How To Calculate THD For The Following Waveform

How to calculate THD for the following waveform
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#1
28th May 2015,10:21
biswaIITH
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Hello friends...i got the below attached

line voltage(upper one) and line current(lower one
waveform from oscilloscope...This is the input
waveforms of a lab designed PFC converter...But i am
at a loss to calculate the THD(total harmonic distortion
) of the line current(Lower one)
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#2
28th May 2015,12:21
SunnySkyguy
Re: How to calculate THD for the following

waveform
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Any signal has 3 components;
Signal Power
Noise Power
Distortion Power
One needs to filter out or measure the spectrum of the

fundamental.
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Looking at your waveform, there is a lot high

frequency repeating glitches (i.e. synchronous noise
thus harmonic and some which appear random .
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A spectrum analyzer is the best tool to measure.
Another method is a recursive notch filter to remove

fundamental and harmonics and leave random noise.
Lookup SINAD measurements which compare total

signal ratio to that with fundamental removed, so
becomes (s+n+d)/(n+d) in power levels.
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#3
28th May 2015,12:33
biswaIITH
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Originally Posted by SunnySkyguy
Any signal has 3 components;
Signal Power
Noise Power
Distortion Power
One needs to filter out or measure the spectrum

of the fundamental.
Looking at your waveform, there is a lot high

frequency repeating glitches (i.e. synchronous
noise thus harmonic and some which appear
random .
A spectrum analyzer is the best tool to measure.
Another method is a recursive notch filter to

remove fundamental and harmonics and leave
random noise.
Lookup SINAD measurements which compare

total signal ratio to that with fundamental
removed, so becomes (s+n+d)/(n+d) in power
levels.
i dont have access to spectrum analyser...where can i
design that recursive notch filter???/is there any
software tool to design the same??is there any
software tool where we can measure THD of a
particular waveform directly???
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I presume you already reviewed the definition of THD.

At first sight, the shown current waveform has much
more non-harmonic noise, e.g. PWM carrier residuals
than harmonic distortion. THD is probably below a few
percent. In other words, it looks like a good working
PFC with insufficient filter for PWM frequency.
You are asking how to calculate THD but you actually

need to measure something before calculating THD.
That's primarly a question of available instruments
rather than software tools. Did you check the math
features of your oscilloscope? Does it provide FFT?
Waveform export?
Notch filter is a classical method to measure THD, but

in the present case it would measure THD+noise
instead of THD.
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#5
28th May 2015,13:15
biswaIITH
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Originally Posted by FvM

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I presume you already reviewed the definition of

THD. At first sight, the shown current waveform
has much more non-harmonic noise, e.g. PWM
carrier residuals than harmonic distortion. THD is
probably below a few percent. In other words, it
looks like a good working PFC with insufficient
filter for PWM frequency.
You are asking how to calculate THD but you

actually need to measure something before
calculating THD. That's primarly a question of
available instruments rather than software tools.
Did you check the math features of your
oscilloscope? Does it provide FFT? Waveform
export?
Notch filter is a classical method to measure

THD, but in the present case it would measure
THD+noise instead of THD.
yes it does provide FFT...The above current waveform
is a cleaned waveform..i am attaching the original
waveform that i got from oscilloscope..
....measuring THD of this waveform is not going to give
true measure...i have exported the data of the actual
waveform from cro(attached in this post) into an excel
sheet ..But that data also contains the unnecessary
noise and spikes....
i am thinking if i can export data of the cleaned

waveform(in the first post) to an excel sheet somehow,
will i be able to measure THD in matlab???
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#6
28th May 2015,14:26
FvM

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The best way to determine THD (without carrier

frequency residuals and other noise) is to perform a FT
and sum the power of e.g. 2nd to 40th harmonic. This
can be done in Matlab, or even in MS Excel. You
preferably perform the FT over full periods of the
fundamental, e.g. 4 to 30 (see IEC 1000-3-2).

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#7
28th May 2015,16:15
The Electrician

waveform
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Is this a university project?

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What model oscilloscope are you using? Is it a

Tektronix TPS series scope, such as a TPS2024, or
similar, with isolated inputs?
If it is a TPS oscilloscope, there exists a plug-in

application that does power analysis, including
calculating THD.
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#8
29th May 2015,07:48
biswaIITH

