Outline
Introduction
Spread Spectrum Clock Generation
Frequency Modulation Profile
Design Approaches for SSCG
Cost-Effective Design of SSCG
Conclusions
Outline
Introduction
Spread Spectrum Clock Generation
Frequency Modulation Profile
Design Approaches for SSCG
Cost-Effective Design of SSCG
Conclusions
Introduction
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
Severe at the higher frequency spectral
component
System-level and chip-level
High performance design
high integrated and high speed
A
A/N
f
Tf
Tr=Tf
in
-20 dB/decade
FILTER
out
-20 dB/decade
-40 dB/decade
1
T
1 1
T Tr
Outline
Introduction
Spread Spectrum Clock Generation
Frequency Modulation Profile
Design Approaches for SSCG
Cost-Effective Design of SSCG
Conclusions
Carsons Rule
Carsons rule gives the BW of frequency
modulated waveform
Total energy of original signal is kept unaffected.
The 98% of the total energy is contained inside a
BW calculated :
BW 2 f c f m
SSCGs use the modulation frequency more than
30 kHz
To avoid audible band (20 ~ 20kHz)
Typical values of mod. freq.: 30k ~ 250kHz
BW
RBW >>fm
BW
RBW <<fm
RBW >fm :The measured values will be higher than theoretical values
by means of BPF characteristics
RBW <fm :The measured values will be matched to theoretical values
However, in general, it is enough to use the first case
if RBW < BW
fm increased Peak reduction decreased
increased Peak reduction increased
Peak reduction:
fc
S 10 log
f
m
Outline
Introduction
Spread Spectrum Clock Generation
Frequency Modulation Profile
Design Approaches for SSCG
Cost-Effective Design of SSCG
Conclusions
Conventional profiles
The sinusoidal modulation
Easy to implement with analog circuit
Hard to implement with digital circuit
Modulating waveform
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
Deviation (%)
0.2
0
-0.1
-0.2
5
time (ms)
10
0
-0.1
-0.2
-6
x 10
5
time (ms)
100
x 10
80
9
-6
x 10
50
40
40
30
20
20
20
60
60
Angle (rad)
Angle (rad)
40
5
time (ms)
80
60
-6
10
0
1
5
time (ms)
10
-6
x 10
After modulation
5
time (ms)
10
-20
-40
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
Amplitude (dBV)
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
1.48
1.485
1.49
1.495
1.5
1.505
Side-band harmonics (GHz)
Sinusoidal
1.51
1.515
1.52
1.525
9
x 10
-140
1.475
5
time (ms)
9
-6
x 10
After modulation
-20
-140
1.475
-6
x 10
After modulation
Amplitude (dBV)
Amplitude (dBV)
Amplitude (dBV)
Modulating waveform
0.2
Deviation (%)
Deviation (%)
Modulating waveform
Angle (rad)
Angle (rad)
Deviation (, %)
-60
-80
-100
-120
1.48
1.485
1.49
1.495
1.5
1.505
Side-band harmonics (GHz)
Triangular
1.51
1.515
1.52
1.525
9
x 10
-140
1.475
1.48
1.485
1.49
1.495
1.5
1.505
Side-band harmonics (GHz)
Hershey-Kiss
1.51
1.515
1.52
1.525
9
x 10
Displacement of Spectrum
Down
Spreading
Center
Spreading
Up
Spreading
Outline
Introduction
Spread Spectrum Clock Generation
Frequency Modulation Profile
Design Approaches for SSCG
Cost-Effective Design of SSCG
Conclusions
OUTPUT
CK
PFD
CP
VCO
DIVIDER
PFD
CP
VCO
LF
DIVIDER
Method II:
Controlling the division ratio of feedback
divider
PFD
CP1
VCO
Output CK
Divider
Programmable
Charge Pump
Control Signals
PD
LPF
VCO
Output CK
DIVIDER
Profile
Outline
Introduction
Spread Spectrum Clock Generation
Frequency Modulation Profile
Design Approaches for SSCG
Cost-Effective Design of SSCG
Piecewise Linear Modulation
Newton-Raphson Profile Generator
Conclusions
Amplitude
2Am
Tm
Am 1
Tm
Am 1
T1
Tm
4
1
T2
Tm
2
-Am
T1
T2
T1
time
4 T1 2 T2 Tm
1
fm
Optimum
To find optimal value
Condition
-18
-20
-22
Amplitude [dBV]
Tm
A
1
0
m
4
1 2
4 Am 1 Tm
1
1 Tm
-24
-26
-28
-30
1
0.8
9
0.6
8
7
0.4
6
0.2
; Ratio Between T1 and T2
x 10
5
0
PWL Modulator
Controller
Modulation
Profile
Register
CK
The -controller
Generating an add value () to change the slope of
the modulation profile
The more # of , the higher EMI reduction
MUX
Phase Mixer
2
Mx
/60
CKfb
En
En
Sel
Controller
DR
Shift -3
phases
CKvco<6>
CKvco<7>
Shift -3
phases
CKvco<4>
Shift -3
phases
CKvco<1>
7/10*T
7/10*T
7/10*T
CKout
Phase selecting
A resolution of division ratio is improved by 10 times.
