At this point, some people would be tempted to go to the valve charts or characteristic
curves and select a valve. Don't make this mistake, instead, proceed to Step #4!
For our case, it appears the 2 inch valve will work well for our Cv value at about 80-85%
of the stroke range. Notice that we're not trying to squeeze our Cv into the 1 1/2 valve
which would need to be at 100% stroke to handle our maximum flow. If this valve were
used, two consequences would be experienced: the pressure drop would be a little higher
than 15 psi at our design (max) flow and the valve would be difficult to control at
maximum flow. Also, there would be no room for error with this valve, but the valve
we've chosen will allow for flow surges beyond the 150 gpm range with severe
headaches!
So we've selected a valve...but are we ready to order? Not yet, there are still some
characteristics to consider.
STEP #5: Check the Cv and stroke percentage at the minimum flow
If the stroke percentage falls below 10% at our minimum flow, a smaller valve may
have to be used in some cases. Judgements plays role in many cases. For example, is
your system more likely to operate closer to the maximum flowrates more often than the
minimum flowrates? Or is it more likely to operate near the minimum flowrate for
extended periods of time. It's difficult to find the perfect valve, but you should find one
that operates well most of the time. Let's check the valve we've selected for our system:
Referring back to our valve chart, we see that a Cv of 6.5 would correspond to a stroke
percentage of around 35-40% which is certainly acceptable. Notice that we used the
maximum pressure drop of 15 psi once again in our calculation. Although the pressure
drop across the valve will be lower at smaller flowrates, using the maximum value gives
us a "worst case" scenario. If our Cv at the minimum flow would have been around 1.5,
there would not really be a problem because the valve has a Cv of 1.66 at 10% stroke and
since we use the maximum pressure drop, our estimate is conservative. Essentially, at
lower pressure drops, Cv would only increase which in this case would be advantageous.
STEP #6: Check the gain across applicable flowrates
Gain is defined as:
Now, at our three flowrates:
Qmin = 25 gpm
Qop = 110 gpm
Qdes = 150 gpm
we have corresponding Cv values of 6.5, 28, and 39. The corresponding stroke
percentages are 35%, 73%, and 85% respectively. Now we construct the following table:
Flow
(gpm)
Stroke
(%)
25
35
110
73
150
85
Change in
flow (gpm)
Change in Stroke
(%)
110-25 = 85
73-35 = 38
150-110 = 40
85-73 = 12
Disadvantages:
1. Poor control
2. Cavitate at low pressure drops
3. Cannot be used for throttling
Globe Valves
Best Suited Control: Linear and Equal percentage
Recommended Uses:
1. Throttling service/flow regulation
2. Frequent operation
Applications: Liquids, vapors, gases, corrosive substances,
slurries
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
1. Efficient throttling
1. High pressure drop
2. Accurate flow control
2. More expensive than other
valves
3. Available in multiple ports
Ball Valves
Recommended Uses:
1. Fully open/closed, limited-throttling
2. Higher temperature fluids
Applications: Most liquids, high temperatures,
slurries
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
1. Low cost
1. Poor throttling characteristics
2. High capacity
2. Prone to cavitation
3. Low leakage and maint.
4. Tight sealing with low torque
Butterfly Valves
Best Suited Control: Linear, Equal percentage
Recommended Uses:
1. Fully open/closed or throttling services
2. Frequent operation
3. Minimal fluid trapping in line
Applications: Liquids, gases, slurries, liquids with
suspended solids
Advantages:
1. Low cost and maint.
control
2. High capacity
flows
3. Good flow control
4. Low pressure drop
Disadvantages:
1. High torque required for
2. Prone to cavitation at lower
Other Valves
Another type of valve commonly used in conjunction with other valves is called a
check valve. Check valves are designed to restrict the flow to one direction. If the flow
reverses direction, the check valve closes. Relief valves are used to regulate the
operating pressure of incompressible flow. Safety valves are used to release excess
pressure in gases or compressible fluids.
Pricing Comparison
Selection Guidelines
Globe Valve
Lower cost
Close off of 50 psi or less (typical for most HVAC
applications)
High differential pressure across valve
Rebuilding of the valve is desired
Better control performance
Better low flow (partial load) performance
Use for steam, water or water/glycol media
Smaller physical profile than a comparable ball valve
* This equates to a pump head pressure of approximately 230 ft. Not very common HVAC applications
** Valve can be line sized to minimize pressure losses; butterfly valves are also used for these applications.
86
reference
Sizing
Pressure Drop for Water Flow
Figure 1.
87
Pressure Drop
5 psi
50 psi
7.5 psi
100 psi
10 psi
88
Cv = Q
= 35 GPM
= 15.6
reference
Full-Port (no flow optimizer) Ball Valve Part Nos. and Flow Coefficients
Valve
Line
Size
Valve
Part
No.
