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INTRODUCTION

Heat effects of chemical and biological processes are measured using an instrument called a
calorimeter. A calorimeter can be a very simple instrument or set-up, such as in this
experiment, or it can be a very sophisticated instrument used for research purposes, or even
large and complex instruments for measuring whole body heat effects. When a chemical
reaction takes place, some bonds are broken, and new bonds are made. The net result is an
overall energy change which manifests itself in the form of heat. The energy change for a
reaction Products Reactants is given the symbol E, where stand for the difference in
internal energy content: E(products reactants). We remember that when a reaction
produces heat, meaning that the reaction gives off heat to the surroundings, we speak of an
exothermic reaction, and therefore also H as negative, because the system loses this
enthalpy. For exothermic reactions: H and qp are negative; the system loses heat (enthalpy)
and the surroundings gains this heat. And the opposite, when the reaction takes up heat from
the outside we speak of an endothermic reaction, and H is define as positive, because the
system gains this enthalpy. For endothermic reactions H and qp are positive; the system
gains heat (enthalpy) and the surroundings transfer this heat to the system. We can speak of
enthalpy of reaction, enthalpy of combustion, enthalpy of dissociation, enthalpy of
evaporation, etc., it always means the heat effect of a particular process carried out at
constant pressure conditions. We define the enthalpy of formation as the heat effect (at
constant pressure again) of an (often hypothetical) reaction where a compound is formed
from its constituent elements under standard conditions, and in the form in which the
elements naturally occur under standard conditions, symbol Hf o . Hesss Law tells us that
the amount of heat involved in a reaction is the same, whether the reaction takes place in one
or several steps. A modification of this law permits us to find the heat of one step of a
reaction if the overall heat and the heats for the other steps are known. In this experiment,
you will determine the heat of reaction for magnesium oxide by studying a series of reactions
of magnesium and magnesium oxide.

OBJECTIVES

To calculate and determine the heat capacity of a calorimeter


To determine the standard enthalpy of formation of magnesium oxide, Hf

APPARATUS

Thermometer
Polystyrene cup with cover
100 cm3 beaker
100 cm3 graduated cylinder
Burette

CHEMICALS

2.0 M hydrochloric acid (HCl)


Magnesium oxide powder
Magnesium powder

PROCEDURE
The experiment is performed at standard conditions (atmospheric pressure and 25C). All
experiments are done in a double Styrofoam cup calorimeter as shown in fig 1.1

Figure 1.1 Double Styrofoam cup calorimeter

a) Heat capacity of calorimeter


The Styrofoam cup is checked to be clean and dry.
i.

ii.

50 cm3 of tap water is delivered using a burette into a calorimeter. The cover
and the thermometer are replaced. The water temperature is recorded for four
minutes at one minute intervals.
The hot water from a water bath is collected using a beaker and a graduated
cylinder is used to measure the hot water which is 50 cm 3. The temperature of
hot water is recorded once the temperature of the hot water is around 40-50 C
above the room temperature and at the fifth minute, the hot water is poured
completely into the calorimeter (containing the cold water). The lid is replaced
and the water is stirred with the thermometer. The temperature is recorded
every 15 seconds for the next 3 minutes.

b) Reaction 2: Magnesium with Hydrochloric Acid


i.

Magnesium powder is weighed between 1.0- 1.1 g. The exact weight of the
magnesium powder is recorded.

50 cm3 of 2 M HCl is drained from a burette into the calorimeter. The cover
and thermometer is replaced. The temperature of the HCl is recorded every
minute for 4 minutes. The magnesium powder is poured into the HCl at the
fifth minute. The lid is replaced and the contents are stirred in the calorimeter
with the thermometer. The temperature is recorded for the next 3 minutes at 15
seconds intervals.

ii.

c) Reaction 3: Magnesium oxide with Hydrochloric Acid


i.
ii.

Magnesium oxide is weighed between 1.6-1.8 g. The exact weight used is


recorded.
Step (ii) in (b) is repeated.

d) Reaction 4: Hydrogen gas with Oxygen gas


The value is not experimentally determined in the laboratory for safety
reasons. It has been professionally determined value and verified and the value
is listed in standard reference sources.

RESULTS AND CALCULATION


a) Tabulate all your results
The data and results of the experiment is attached together with the report.
b) Calculate the heat capacity of the calorimeter.
qhot = qcold + qcal
qhot = mhc(Th Tf)
=50 (4.18) (47C- 34C)
=2.717 KJ
qcold = mcc(Tf Tc)
= 50 (4.18) (34C- 27C)
=1.463 KJ
qcal = qhot - qcold
= 2.717- 1.463
= 1.254 KJ

c) Calculate the heats of reaction for reaction 2 and 3 in kJ/mol.find out the
moles of reactants involved in the reactions.
i.