Phase Mixing
Ckvco<0:9>
MUX
Phase Mixer
2
Mx
/60
CKfb
En
En
Controller
Sel
Sel
Sel<M>
Sel<M-2>
Sel<M-5>
En
0.75xT
DR
0.75xT
Mx
59.75xT
CKfb
Performance Comparisons
Sugawara
SOVC 02
Aoyama
SOVC 03
Kokubo
ISSCC 05
Lee
ISSCC 05
Ebuchi
JSSC 09
TCAS 08
Song
CICC 08
Modulation
Profile
Triangular
Triangular
Triangular
Triangular
Triangular
Triangular
Piecewise Linear
Freq. Deviation /
Modulation Freq.
-5150~-350ppm
30.3 ~ 33.3us
-5000 ~ 0ppm
32us
-5000 ~ 0ppm
32us
-5000 ~ 0ppm
33us
-20000 ~
0ppm
7.4 ~ 196us
-7500 ~
7500 ppm
-
-5000 ~ 0ppm
32us
Modulation
Method
Phase
Interpolation
Phase
Interpolation
Delta-Sigma
Delta-Sigma
Delta-Sigma
VCO
Delta-Sigma
Peak Reduction
7dB
5.43dB
10dB[12]
9.8dB
10.9dB @ 104M
16.3dB
14.2dB
Output Frequency
1.5GHz
1.5GHz
1.5GHz
1.5GHz
125 ~ 1250MHz
400MHz
1.5GHz
57.2ps
41.01ps
80ps
67ps
27.88ps
RMS jitter*
9.3ps
3.07ps
10.7ps
10.7ps
3.77ps
Process
0.13um
0.15um
0.15um
0.18um
0.35um
0.18um
Area
0.42mm2
0.31mm2
0.47mm2
0.65mm2
0.49mm2
Power
54mW
15.6mW
27.5mW
40mW
Hsieh
Outline
Introduction
Spread Spectrum Clock Generation
Frequency Modulation Profile
Design Approaches for SSCG
Cost-Effective Design of SSCG
Piecewise Linear Modulation
Newton-Raphson Profile Generator
Conclusions
- Proposed formula
1
x
yn1 yn x
2
yn
a 2 X [ n]
Y [ n]
X [n] AB s
2A
X [n] AB
A2 X [n]
Y [ n]
X [n] AB S
2A
X [n] AB
X [n] AB
- Shifter (A=25)
- Adder
- Shifter (A=25)
- Divider
- Shifter (S=25)
- Adder
SWC
- Subtractor
Proposed Architecture
42 cases : 14 and 3 fm
EMI Reduction : 19.14dB ~ 23.73dB
Measured Spectra
Die Micrograph
Outline
Introduction
Spread Spectrum Clock Generation
Frequency Modulation Profile
Design Approaches for SSCG
A Cost-Effective Design of SSCG
Conclusions
Conclusions
SSCG
A powerful solution to reduce EMI reduction
Becoming essential to many applications
EMI reduction affected by the freq. modulation profile
Future Trends
Proposal of new profile and its optimization
The SSCG is also a clock source as well as EMI reducing device.
it is also required to enhance jitter performance.
A technique to reduce quantization noise should be also developed.
References