1/2 (15)
599-10208
3/4 (20)
599-10210
in.
(mm)
(25)
599-10214
1-1/4 (30)
599-10217
1-1/2 (40)
599-10219
1-1/2 (40)
599-10221
(50)
599-10223
(50)
599-10225
Key
1/2
(13)
10.0
(8.62)
3/4
(20)
7.44
(6.41)
25.00
(21.55)
1
(25)
6.54
(5.64)
20.02
(17.26)
63.00
(54.31)
1-1/4
(32)
1-1/2
(38)
2
(51)
2-1/2
(63)
3
(76)
4
(102)
5
(127)
6
(152)
16.08
(13.86)
37.25 32.01
(32.11) (27.59)
100.00 69.84
(86.21) (60.21)
51.72
(44.59)
63.00
62.29 56.29
(54.31) (53.70) (48.53)
160.00 95.87 77.45
(137.93) (82.65) (66.77)
100.00 100.00 91.07
(86.21) (86.21) (78.51)
250.00 193.94 142.91
(215.52) (167.19) (123.20)
The temperature-pressure ratings for ANSI Classes 125 and 250 valve bodies made of bronze or cast iron
are shown below.
Pressure
Description
Temperature
89
Cv=Q
G
K
Viscosity Factors
Centipoise
Specific Gravity
Cv=KrQ
2. For gases (air, natural gas,
propane, etc.):
Cv=
Cv=
Qa G(T+460)
1360 P(P2)
Qa G(T+460)
660 P1
Cv=
Cv=
WK
2.1 P (P1 + P2)
WK
1.82 P1
Cv=
63.4
WK
Remarks:
formulas
& tables
GPM =
GPM =
Btu/hr.
(F water temp. rise or drop x 500)
CFM x .009 x H
F water temperature change
90
For Radiation:
reference
Cast Iron Flanges
2-1/2 to 8-inch Cast Iron Flange Dimensions (as defined by ANSI standard B16.1)
Flanges
Drilling
Bolting
Nominal
Pipe
Size
Flange
Diameter
Flange
Thickness
Diameter of
Bolt Circle
Diameter of
Bolt Holes
Number of
Bolts
Diameter of
Bolts
Length of
Machine
Bolts
2-1/2
11/16
5-1/2
3/4
5/8
2-1/2
15/16
7-1/2
3/4
7-1/2
10
15/16
8-1/2
7/8
13-1/2
1-1/8
11-3/4
7/8
11
3
4
3/4
9-1/2
3/4
5/8
2-1/2
3/4
7/8
7/8
5/8
3/4
3-1/4
3-1/2
Nominal
Pipe
Size
Flange
Diameter
2-1/2
7-1/2
10
3
5
6
8
Flange
Thickness
Diameter of
Raised Face
4-15/16
1-1/4
6-15/16
1-7/16
9-11/16
8-1/4
1-1/8
11
1-3/8
12-1/2
15
Drilling
1-5/8
Diameter of
Bolt Circle
D
5-7/8
Bolting
Diameter of
Bolt Holes
E
7/8
Number of
Bolts
8
Diameter of
Bolts
3/4
5-11/16
6-5/8
7/8
3/4
8-5/16
9-1/4
7/8
3/4
11-15/16
7-7/8
10-5/8
13
7/8
7/8
1
12
12
3/4
3/4
7/8
Length of
Machine
Bolts
F
3-1/4
3-1/5
3-3/4
4
4-1/2
91
Leakage Class
Designation
Maximum
Leakage
Allowable
Test Medium
Test Pressure
Testing
Procedures
Required for
Establishing
Rating
No test
required
45 - 60 psig or 45 - 60 psig or
maximum
maximum
operating
operating
differential
differential
whichever is
whichever is
lower
lower
II
0.5% of rated
capacity
Air or water at
50 - 125o F
(10 - 52oC)
III
0.1% of rated
capacity
As above
As above
As above
IV
0.01% of rated
capacity
As above
As above
As above
0.0005 ml per
minute of water Water at 50
per inch of port to125oF (10 to
52oC)
diameter per
psi differential
Maximum
service
pressure drop
across valve
plug not to
exceed ANSI
body rating
Maximum
service
pressure drop
across valve
plug not to
exceed ANSI
body rating
VI
Actuator should
50 psig or max be adjusted to
operating
rated
Not to exceed
Air or nitrogen
conditions
differential
amounts shown
at 50 to 125o F
specified with
pressure
in the table
(10 to 52oC)
full normal
across valve
above
plug whichever closing thrust
is lower
applied to valve
plug seat