Conclusion

After conducting the experiment, the following conclusions were gathered.

* Amplifiers are very helpful in increasing a small signal, whether its voltage,
current or power to become a larger signal.
* A small-signal amplifier only uses a small part of it load line under signal
conditions.
* The voltage gain of small-signal amplifiers is computed by getting the
quotient of the output voltage and its input voltage.
* The common-base small-signal amplifier is the best for amplifying voltage
because it has the greatest voltage gain.
* The common-emitter small-signal amplifier is the second highest voltage gain
among the three amplifiers and it shows a 180 degree phase difference
between the input and the output.
* The common-collector small-signal amplifier has the smallest voltage gain
and does not show phase difference between the input and output signals.
* A commom-collector amplifier is also called and emitter-follower.
* On a small-signal amplifier, the base and the collector has only one function,
each acts as input and output respectively while the emitter can act as an input
or and output.
* The transistor operates in the active region if and only if the base-emitter
junction is forward-biased and the base-collector junction is reversed-biased, if
satisfied, it will serve as an amplifier.
* On a common-collector small-signal amplifier, the collector is the common
terminal to an ac signal or ground in which the base serves as the input while
the emitter serves as the output.
* On a common-emitter small-signal amplifier, the emitter is common terminal
to an ac signal or ground in which the base serves as the input while the
collector serves as the output.
* On a common-base small-signal amplifier, the base is common terminal to an
ac signal or ground in which the emitter serves as the input while the collector
serves as the output.

* A common-emitter amplifier has high voltage, current, and power gains, but it
has relatively low input resistance.
* A common-collector amplifier has high input resistance and high current gain,
but its voltage is approximately equal to 1.
* The common-base amplifier has a high voltage gain, but it has a very low
input resistance and its current gain is approximately equal to 1.
* For an NPN transistor, the base-emitter junction is forward-biased and it is
approximately equal to 0.7V.
* For an NPN transistor, the base-collector junction is reversed-biased if the
collector voltage is greater than the base voltage.

Interpretation of Results
The main objective of Experiment 1 entitled Small Signal Amplifier is to
improve the students knowledge of BJT amplifiers. Voltage divider bias is
utilized as the biasing of the circuits. In relation to our experiment, weve
utilized three circuits for amplifiers, namely the common-base, commoncollector, and common-emitter. All of them have specified functionalities
depending on your objective in utilizing them.
In the gathering of data, each amplifier was analyzed and observed under
two operating conditions, DC ad AC.
In a common-base amplifier we have observed the gap between the
voltages drops across the collector, which is the expected output, and the
emitter, which it he expected input is considerably large. Furthermore, the
voltage gain of the common base amplifier was found to be the largest among
the three types used. This was further proven by using the AC source which was
visualized using an oscilloscope. Observing, the capacitors play an essential
role in the circuit. By inspection, using the bypass capacitor would eliminate the
parallel resistors to it which are R1 and R2.
In the next circuit which is the common emitter amplifier, it exhibits less
amplification in comparison to the common-base amplifier. This is expected
because of the doping concentration of every layers of the transistor. The
circuit still has a large amplification. The behavior can be observed by simply

looking at the voltage drops across the input terminal (base) and the output
terminal (collector). By observing the circuit, we could see that there is no
bypass capacitor used that is supposed to be connected at the collector
terminal. On the other hand, if so the circuit would be connected in such a
manner, the emitter resistor would be shorted since at AC operation, all current
would pass through the shorted capacitor. All in all, an amplifier like this is
usually used when amplification of the current and voltage is necessarily in
balanced scales.
Lastly, a common-collector amplifier in comparison to the previous
amplifiers based on the data we have gathered produces the least gain for
voltage. Because of this, this type of amplifier is usually used as a buffer.
Obtaining the ration between the input and output voltages, we will see that it
is approximately equal to one because of the reason that the values are almost
the same. Concurring, this type of amplifier is not ideal when you want to
amplify the input voltage of the circuit. However, this amplifier is mainly used
for amplifying current as observed in the data gathered.

Sample Computations

Part 1 Common-Base Amplifier

Vi =104mVpk-pk
Vo = 8.90 Vpk-pk
AVCB = V0/Vi = 8.90V/104mV = 85.58

Part 2 Common-Emitter Amplifier

Vi =104mVpk-pk
Vo = -1.44 Vpk-pk
AVCE = V0/Vi = -1.44V/104mV = -13.85

Part 3 Common-Collector Amplifier

Vi =104mVpk-pk
Vo = 104mVpk-pk
AVCC = V0/Vi = 104mV/104mV = 1

Graphs and Curves

Graph 1-1. Signal Waveforms of Common-Base Amplifier

Graph 1-2. Signal Waveforms of Common-Emitter Amplifier

Graph 1-3. Signal Waveforms of Common-Collector Amplifier