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CE 383

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING - 1
LAB #4: CONSOLIDATION TEST
CE 383 Fall 2014

Consolidation test
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Content
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Overview of consolidation process


Laboratory equipment
Test procedure

ASTM

D2435

Analysis of results

Consolidation
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Consolidation is the gradual reduction in volume, on


load application, of a fully saturated clay deposit due
to drainage of pore water
Consolidation continues until all the excess pore pressure
generated by the increase in total stress has completely
dissipated
Consolidation tests are used to find compressibility
parameters (svp, Cc, Cs, and cv)

Consolidation
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Applied load

Porous stone

Soil sample
Consolidation ring
Fiber-glass casing
Porous stone

Incremental-load consolidation test (ASTM D2435)

Consolidation
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Two questions associated with consolidation:


How much consolidation takes place?
Associated compressibility parameters:

svp = pre-consolidation stress


Cc = compression index
Cs= swelling index

How fast does consolidation take place?


Associated compressibility parameter:
cv= coefficient of consolidation

Consolidation equipment
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Actuator (for load application)

Loading frame

Load cell

LVDT

Consolidation cell

Consolidation ring

Porous stones

Filter paper

Test procedure
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Measure the weight, height and diameter of the consolidation


ring
Place soil sample into the consolidation ring and weigh it

Consolidation ring

Soil sample inside consolidation ring

Test procedure
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Place bottom porous stone into the consolidation cell


Put filter paper on top of the porous stone
Place consolidation ring with sample on top of the
filter paper
Put another filter paper on top of the sample
Place the top porous stone on top of the filter paper

Test procedure
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Bottom porous stone placed

Filter paper placed

Test procedure
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Soil sample placed

Filter paper placed on sample

Test procedure
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Place clamp ring on top of the top porous stone


Place load cap, ball and seat on top of the sample
Pour water into the cell such that the water level is
above the top of the porous stone
Place the cell on the loading frame to apply load

Test procedure
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Top porous stone placed

Clamp ring placed

Test procedure
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Consolidation cell placed

Load application started

Test procedure
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Apply an initial seating load


Zero the LVDT and apply the first load increment for
24 hours
Double the applied load at every 24 hours
Since our equipment is automated, we will set the
load increments and durations (24 hours) at the
beginning of the test

Test Procedure

During the test, check the water level in the cell


The

water level should always be above the top porous stone

When all loading steps are completed, remove the sample and
measure the water content and the dry weight of the soil
sample

Loading schedule
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Loading Step

Stress (kPa)

Duration (hr.)

Comment

50

24

Loading

100

24

Loading

200

24

Loading

400

24

Loading

800

24

Loading

400

24

Unloading

200

24

Unloading

100

24

Unloading

50

24

Unloading

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Analysis of results

Required calculation
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For each load increment, compute cv

Find the pre-consolidation pressure using


Casagrande's method
Find the compression index Cc and the swelling
index Cs

Determination of coefficient of consolidation cv


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Log-time method (Casagrandes method)

Square-root-of-time method (Taylors method)

Estimation of cv Casagrandes log-time method


Void ratio
et1

0% Consolidation

cv = coefficient of
consolidation

e4t1
50% Consolidation

et100

100% Consolidation

log t1

log 4t1

Primary consolidation

et0

2
cv = 0.196
50
H = average height of
sample (double drainage)

Secondary Consolidation

log t50

log t100

log(time)

Sample deformation vs time plot


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Sample calculation for Cv (using t50)


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2
= 0.196
50

H = sample height (double drainage)


t50 = time required for 50% consolidation
(determined using logtime method)
Example:

Soil sample height = 25.4 mm


t50 = 25 min
25.4 2
= 0.196
25

= 1.26 2 min

Square-root-of-time method
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Plot deformation versus square root of time


Find the linear portion of the curve and draw line AB
Draw straight line AC such that OC = 1.15 OB
Find point D, where AC intersects the curve
Point D gives the square root of t90
0.848 2
=
90

