INTERNATIONAL Iso STANDARD 1996-2 ‘Second aciton 2007-015 Acoustics — Description, measurement and assessment of environmental noise — Part 2: Determination of environmental noise levels ‘Acoustque — Deseriion, evaluation et mesurage du brut de Tenvircrement— Partie 2: Déterrinetion des niveau de bait de Fenvironnement Rotorence rumor 160 10082200716) 180 200710 1996-2:2007(E) POF dleclaimer [Ts FOF fe may contain embecéed typetces. a scooearce wth Acotes loan ploy, fis fe may be ped cr vewed ta fal ro be edted lag he fpataces hn ar embeded ar lend aha nal onthe cota paring the sng. onnigedng ete, partes astopt Deer We responsi of ot integey Alcoa's leandeg patey. Te ISO Canal Secretar, Shep eye area ‘cote a tadomars af Ade Sytem ncoportd Datel of ie stare roUucts used o cal ts POF fe ca be found in the General nfo eat to te Me; he POF rection frariem ern cpion er pcing Every eam hte boon tent ere hat the sian fer ue By SO member bene. the unthety overt Baa pool ating ot feu, Heese fo the Carta Sorta ath adress given below [A fhe resowe. Unacooonion specified, ne prt of fie publzation may bo epeduced or ubzd in ay erm o by ent moar, Siecronic or manent, aang potccapyng and Tot, WEEK perislon Fa ing am ater SO & th ads Dabw ot [Soe rmenterbotyin hs county of be rogue (ess gondle s+ O-41211 Gena 29 Ermal sepyight@ico rg Won wees180 1996-2:2007(E) Contents Page Foreword. ‘Scope Normative references, seven seen 1 2 3 Terms and definitons.. 4 Meseurement uncertainty. 5 Instrumentation. 5 5: 41 Instrumentation syatem 2 Calibration... a Operation of the source. Industrial plants a Low-frequency sound sources Conditions favourable to sound propagation... Average sound pressure levels under a range of weather conditions. Measurement procedure. Principle . Maximum level, Lmese~ Exceedance levels, Ly 7 Indoor measurements Residual sound. 4D Location. 402 Other time and operating conditions. 44 Caleulation....... sowonencnee seeeoeenene “ ua 2 12 Information to be recorded and reported.. Annex A (informative) Meteorological window and measurement uncertainty due to weather. ‘Annex B (informative) Microphone positions relative to reflecting surfaces 7 ‘Annex G (informative) Objective method for assessing the audibllity of tones in nolse — Reference mothod. seep ESAS Rtas reserve "1S 1996.2:2007(E) Annex D ((nformative) Objective method for assessing the audibility of tones In noize — ‘Simplified method. ‘Annex E (Informative) National source-specitie calculation methods. Bibliography einer ee {2180 2007 A sais serves10 1996-2:2007(E) Foreword 180 the Intemational Organization for Standardization) i a worlowide federation of national standards bodies (80 membe: bodies). The work of preparing Intemaiional Standards Is normally carted out through ISO {echnical committees. Each member body inlerested in a subject for which a technical committee has been cetablished has the right lo be represented on thal commie. Intemalional erganizatens, governmental and ‘hon-governmantal, in lialgan with ISO, alga take part In the work ISO collaberalos closely with the Inlernational Elecrolecnieal Commission (IEC) an ell matters of slactrtecinical standardization International Standards are crafted in acoo‘dance vith the rules given inthe ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. “The main task of technical committees fs o prepare Intemational Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated te the member bodies for voting. Publication ae an International Standard requiros approval by at loast 75 % of the member bodes ceating a vole [Attention Is drawn to the possibility that seme of the elements of hss document may be the subject of patent fights. ISO shall not be held responsible for entlying any or all such patert right. 