UNIT-IV

Transformations in the complex plane:

Consider the complex valued function
W=f(z)---------(1)
A complex number z=x+iy determines a point P(x,y) in the complex plane
and is referred as the point z. The point w= u+iv, is represented by a point
Q(u,v) in theu-v plane. Thus w= f(z) represents a transformation and
transforms a point P(x,y) to a unique point Q(u,v) in the complex plane.
Conformal Transformation:
The transformation w= f(z) transforms the curves C1 and C2 to the curves
C11 and C21 and intersects at a given point then the transformation is said
to be a conformal transformation.
I):The transformation w=1/z
f(z)= 1/z is analytic with

f 1 (z) =

-1
z2

, for z 0.

As such, this transformation is conformal at every point . The transformation

is carried by taking z = rei and w = Rei in polar form. Then from
the above Equation so that a point

(r, )

is transformed to the point

(R, ) = (1 / r,- )
Ex: show that the transformation
w = 1/z transforms a circle to a circle or a straight line.
Using W = u+iv, z= x+iy. And w = f(z) gives
1
u - iv
x + iy =
= 2
u + iv u + v 2
u
,
equating real and imaginary parts gives. x = 2
u + v2

y=

-v

,
u2 + v2
----------(I)
Let us consider any circle in z-plane . Its Cartesian equation is of the form

x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

Substituting for x and y from equation (I), we get

c u 2 + v 2 + 2gu - 2fu + 1 = 0

-------(II)
The above equation represents a circle in the w- plane if c , 0
and a straight line if c =0.

(II) :Transformation w =

z2

1.Consider the transformation

w=

z2

The transformation is conformal for

Now u+iv =
So, that

--(I)

z . 0

(x + iy )2 = x 2 y 2 + i(2xy)

u = x 2 y 2 , v = 2xy

Let x 2 y 2 = A i.e u = .A .Which represents a rectangular

Hyperbola. V= constant. V=2B, Which is also a rectangular hyperbola.
The two families of curves

x 2 y 2 = A and xy = B intersect orthogonally

Under the given transformation w =

2
2

z2

the rectangular hyperbolas

x y = A and xy = B

in the z-plane transforms to the st-lines u=A, and v=2B, in the w-plane.
2.Now consider a line parallel to y-axis. The equation Of this is of the form
x=a, where a- is a constant.
Then

x 2 y 2 = u or a 2 y 2 = u

2xy = v

or 2ay = v

v 2 = 4a 2 (u - a 2 ) (1)
The equation represents equation of parabola in the w-plane having vertex at

the point (a 2 ,0)

, and its axis is the negative u-axis.

3.Again consider a line parallel to the x-axis. Its equation is of the form
y=b, where b is constant.

u = x 2 y 2 or u = x 2 b 2
V=2xy or v=2xb

= 4(u + b 2 )b 2 = 4 b 2 (u + b 2 )
Which represents a parabola in the w-plane having vertex at the point

(- b ,0)
2

and its axis is positive u-axis.

2
Hence the transformations W= z
transforms st-lines parallel to y-axis
to parabolas having the negative u-axis as their common axis and the straight
lines parallel to x- axis to parabolas having the positive u-axis as their
common axis.

(III) :Transformation:

w = ez

1
z
Here f (z) = e 0 for any z. Therefore the transformation is
conformal for all z.

u + iv = e x + iy = e x (cosy + isiny)

u = e x cosy v = e xsiny

u 2 + v 2 = e 2x

-----(1)
We shall find the image in the w-plane corresponding to the straight
lines parallel to the co-ordinate axes in the z-plane. Let x = constant
y= constant.
Squaring and adding equations (1) we get

u 2 + v 2 = e 2x
v
= tany
u

and by dividing

Case-1:Let x = c Where c is a constant.

u +v =e

2c

( )

= e

c 2

= r2

This represents a circle with center origin and radius r, in the w-plane.
Case-2: Let y= c where c- is a constant

v
= tanc = m or v = mu
u
This represents a st-line passing through origin in the w-plane.
Conclusion : The st-line parallel to the x-axis in the z-plane maps onto
a st-line passing through the origin in the w-plane. The st-line parallel to
y-axis in the z-plane maps onto a circle with center origin and radius r.
A tangent is drawn at the point of intersection of these two curves in the wplane, the angle subtended is 90. Hence the two curves are orthogonal
trajectories of each other.
(IV):The Transformation :
1
Here f (z ) = 1

a2
z

a2
w=z+
z

The transformation is conformal at all points except

at 0 and
. The transformation is also known as the Joukowskis
transformation.
a 2 - i
i
i