The heat reaction for reaction 2

q=mcT
m = 50.0mL * (1.00g/1.00mL) = 50.0g
c = 4.18J/g C
Tf = 46C
Ti = 42C
T = Tf - Ti = 46 - 42 = 4C
q = (50.0g)(4.18J/g C)(4C)
= +836J
H = -q
= -836J
= -0.836KJ
H= nHr
Hr = H / n
H = -0.836KJ
mMg= 1.0473g
MMg = 24.31g/mol
n = mM
n = (1.0473g) / (24.31g/mol)
= 0.04308 mol
Hr = (-0.836KJ) / (0.04308mol)
= -19.4KJ/mol
Therefore, the enthalpy change per mole of Magnesium in this reaction is -19.4
KJ/mol.
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) H2(g) + MgCl2(aq)
H = -19.4KJ
ii.

The heat reaction for reaction 3


q=mcT
m = 50.0mL * (1.00g/1.00mL) = 50.0g
c = 4.18J/g C
Tf = 36C
Ti = 37C
T = Tf - Ti = 36 - 37 = 1C
q = (50.0g)(4.18J/g C)(1.C)
= +209J
Hr = H / n
H = -q
= -209J
=-0.209KJ
n = (1.6098g) / (40.31g/mol)
= 0.0399mol
Hr = (-0.209KJ) / (0.0399mol)
= -5.24KJ/mol

Therefore the enthalpy change per mole of Magnesium Oxide in this


reaction is -5.24 KJ/mol.
Thermochemical equation for the reaction of MgO in HCl
MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) H2O(l) + MgCl2(aq)
H = -5.24KJ
d) Show how reactions 2, 3, and 4 can be added to produce reaction 1.
Mg(s) + 1/2O2(g) MgO(s)

reaction 1

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) H2(g) + MgCl2(aq)


MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) H2O(l) + MgCl2(aq)
H2(g) + 1/2O2(g) H2O(l)

reaction 2
reaction 3
reaction 4

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) H2(g) + MgCl2(aq)


H2O(l) + MgCl2(aq) MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq)
Insert reaction 3 to cancel out H2 and H2O
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) + H2O(l) + MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) + 1/2O2(g)
H2(g) + MgCl2(aq) + MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) +
H2O(l)

Mg(s) + 1/2O2(g) MgO(s)

e) Show how the heat of reaction (kJ/mol value) for reactions 2, 3, and 4 can be
added to yield the heat of reaction for reaction 1.
Reaction 1:Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Reaction 2:MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
Reaction 3: H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(l)

H(1) = -19.4 (kJ/mol)


H(2) = -5.24 (kJ/mol)
H(3) = -286 (kJ/mol)

By rearranging above equations, we can calculate heat of formation of MgO:


Mg(s) + O2(g) MgO(s) H = H(1) H(2) + H(3)

= (-19.4) - (-5.24) + (-286)


= -300.16 KJ/mol
f) Consult the literature to obtain the accepted value for the heat of formation
of magnesium oxide. Calculate the percent error and discuss the factors that
may have affected the results.
Percent error

Theoretical Actual
100
Theoretical

601.6(300.16)
100
601.6

50

CONCLUSION
As the conclusion the heat capacity of the calorimeter is calculated which is 1.254 KJ and the
standard entalphy for the formation of MgO is determined.

QUESTIONS
1) For the following problems, assume that the volume of the final solution is 200 cm 3,
the density of the solution is 1.00 gmL -1 and the capacity of the solution is the same as
water (4.184 Jg-1C).
a) When 0.800gof Ca metal is added to 200 cm3 of 0.500 M HCl according to the
method described in procedure b, a temperature increase of 13.0C is observed.
What is at room temperature for the reaction of Ca(s) + 2H+ (aq)?
b) When 1.12g of CaO is added to 200 cm 3 of 0.500 M HCl (aq) according to the
method described in procedure b, a temperature increase of 4.62C is observed.
What is at room temperature for the reation of: CaO(s) + 2H+?
2) A student is carelessly inserts the thermometer while assembling the calorimeter and a
large hole is torn in the plastic lid. How will this affect his experimental results?
The large hole in the plastic lid will affected the result as it will effect the flow of heat
during the experiment.

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