H = average height of sample (double drainage)

Square-root-of-time method
Sample height
A

0.848 2
=
90

B
OC = 1.15OB

t90

time

Sample calculation for cv (using t90)


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cv

H
0.848
t 90

H = sample height (double drainage)


t90 = time required for 90% consolidation
(determined using square root of time method)
Example:

Soil sample height = 25.4 mm


t90 = 115 min
(25.4 / 2) 2
c v 0.848
1.19 mm 2 / min
115

Consolidation
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Parameters
pressure svp
Compression index Cc
Recompression or swelling index Cs
Pre-consolidation

Pre-consolidation Pressure Casagrandes


Procedure
1)
2)
3)

4)

5)

6)

Locate point of max. curvature P


Draw a tangent line (T) through P
Draw a horizontal line (H)
through P
Bisect the angle between line H
and line T with line B
Project virgin curve upwards, line
V
Point of intersection (Q) of line B
and line V corresponds to svp

Projection of virgin curve, line V

Q
P

Horizontal line H
Bisection line B
Tangent line T

log(s vp )

log(s )

Determination of Cc and Cs
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Determine the final void ratio after consolidation due to each loading step
Use the final void ratio of each loading step when drawing the e vs. log sv
curve

Calculation of void ratio:

e f e 0 e
Vv
e
Vs
Vv
H
e

Vs
Hs
H H i H f

e
ei

ef

log(s v )

Calculation of height of specimen (Hs)


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Value of Gs will be given


during the lab

Change of height of specimen in 1-D consolidation test

Sample Calculations
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Dry mass of specimen Md = 80 gm


Diameter of soil sample = 63.5 mm, Area =0.00317m2
Hs

0.080 9.81

0.0093m 9.35mm
2.7 9.811000 0.00317
wA

Ws
Gs

Initial height of sample Hi = 14 mm


Initial void ratio eo
14 9.35
e o (H i H s ) / H s
0.497
9.35

Sample Data (for a loading step)


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Date

Time

Elapsed Time(min)

DCDT reading

Deformation (inch)

Deformation (mm)

11/4/2012

11:24:36

0.000

0.0298

0.0000

0.000

11/4/2012

11:24:37

0.017

0.0303

0.0006

0.015

11/4/2012

11:24:38

0.033

0.0308

0.0011

0.027

11/4/2012

11:24:40

0.067

0.0309

0.0012

0.030

11/4/2012

11:24:41

0.083

0.0310

0.0013

0.032

Data deleted to show end result in one slide


11/5/2012

7:58:20

1233.733

0.0643

0.0345

0.876

11/5/2012

8:28:20

1263.733

0.0642

0.0345

0.876

11/5/2012

8:58:20

1293.733

0.0642

0.0345

0.875

11/5/2012

9:28:20

1323.733

0.0643

0.0345

0.876

11/5/2012

9:58:20

1353.733

0.0643

0.0345

0.876

11/5/2012

10:28:20

1383.733

0.0643

0.0345

0.877

11/5/2012

10:58:20

1413.733

0.0643

0.0345

0.876

11/5/2012

11:24:48

1440.2

0.8798

0.0346

0.880

H 0.88 0
0.88 mm
e

H
HS

0.88
9.35
0.094

e f eo e
= 0.497 0.094
= 0.403

Sample Calculations
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Determination of Hi and Hf

For the first loading step, Hi =sample height at the beginning of test

For subsequent steps, Hi =Hf of the previous loading step

Hf (previous loading) = Hi (current loading)

For a loading step:

Hf = 14 0.88 = 13.12 mm (to be used as Hi in the next loading step)

H f H i H

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Determination of Cc and Cs
de
de
CC
2.303 sv
d log sv
dsv

NCL

Cc

RCL

1
Cs

de
de
CS
2.303 sv
d log sv
dsv

log s v

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Questions?

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