1.00 g / mL
= hsol (mmH2O) x 0.0735
13.6 g / mL
The pressure of hydrogen (PH2) can then calculated by the following equation
PH2 = Patm - PH2O - hsol
where Patm is the barometric pressure during the reaction and PH2O is the vapor pressure of water at the
reactions temperature. From there, the ideal gas law can be used to find the moles of hydrogen produced,
which in turned can be used to determine the moles of electrons that were transferred during the reaction.
By measuring the current applied during the electrolysis and time elapsed during the reaction, we can
calculate the charge applied in units of Coulombs. Faradays constant (F) is defined as the number of
coulombs per mole and can be calculated as
F=
Likewise, Avogadros number (N) is defined as the number of units per mole. Using the known charge of a
single electron, 1.60 x 10-19 C, we can determine the number of electrons applied during the reaction and
calculate Avogadros number as
N=
Concepts to Review
Oxidation-reduction reactions
Electrolysis
Ideal gas law
Calculations with amperes
Procedure
1.
Obtain a power supply and two cables that have alligator clips at one end. Also obtain two small
pieces of insulated wire (approximately six inches, with a small amount of exposed wire at each
end).
2. Completely Fill a 50 mL buret with 1 M sulfuric acid (to the top, not 0 mL).
3. Add 150 mL of 1 M sulfuric acid to a medium-sized beaker (250-400 mL).
4. Take a piece of insulated wire and insert one end in the buret (about 1-2 inches). Place a finger
over the buret opening, holding the wire in place, then carefully invert the buret and set it into the
solution in the beaker. Use a ring stand and clamp to hold the buret in place.
[Note: the sulfuric acid youre using is about the same concentration as household vinegar. Your
finger will be fine; just rinse it off after completing this step]
5. Clip the other end of the insulated wire to the cable attached to the negative end of your power
supply (keep the alligator clip out of the solution). This will serve as the cathode.
6. Take the other insulated wire and clip one end to the cable attached to the positive end of your
power supply. Place the other end of the wire in the beaker. This will serve as the anode.
7. Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage until hydrogen bubbles form in solution. Allow
the reaction to continue until solution level in the buret is below the 50 mL line then turn off the
power.
8. Record the initial volume of the solution and turn on the power, noting the starting time of the
reaction as well as the initial current being applied. Record the current in 5 mL intervals.
9. Turn off the power once 25 mL of hydrogen has been collected, noting the final volume of the
solution.
10. Using a meter stick, measure the height of the solution remaining in the buret, starting from the
surface of the solution in the beaker (not the buret opening).
11. Repeat this experiment two more times for a total of three trials.
[Note: the exposed wire can dissolve in the acidic solution over time. After each trial, check your
wire and use a razor or scissors to expose more wire, if needed. Replace the solution in the beaker
if its turned blue.]
Waste disposal
Sulfuric acid solutions can be poured down the drain with running water.
PH20 (mmHg)
17.5
18.7
19.8
21.1
22.4
T (C)
25
26
27
28
29
PH20 (mmHg)
23.8
25.2
26.7
28.3
30.0
Name __________________________________
Data
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
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after 5 mL
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after 10 mL
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after 15 mL
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after 20 mL
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after 25 mL
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Average
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Average
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Percent Error =
Exp-Actual
Acutal
x 100
Show your work for each of the following calculations from Trial 1
a) Partial pressure of hydrogen
d) Coulombs applied
f) Faradays constant
g) Avogadros number
Name: _____________________________
Section: ________
Post-lab Questions
1. How would each of the follow errors affect your calculated value of Avogadros number (incorrectly
high, low, or no effect)? Explain your answers.
a) The vapor pressure of water wasnt factored into your calculations.
2. When measuring Avogadros and Faradays numbers by this method, what assumption is being made
regarding the current being applied (other than the amperage remaining constant)?
3. This experiment could also be performed using a chloride solution instead of an acid.
2Cl-(aq) Cl2(g) + 2eWhat modifications, if any, would need to be done to the procedure if this substitution was made?
Name: _____________________________
Section: ________
Pre-lab Questions
1. Define the following terms.
a) Coulombs
b) Amperes
b) Making sure the exposed part of the insulated wire is fully inserted in the buret in step 4.
3. How many electrons are transferred by a 0.433 A current running for 13 minutes?
4. How many moles of electrons are required to produce 43 mL of 752 mmHg hydrogen gas at 21 C?
5. The solution will sometimes turn blue during electrolysis. Based on your previous lab experience, what
ion is probably causing this? Could the presence of this ion interfere with the reaction being studied? Why
or why not?