1.

0 Introduction

Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow

plant cells,tissues or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture
medium of known composition.Plant tissue culture is widely used to produce
clones of a plant in a method known asmicropropagation.Different techniques
in plant tissue culture may offer certain advantages over traditional methods
of propagation,including:

The production of exact copies of plants that produce particularly good flowers,
fruits, or have other desirable traits.
To quickly produce mature plants.
The production of multiples of plants in the absence of seeds or
necessary pollinators to produce seeds.
The regeneration of whole plants from plant cells that have been genetically
modified.
The production of plants in sterile containers that allows them to be moved with
greatly reduced chances of transmitting diseases,pests,and pathogens.
The production of plants from seeds that otherwise have very low chances
of germinating and growing,for example,orchids and nepenthes.
To clean particular plants of viral and other infections and to quickly multiply
these plants as 'cleaned stock' for horticulture and agriculture.

Plant tissue culture relies on the fact that many plant cells have the ability to
regenerate a whole plant (totipotency).Single cells,plant cells without cell
walls (protoplasts),pieces of leaves,or (less commonly) roots can often be
used to generate a new plant on culture media given the required nutrients
and plant hormones.
Most plant cells are specialized to a greater or lesser degree,and arranged
together in tissues.A plant tissue can be simple or complex depending upon
whether it is composed of one or more than one type of cell.The simplest
tissue found in plants is calledparenchyma.The cells are not very specialized,
more or less rounded or angular where packed together,and thin-walled.A
type of parenchyma called chlorenchyma because the cells contain
chloroplasts forms tissue (usually in the leaves) responsible for most of the
photosynthesis occurring in the plant.Note that in simple tissues at least
(tissues comprised mostly of one cell type),the tissue name follows from the
cell type.

However,tissues may also have unique anatomical names related to where in

the plant they occur.
Meristems.
The growth of a plant requires a source of undifferentiated cells located in
places where growth is needed and can be initiated to further the body plan (in
comparison to animals,plants are rather open in this regard).Some
enlargement in size is always possible by elongation or enlargement of
existing cells,or by existing cells simply dividing,but differentiation of one cell
type into another is only possible if the initial cell (mother cell) is
not very specialized.Tissues comprised of cells that remain undifferentiated
and supply,by their divisions,cells to form new tissues and organs,are
called meristems.Meristem tissue occurs in places that allow for a very orderly
pattern of growth.

1.0 Objective
1.1 To identify and give the function of the tissues.
1.2 To determine types of roots,stems and leaves.

2.0 Materials
2.1 Razor blade
2.1 Clean microscope slide
2.3 Coverslip
2.4 Prepared slide of onion root
2.5 Tilia two-year stem (B591)
2.6 Helianthus root (B535)
2.7 Typical monocot and dicot leaves (B598)
2.8 Typical monocot and dicot stem (B559)
2.9 Root hairs

3.0 Procedure
3.1 Living root tip
3.1.1

3.1.2

A germinating onion was obtained.Then,the primary root was

identified.It was fuzzy appearance was due to the numerous tiny
root hairs.Root hairs increase the absorptive surface of the root
tremendously.
By using a razor blade,the onion was cut off and it was
discard,then make a wet mount of the primary root.

3.2 Another five plant tissues was prepared such as,Tilia two-year
stem,Helianthus root,Typical monocot and dicot leaves,Typical monocot and
dicot stem and root hairs.
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.2.5
3.2.6
3.2.7

A compound of microscope was taken from the shelf that has

been provided.
Prepared slides of plant tissues was taken and it was put on the
slide rack.
The microscope was switched on and make sure the
magnification was adjusted.
The slides of Tilia two-year stem was put at the stage of the
microscope and it is adjusted until the cell of the Tilia two-year
stem was seen.
The cell of the Tilia two-year stem was sketched from what we
seen through the microscope.
Step 3 until step 4 was repeated by using another slide of animal
tissue.
The sketch was drawn on table 1.

4.0 Result
Plant Tissues
Tilia two-year stem (B591)
40 X / 0.65

Helianthus root (B535)

40 X / 0.65

Typical monocot and dicot leaves

(B598)
40 X / 0.65

Sketch

Typical monocot and dicot stem

(B559)
40 X / 0.65

Root hairs
40 X / 0.65

Onion root
40 X / 0.65

5.0 Discussion
5.1 Tilia two-year stem (B591)
The 2-year stem shows two distinct rings of xylem. The inner ring is the
primary xylem from the first year of growth,the outer ring was added by
the vascular cambium during the second year.
The function of Tilia two-year stem are the pith and cortex both store
food,obtained from the phloem.The xylem transports water up to the
leaves.The vascular cambium produces the new xylem and phloem
annually.The prymary xylem is the xylem that was made in the first
years growth by the apical meristem as the new stem was
produces.Secondary xylem is made every year after as the stem grows in
girth.
5.2 Helianthus root (B535)
It is an annual,there is no secondary growth visible in the stem,no growth
rings or lateral meristems such as you might see in a woody stem.
Helianthus is a dicot and the vascular bundles form a ringaround the
perimeter of the stem.Each bundle contains xylem and phloem.
The xylem is toward the inside.The xylem cells are large and thickwalled and they are stained red in this slide.
The phloem lies just outside the xylem,the phloem cells are
smaller,withthin walls and blue staining.Just outside the active phloem
there arephloem fiber cells.These tough, reinforced cells are stained red
and look similar to xylem cells.However, they don't seem to be involved
in transport within the plant.Instead,they apparently function mainly to
strengthen the stem.
The middle of the stem is filled with a ground tissue called pith.
The outer layer of the stem is the epidermis, which protects the stem and
reduces water loss.
5.3 Typical monocot and dicot leaves (B598)
Dicot leaves have an anastamosing network of veins arising from a midvein termed net vennation.Examples of dicot leaves include
maples,oaks,geraniums,and dandelions.

Monocot leaves have their leaf veins arranged parallel to each other and
the long axis of the leaf (parallel vennation) An common example of this
is the husk of corn or a blade of grass (both are monocots).
Typical monocot and dicot leaves are the principal site
of photosynthesis.Its function also help regulate the amount of water.

6.0 Conclusion
From this experiment,I can identify and give the function of the tissues.Based
on the disscussion that I state.I also can list the types of roots,stems and
leaves.There are Helianthus root,Root hairs,Onion roots and Zea prop root
for types of roots,Tilia two-year steam and Typical monocot and dicot stem
are types of stem and the type of leaves is Typical monocot and dicot leaves.

7.0 References
- Lewis R, Parker B,Gaffin D & Hoefnagels M (2007). Life 6th edition. Higher
Education,Mc Graw Hill (p.528).
- Reece, Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky & Jackson (n.d) Champbell
Biology 9nth edition. Pearson,Pearson Benjamin Cummings.(p.792).
- Wikimedia foundation Inc ( 2013 january 25 ). Root hair. Retrived on 2013
january 27.
From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_hair
- Wikibooks (2012 may 8). Botany/Plant tissues. Retrived on 2013 january 27.
From http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Botany/Plant_tissues
- http://www.olympusconfocal.com/gallery/plants/cornproproot.html