Source: Cisco, Networking Academy, Communicating over the Network, Network Fundamentals, p.11
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information. For example, Mobile is technology but how a person will make phone call or send
SMS is Information Systems (IS), besides Internet is technology but how a person will send
email is IS. So, IT is Technology and IS the function of the technology.
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Alter argues for an information system as a special type of work system. A work system is a
system in which humans and/or machines perform work using resources to produce specific
products and/or services for customers. An information system is a work system whose activities
are devoted to processing (capturing, transmitting, storing, retrieving, manipulating and
displaying) information.
As such, information systems inter-relate with data systems on the one hand and activity systems
on the other. An information system is a form of communication system in which data represent
and are processed as a form of social memory. An information system can also be considered a
semi-formal language which supports human decision making and action.
2.6 What are the Information Systems (IS) Resources? Explain.
Information Systems Resources enables the use of information systems in administrative
functions so that those functions may be conducted in the most effective way possible. There are
5 (five) components of Information Systems Resources:
a) People b) Hardware c) Software d) Data and
e) Network
a) People Resources:
1) End users (users, computer operator, and Clients)
2) IS Specialist (programmer, software engineers, web developer)
b) Hardware Resources:
1)
2)
3)
4)
c) Software Resources:
1) Application Software: MS-Word, Excel, Power point, and MS-Access.
2) Operation Systems (OS) : Windows, Unix, and Mac/OS.
d) Data Resources:
1) Data : Data are raw facts, or observations, typically abut physical phenomena or business
transaction.
2) Information: Meaningful and Significant word or sentence or number.
e) Network Resources:
1. Terminals are the starting and stopping points in any telecommunication network
environment. Any input or output device that is used to transmit or receive data can be
classified as a terminal component.
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information system must also be maintained by a continual process of correcting and updating
activities.
For example, data received about a purchase can be (1) added to a running total of sales
results, (2) compared to a standard to determine eligibility for a sales discount, (3) sorted in
numerical order based on product identification numbers, (4) classified into product categories
(such as food and nonfood items), (5) summarized to provide a sales manager with information
about various product categories, and finally, (6) used to update sales records.
(c) Output of information products:
Information in various forms is transmitted to end-users and made available to them in the
output activity. The goal of information systems is the production of appropriate information
products for end users. Common information products messages, reports, forms, and graphic
images, which may be provided by video displays, audio responses, paper products, and
multimedia. For example, a sales manager may view a video display to check on the
performance of a salesperson, accept a computer-produced voice message by telephone, and
receive a printout of monthly sales results.
(d) Storage of data resource:
Storage is a basic system component of information systems. Storage is the information system
activity in which data and information are retained in an organized manner for later use. For
example, just as written text material is organized into words, sentences, paragraphs, and
documents, stored data is commonly organized into fields, records, files, and database. This
facilitates its later use in processing or its retrieval as output when needed by users of a system.
(e) Control of system performance:
An important information system activity is the control of its performance. An information
system should produce feedback about its input, processing, output, and the system is meeting
established performance standards. Then appropriate system activities must be adjusted so
that proper information products are produced for end users.
For example, a manager may discover that subtotals of sales amounts in a sales report do not
add up to total sales. This might mean that data entry or processing procedures need to be
corrected. Then changes would have to be made to ensure that all sales transactions would be
properly captured and processed by a sales information system.
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Support of the
Business
Support of the
Managerial
Decision Making
Operations
Operation
Support
Systems
Transaction
Processing
Systems
1
Process
Control
Systems
2
Management
Support
Systems
Enterprise
Collaboration
Systems
3
Management
Information
Systems
4
Decision
Support
Systems
5
Executive
Information
Systems
6
Systems
Figure 1.7 Source: O Brien, James A.(2004). Management Information Systems, New Delhi: McGraw-Hill Publication Co. Ltd. p.23
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
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this system will record daily transaction and process it real time or collect the data for
certain period of time then only process it in batch.
the most common example real time transaction processing for that happen in our life is
Automated Teller Machine (ATM) transaction.
when we take money from ATM, directly the bank will record our transaction and then
deduct the amount of money in our accounts.
the batch processing is doing by bank when it want to generate report of cash in or out in a
certain week or certain month.
this process is hide from public like you and me.
this system only record the transaction information and is a basic for an organization and
this information will help in decision making by higher management in an organization.
A transaction processing systems (TPS) is exactly what its name implies-a system that process
transactions within an organization. TPSs include payroll systems, inventory stocking systems, sales
processing systems, and a host of others. It is incumbent on organization to support these types of
functions in the operationally efficient way. This will add to our bottom-line profits by reducing costs. 3
a) Batch processing
Batch processing is execution of a series of programs (jobs) on a computer without manual
intervention. Several transactions, called a batch are collected and processed at the same time.
The results of each transaction are not immediately available when the transaction is being
entered; there is a time delay.