Let z = re

u + iv = re

a2
= r(cos + isin ) +
(cos - isin )
r
Equating real and imaginary parts
After simplifying

cos =

(r + a / r )
2

: sin =

(r - a / r )
2

-------(1)

Squaring and adding

u2

v2

(r + a / r ) (r - a / r )
2

=1

Case-1: When r = constant then above eqn becomes

u2

a2

v2
b2

=1

Which represents an ellipse in w-plane with foci

z = r = constant,

Hence the circle

ellipse in the w-plane with foci

( a 2 b 2 ,0)

in the z-plane maps onto an

(2a,0)

2. Eliminating r in the equation (1).

u2
2

cos

Now

v2
2

sin

= 4a

z = rei

or

u2
(2acos )

v2
(2asin )

=1

represents a circle with centre origin and radius r

in the z-plane. = tan-1 y and y = tan

This represents a st-line in the z-plane passing through origin.

Now the equation (2) becomes
u2
A2

v2
B2

=1

Where A=2 acos

, B=2a sin

This represents a hyperbola in the w-plane with foci.

( A 2 B 2 ,0) (2a,0)
The both conics (ellipse & hyperbola) have the same foci, independent of
r and and they are called confocal conics .
(V):Bilinear Transformation:
Let a,b,c, and d be complex constants such that
ad bc

0. Then the transformation defined by,

az + b
(1)
cz + d

w=

is called bilinear transformation. Solving for z, we find

z=

-dw + b
( 2)
cw a

Which is called the inverse bilinear transformation.

The transformation (1) establishes one-one correspondence between the
points in the z-and w- plane.
Now from equation (1)

w=

az + b
or cz 2 + (d a)z - b = 0
cz + d

Since the above equation is a quadratic equation there exists exactly two
such points for a given transformation. These are called the fixed points
or invariant points of the transformation.
Note 1:
There exists a bilinear transformation that maps three given distinct
points z1 , z 2 , z 3 Onto three given distinct points

w1 , w 2,w 3 respectivly

(w w1 )(w 2 w 3 ) =
(w - w 3 )(w 2 w1 )

(z z1 )(z 2 z 3 )
(z - w 3 )(z 2 z1 )

Solving this equation for w in terms of z,

we obtain the bilinear transformation that
transforms z1 , z 2 , z 3 on to w 1 , w 2, w 3 respectivly
Ex: Find bilinear transformation that maps the points 1,i,-1 on to the
points i,0,-1 respectively.
Under this transformation find the image of z < 1
Also find the invariant points of this transformation.

z1 = 1, z 2 = i, z 3 = 1

w = i, w 2 = 0, w 3 = i

Using the formula

(w w1 )(w 2 w 3 ) = (z z1 )(z 2 z 3 )
(z - w 3 )(z 2 z1 )
(w - w 3 )(w 2 w1 )

We get

w=

1 + iz
1 - iz

To find the image of

z <1

we rewrite the above equations as

If

z <1

z=

i(1 - w)
(1 + z)

and using this condition we get u>0

Under this transformation the image of

Which is right half of w plane

z <1

is u>0

To find invariant points set w = z. The quadratic equation is obtained

z=

1
(1 + i ) 6i
2

These two are invariant under the transformation

COMPLEX INTEGRATION.
Complex Line integrals:
Consider a continuous function f(z) of the complex variable z= x+iy defined
at all points of a curve c. Divide the curve C- into n-parts by arbitrarily
taking points P0(z0), P1(z1),--Now zk = zk- zk-1 k=1,2,3,---.
The concept of line integral is that the curve is divided into smaller units and
the smallest part of the curve is a st-line.
n

f(

Then

)z k as n where z k 0

as n is defined as

k =1

the complex line integral along the path C, and is denoted as f(z) dz
C

and f(z) dz is used for simple closed curve.