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No i am using Tektronix TDS2012 oscilloscope..can we

do power analysis ??
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#9
29th May 2015,08:02
SunnySkyguy

waveform
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Even Audacity using the AUX in audio port can measure

the spectrum of 1V signal and THD.. ( Free Windows
program. )
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Then you can export to Excel or Matlab
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29th May 2015,08:14
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Originally Posted by biswaIITH
No i am using Tektronix TDS2012

oscilloscope..can we do power analysis ??
I don't see the same sort of power analysis that the TPS
series has. Click on "Software packages" and you'll see
the TPS2PWR1 software:
http://www.tek.com/oscilloscope/tps2000
Here's more detail on the package:

http://www.tek.com/datasheet/tps2pwr1
Your scope image suggests that you are measuring the

grid voltage. How do you do this safely with a
TDS2012 scope? The TPS series scopes have isolated

inputs which makes this easy to do safely, but what do
you do?
If you use the FFT display on your very noisy (uncleaned) waveform, what does it look like? Adjust the
horizontal time to get a good result. Post an image for
us to look at.
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#11
29th May 2015,08:50
biswaIITH

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i am using an isolation transformer between the grid

and the converter n doin all the measurements after
the isolation transformer...
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29th May 2015,09:55
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waveform
I think you might be able to use the FFT function of the
scope. Here's a captured waveform of the magnetizing
current of a large inverter transformer energized by
the grid:
Here's what the TPS2PWR1 power analysis software

shows for this waveform:
Notice the measured THD-R of 38.7%.
Here's the FFT of the same waveform. The horizontal

speed was set to 100 milliseconds/div:
The only significant harmonics are the 3rd, 5th, 7th

and 9th. Calculating the THD-R from the magnitudes of
the fundamental and harmonics, which are -19.0dB,
-26.6dB, -35.4dB, -44.2dB and -56.6dB, I get a value
of 40.8%
You should capture a FFT display of your waveform.

Adjust the horizontal time to get the best resolution,
and post it here.

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#13
29th May 2015,10:43
FvM

waveform
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I think you might be able to use the FFT function

of the scope.
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Yes, but the post #1 /post #5 current waveforms have

(guessed) not more than 1 or 2 % THD. Exact
measurement with built-in FFT may be difficult (and a
purely academic job, because PFC operation is
obviously perfect).
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#14
29th May 2015,12:23
The Electrician

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Originally Posted by FvM
Yes, but the post #1 /post #5 current waveforms

have (guessed) not more than 1 or 2 % THD.
Exact measurement with built-in FFT may be
difficult (and a purely academic job, because PFC
operation is obviously perfect).
That's why I said that he "might" be able to use the FFT
function. I have no illusion that "exact" measurement
is possible this way; even my measurement with a
relatively clean waveform didn't give perfect
agreement between the result from the power analysis
software and the FFT method. Furthermore, I also said
that he should post an image so we can help him
determine if the result is useable.
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#15
30th May 2015,15:26
biswaIITH

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Following is the FFT waveform

conclusions can we draw frm here??
..What
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Last edited by biswaIITH; 30th May 2015 at 15:56.

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#16
30th May 2015,17:22
The Electrician

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Turn on the cursor function of the scope, select

"frequency" as the type. Move the cursor over each
significant spike in the FFT and note the frequency and
level in dB. Post your measurements.
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#17
30th May 2015,19:25
biswaIITH
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actually,while saving the waveform ,i saved all the data

in an excelsheet...following are the values i got
fundamental(50)= -12.2dB
3rd harmonic(150)=-32.6dB
5th harmonic(250)=-45.4dB
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#18
30th May 2015,20:27
The Electrician

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Originally Posted by biswaIITH
actually,while saving the waveform ,i saved all

the data in an excelsheet...following are the
values i got
fundamental(50)= -12.2dB
3rd harmonic(150)=-32.6dB
Now convert these values to voltages. Divide the dB
values by 20 and take the base 10 antilog (raise 10 to
the power of the values). I get:
fundamental(50)= .2455
3rd harmonic(150)= .02344
5th harmonic(250)= .00537
Use the formula for THD(R) on this page:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_harmonic_distortion
I get a value of 11.6% distortion.
Keep in mind that this is the value you would get if all
those glitches and noise were removed without
changing the magnitude of any of the 3rd, 5th, 7th and
9th harmonics (such as a filter might do).
If you know the attenuation versus frequency of a filter

you would use, you could apply that to the harmonics
and get an approximation of the distortion after
filtering. Or, you could actually apply the filter and
again measure the FFT of the filtered waveform.
The TDS2012 only has 2500 sample points and its FFT
is probably not without limitations, but at least you get
a rough idea of your distortion.
Something else you might try is to turn on averaging

on the scope. This lowered the noise floor of the FFT
when I did it on my scope.
Last edited by The Electrician; 30th May 2015 at 20:37.

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#19
biswaIITH

waveform
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I have taken the input waveform from the same

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converter...
...Though all the operating
conditions are same(i.e. load,line,switching
frequency)...Why is there a difference between the
earlier waveforms(post 1 and post 5) and the current
one???i am confused
..
What i mean to say is the earlier current

waveforms(lower ones in post 1 n 5) appear more
sinusoidal than the present one(lower one the pic
attached in this post)..what is the reason for that???
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