sink

sank

sunk

to sit

sat

sat

to sleep

slept

slept

to slide

slid

slid

to smell

smelt / smelled smelt / smelled

cheirar

to sow

sowed

sown / sowed

semear

to speak

spoke

spoken

to speed

sped / speeded

sped / speeded

cantar
afundar
sentar(-se)
dormir
escorregar, deslizar

falar
apressar(-se)

to spend

spent

spent

gastar (dinheiro), passar

(tempo)

to spoil

spoiled / spoilt

spoiled / spoilt

estragar, destruir, mimar

(crianas)

to spread

spread

spread

to stand

stood

stood

ficar ou pr-se de p

to steal

stole

stolen

roubar, furtar

to stick

stuck

stuck

cravar, fincar

to strike

struck

struck

bater, golpear

to swear

swore

sworn

jurar

to sweep

swept

swept

varrer

to swim

swam

swum

nadar

to swing

swung

swung

balanar

to take

took

taken

tomar, pegar, levar

to teach

taught

taught

ensinar

to tell

told

told

dizer, contar

to think

thought

thought

pensar, achar

to throw

threw

thrown

lanar, atirar

to understand

understood

understood

to wake

woke

woken

to wear

wore

worn

vestir, usar, trajar

to wet

wet / wetted

wet / wetted

molhar, umedecer

to win

won

won

to wring

wrung

wrung

espremer, torcer

to write

wrote

written

escrever

espalhar, estender

entender, compreender
acordar

ganhar, vencer