C

Properties:
I) If C- denotes the curve traversed from Q to P then,

f(z) dz
C

f(z) dz
C

II) If C- is split into a number of parts C1, C2,C3, -- then

f(z) dz = f(z) dz + f(z) dz +--C

III)

C1

[ f

1 1

C2

(z) 2 f 2 (z)]dz = 1 f 1 (z) dz 2 f 2 (z)dz

C

Line Integral of a Complex Valued function:

=-

Let f(z) = u(x,y) + i v(x,y) be a complex valued function defined over a

region R , and C- be a curve in the region, Then

f(z) dz

= (u + iv)(dx + idy) = (u dx - v dy) + i

EXAMPLES:
Evaluate: z 2 dz

v dx + u dy .

i) Along the st-line from z = 0 to z = 3+i..

ii) Along the curve made up of two line segments, one from z = 0 to z= 3,
and another z = 3 to z = 3+i.
Soln: f(z) dz =

z =3+ i

z 2 dz .z- varying from 0 to 3 + i .

z =0

(x,y) varies from (0,0) to (3,1). Equation of line joining the points (0,0)
and (3,1).
y - 0 1 0
=
x-0 30

y = x/3.

And z2 = (x+iy)2 = x2 y2 + i(2xy) and dz = dx + idy .

f(z) dz
C

(3,1)

[x
( )

y 2 + i2xy](dx + idy )

0,0

(3,1)

[(x
( )

y )dx 2xy dy] + i

2

0,0

(3,1)

[(x
( )

y 2 )dy + 2xy dx ]

0,0

Now y = x/3, x = 3y. we convert these integrals into the variable

defined and integrate w.r.t y from 0 to 1.And dx = 3 dy.

f(z) dz
C

= 18 y dy + i
2

26 y
0

26

dy = 6 + i along the given path.

3

iii) Along the curve made up of two line segments one from
z = 0 to z = 3, and another z = 3 to z = 3 + i.
z = 0 to z = 3 -
(x,y) varies from (0,0) to (3,0)
z = 3 to z = 3 + i
(x,y) varies from (3,0) to (3,1).
Along C1 y = 0: dy = 0.and x- varies from 0 to 3 ,Z2 dz = x2 dx
Along C2 : x= 3. dx = 0 and y- changes from 0 to 1.
Z2 dz = (3 + iy)2 i dy.

2
z dz =

x =0

2
x dx + i

(3 + iy ) dy
2

= 19 + i

y =0

8
3

Ex: Evaluate the integral

I=

dz , where C- is the square region having vertices at origin O and

the points P(1,0), Q(1,1), and R(0,1).

Here the given curve C- is made up of the line segments OP, PQ, QR & RO.

dz =

dz +

op

dz +

QR

pQ

dz +

dz

RO

(x

On OP: y= 0 , z = x , 0 x1 , z dz =

+ 0 ) (dx + i.0 ) =
2

x =0

On PQ; x=1 , z = 1+iy , 0 y 1 ,

z dz =
C

(1
y =0

1
---------(I)
3

4
+ y 2 )(0 + i.dy ) = i ------(II)
3

On QR: y=1, z = x+i, x- decreases from 1 to 0 .

z dz =

(x

+ 1)(dx + i.0 ) = -

x=0

4
------- (III)
3

On RO, we have x = 0 , z = iy , y decreases from 1 to 0.

2

z dz =

i
(0 + y )(0 + i.dy ) = - 3
2

--------(IV)

y =1

dz =

1 4 4 i
+ i = 1 + i .
3 3 3 3
1+ i

Ex: Evaluate the Integral

(x

z =0

ii) the parabola y = x2.

iy )dz along i) the straight line y= x

Proof:: The parametric equations of the given st-line is given by x=t , y= t,

so that z = x+iy = t+it. As z varies from 0 to 1+I, the parameter increases
from 0 to 1.
Hence along the given line, the given integral is,
z =1+

z =1+ i

( x iy) dz = (x iy)(dx + idy)

2

z =0

z =0

( t it) (dt + idt) = (1 + i ) (t it ) dt

2

i =0

1
(5 i )
6

ii) The parametric equations of the given parabola are x= t, y = t2 .

z= x+i y = t (1+ i t) as z varies from 0 to 1+I , the parameter t increases
from 0 to 1.
The given integral is,
z =1+

z =1+ i

( x iy) dz = (x iy)(dx + idy)

2

I=

z =0

z =0

= ( t it) (dt + 2 i t dt) = (1 i ) t (1 + 2it )dt

2

t =0

1
(5 + i )
6