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b) Real-time computing
Real time systems attempt to guarantee an appropriate response to a stimulus or request
quickly enough to affect the conditions that caused the stimulus. Each transaction in real-time
processing is unique; it is not part of a group of transactions.
c) Time sharing
Time sharing is the sharing of a computer system among multiple users, usually giving each user
the illusion that they have exclusive control of the system. The users may be working on the
same project or different projects, but there are usually few restrictions on the type of work
each user is doing.
d) Transaction processing
Transaction processing systems also attempt to provide predictable response times to requests,
although this is not as critical as for real-time systems. Rather than allowing the user to run
arbitrary programs as time-sharing, transaction processing allows only predefined, structured
transactions. Each transaction is usually short duration and the processing activity for each
transaction is programmed in advance.
ii.
Coordinate: Coordinating our individual work efforts and use of resource with each others.
Chapter 2 Information Systems
iii.
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Management Information System (MIS) also called information reporting systems, provide
middle management with report that summarize and categorize information derived from the
entire company database. The purpose of the report is to allow management to spot trends
and to get an overview of current business activities, as well as to monitor and control
operational- level activities.
Management information system (MIS) is the process of managing employees and the functions
associated with the job system. DSS is considered making the right decision based on operations,
forecast, activities, planning and management.
5. Decision Support Systems (DSS)
A Decision Support System (DSS) is a computer-based information system that supports
business or organizational decision-making activities. DSSs serve the management, operations,
and planning levels of an organization (usually mid and higher management) and help to make
decisions, which may be rapidly changing and not easily specified in advance (Unstructured and
Semi-Structured decision problems). Decision support systems can be either fully
computerized, human or a combination of both.
DSSs include knowledge-based systems. A properly designed DSS is an interactive softwarebased system intended to help decision makers compile useful information from a combination
of raw data, documents, and personal knowledge, or business models to identify and solve
problems and make decisions.
6. Executive Information Systems (EIS)
An executive information system (EIS) is a type of management information system that
facilitates and supports senior executive information and decision-making needs. It provides
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easy access to internal and external information relevant to organizational goals. It is commonly
considered a specialized form of decision support system (DSS).
EIS emphasizes graphical displays and easy-to-use user interfaces. They offer strong reporting
and drill-down capabilities. In general, EIS are enterprise-wide DSS that help top-level
executives analyze, compare, and highlight trends in important variables so that they can
monitor performance and identify opportunities and problems. EIS and data warehousing
technologies are converging in the marketplace.
2.8 What are the major roles of Information Systems (IS)? Explain.
The three major roles of the business applications of information systems provide an organization with
support for business process and operations, decision making, and competitive advantage.
Three major roles of information systems are:
1. Support of Strategic Advantage (Competition strategy)
2. Support of Managerial decision-making
3. Support of Business Operation
1. Support of Business Process: As a consumer, we have to deal regularly with the information systems
that support the business processes and operations at the many retail stores where our shop. Fr
example, most retail stores now use computer-based information systems to help them record
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customer purchases, keep track of inventory, pay employees, buy new merchandise, and evaluate sales
trends. Store operations would grind to a halt without the support of such information systems.
2. Support Decision Making: Information system also help store managers make better decisions and
attempt to gain a strategic competitive advantage. For example, decisions on what lines of merchandise
need to be added or discontinued, or on what kind of investment they require, are typically made after
an analysis provided by computer-based information systems. This not only supports the decision
making of store-managers but also helps them look for ways to gain an advantage over other retailers in
the competition for customers.
3. Support Competitive Advantage: Gaining a strategic advantage over competitors requires innovative
use of information technology. For example, store managers might make a decision to install
computerized touch-screen catalog ordering systems in all of their stores, tied in with computer-based
telephone ordering systems and an Internet-based computer shopping network. This might attract new
customers and lure customers away from competing stores because of the ease of ordering
merchandise provided by such innovative information systems. Strategic information systems can help
provide strategic products and services that give a business organization a comparative advantage over
its competitors.
b)
c)
d)
e)
Order Processing
Inventory control
Accounts Receivable
Accounts payable
General Ledger
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f)
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Payroll
Questions
1. Define Information Systems (IS).
2. What are the differences between TPS vs PCS, MIS vs DSS and ECS vs EIS? Explain.
3. What are the functions of an Information System (IS)?
4. Write importance of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Bangladesh.
3. Discuss the Classification of Information Systems (IS). Explain.
4. Explain the three major roles of Information Systems (IS) in Business.
5. Mention the importance of Information Systems. Explain
6. Do you think that ICT learning is importance for business professional? Why?
Explain.
7. What Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)? Write Transaction Processing Systems cycle
with figure.
8. Define system. What are the three basic interacting components of system? Explain.
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References
1 Software & IT Service Catalog. P. 10
2 Ibid, p.23
3 Haag, Stephan et.el. (2006). Information Systems Essentials, New York: McGraw-Hill.p.40
4 Hutchinson, et.el (2003), Computer and Information Systems, USA: IRWIN. p.381
5 Haag, Stephan et.el. (2006). Information Systems Essentials, New York: McGraw-Hill.p.5