x x sin t

x
input
x

output

system

H ,

y H x

y H x sin t

Response of a linear system

Response spectrum of a linear system

x x sin t
y H x sin t
x x sin t
y H x sin t

x( ) sin t ( )
y x ( ) H ( ) sin t ( ) ( )

1 x 2 ( )
S xx ( ) lim
0 2

2
2

x
(

)
H
(

)
1
S yy ( ) lim
0 2

S yy ( ) H ( ) S xx ( )
2

F (t )

F (t )

u (t )
k

u (t )

k
m

c
2 km

A single-mass-spring system under random loading

Dynamic single degree of freedom system

H H ( )

F (t )

m
u (t )
k

k 1 e

2 2

12

2 e
arctan
with 0 (0.1)
2
1 e

frequency
e natural frequency ; e k m
damping factor

c 2 km

S FF

H ( )

1
2k

Suu

u2

Analysis of the single-mass-spring system

S FF

S0

H2

1 k2
Suu

S0 k 2

2k

e S0
area
4 k 2

Response spectrum for a single-mass-spring system under

stationary load with white-noise spectrum

wind

10 s

respons

10 s

Te = 0.5 s

S FF

real spectrum
white-noise approximation

S FF (e )

S0

Approximation of the load spectrum by a white-noise

spectrum with intensity S0 SFF (e )

Response to arbitrary load

Split the response into

a quasi static part and a white noise part:

u uS u D F k
S FF (e )
S FF ( )
Suu ( )

2
2
2
2
2 2
k
k 1 e 2 e

e S FF ( e )
2 1

k
4 F2

2
u

F2

F (t )

F
F (t )
T

S FF ( )

u(t )

HE 200 A

S0

F 70 103 N

; EI 8 106 Nm 2 ;
S0 50 103 N 2s
;
l 3m
;
T 50 years 1.5 109 s ; M p 105 Nm

Portal frame with data

m 20,000 kg
0.01

Spring stiffnessk :
k

24 EI
7.1 106 N/m
3
l

Natural frequency:

F (t )

m
HE 200 A

u(t )

24 EI
19 rad/s
m l3

Mean response

1
F 0.0098 m 9.8 mm
k

Variance of the response:

u2

e S0
1.47 106 m 2
2
4 k

Standard deviation:

u 0.0012 m 1.2 mm

F (t )

u (t )

= full-plastic hinge
A

Considered limit state of the frame

u (t )

u (0)

u (t )

t1

u (t ) at t t1

The event failure in [0,T]

u (t )
a1

a 2 a3

ai

a n
T

Fa ( )

Peak values of the narrow-band process

example portal frame

Yield occurs if: M A

1
Fp l M p
4

Corresponding value of u: u p

Reliability index:

u p u

Fp
k

4M p
kl

0.0188 m 18.8 mm

18.8 9.8

7.5
1.2

u (t )

2 a
a
3

ai

1
a

Exceedance probabtilities:

APT:

P{u(t ) u p } 1 N ( ) N ( ) 3 1014

2
13

6.1

10
single peak: P{ai u p } exp

2
50 year:
P{u(t ) u p in [0,T ]} n P{ai u p } 2.7 103

a n
T
t

s double amplitude [N/mm ]

2

welded beam

400

200

100

reinforced beam
50
average
exceedance probability

20

105

106

Fatigue strength of steel

107

Fatigue

s(t )

105

Nf

106

C
S

Nf

S = stress range
Nf

= number of cucles till fracture

C, b = material constants
2<b<10

Fatigue Miner Rule

n1
n2
D

...
N1 N 2
E[D(T)]

n( s )

N(s )

ni
(failure if D 1)
Ni

n f (s )ds
N (s )

( 2s ) s
s
E[D(T)] Tfe
ex p 2 ds
2
C s
2
Tfe
b
b
E[D(T)]
{ 2 s 2 } (1 )
C
2

The Gamma function

x
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00

x
1.772
1.225
1.000
0.906
0.886
0.919
1.000

( x )
5

for integers: (x) = (x-1)!

4
3
2
1
0

m1 105 tons
m2 300 tons

k/2

c c

k/2

Schematisation of the coal-dust mill