180 1986-2 wes prepared by Technical Commitee ISO/TC 43, Acoustics, Subcommittee SC 1, Noise. “This socond ccion of !SO 1998-2, togothor with ISO 1996-1:2003, cancels and replaces tho frst cxlition (SO 1996-2:1987), 180 1908-1:1882 and 1S01098-3:1987. It also Ineorporatae the Amendment TSO 1906-21987 md, 1"1908 180 1986 consists ofthe foliowing parts, under the general thle Acoustles — Description, measurement and assessment of environmental noise: Part 1: Basle quantities and aseessment procedures Part 2: Dotermination of environmental noive evele eit gst reserved scape vINTERNATIONAL STANDARD. ISO 1996.2:2007(E) Acoustics — Description, measurement and assessment of environmental noise — Part 2: Determination of en ronmental noise levels 1 Scope “This part of 'SO 1995 deserbes how sound pressure levels can be determined by direct measurament, by fextapolation of measurement resuts by means of esleulation, oF exclustely by calsulation, intended as a basis for assessing envranmanial noise. Recommendations are given regarding preferable conditions for rmasurament or caleation tobe appllad in eases whare other regulations da nat apply. This part af ISO 1996 ‘can be used to measure wih any frequency welghting or In any frequency band. Guldance Is given to evaluate the uncertainty ofthe result ofa noise assessment NOTE 1 AS Nis part of 150 1995 deals vith measurerients under 2cival operating condivons there fs no relatonship between this part of 180 1396 and other ISO stancarés spoctying amissicn maasuremerts under spectiod cparating condeione, NOTE 2__ For the soko of generalty, the frequency arc tie weighing subsarpts ave been rite throughout this part ar1S0 1296. 2 Normative references “The folowing referenced documents are incispensable for the application of this document. For deted references, only the edition clled epplles. For undated references, the latest exon of the referenced document (inctxding any amendments) applies. 180 1996-1:2003, Acoustics— Description, measurement and assessment of envianmental noise — Part 1: Basie quanttice and assesament provedures 180 7196, Accuotioe — Froquency-woighting charactrits for ivragound measurements {EC 60042:2003, Electroscoustoe — Seund calibrators EC 61260-1995, Elecroncoustes — Octave-band and tactionakoctave band tars 150 61672-1:2002, Electroscoustcs — Sound level meters — Part 1: Speefcations Guide to the expression of uncerdabty in measurement (GUM), BIPMMECIFCC/ISOMUPACIIUPAPIOIML, 1890 (corrected and reprinted, 1595) ep inenn DEROCA OCONO 4180 1996.2:2007(E) 3. Terms and definitions For the purposes ofthis document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1996-1 and the following apply. 3a recelver location location at which the noise Is assessed 32 ccaloulation method set of algorithms to calculate the sound pressure lave at arbitrary locations fram measured or pradiclad eound emission and sound attenuation data 33 prediction method subset of calculation method, intended for the calculation of future noise levels a4 ‘maasurementtime interval {ime interval during which a single measurement is conducted 35 ‘observation time interval time interval during which a series of measurements Is conducted 36 ‘meteorologteal window set of weather conditions during which measurements can be performed with limited and known variation In ‘measurement resus due lo weather variation a7 coundpath radiue of curvature z radius approximating the curvature of the sound paths cue to atmospheric retraction NOTE Ris exressod inklometes 38 Tomtrequency sound sound containing frequencies of intarest witin the range cavering the anesthe octave bands trom 16 Hz to 200 Hz 4, Measurement uncertainty “The uncerteinty of sound pressure levels determined as described in this part of ISO 1998 depends on the fecund souree and the measurement time interval, the weather conditions, the cletanee from the source and the measurement methed and instrumentation The measurement uncertainty shall be determined In cnorcance wih the GUA. Some guidelnes on how to estimate the meesurement uncertainty are given In Table 1, wivere the measurement unceriainty is expressed as an exoanded uncerteinty based on combined slapderd uncertainty multiplied by a coverage factor of 2, arevidlng a coverage probabil of approximately 95%, Table 1 relers to Anweighles equivalent continuous sound pressure levels only. Higher uncertainties cen be expected on maximum levee, frequoney band levee and levels of tonal componente in nol. NOTE 1 Tabla isnot complto. Whon preparing tis pert of 80 1996, isuffclnt information was avaliable. a many cates, it is appropiate to ade more urestainy contibutons, e.g. tha ona assorted wih fe salacton of microphors locaton NOTE 2 Cognizant aunnontes can s6tovnar lavas of contriance A coverage factor of 1,3, for exaMDB, provises a level of eonficence of €0% and a coverage factor of 1.65, a level of confilencs ef 90 %.10 1996-2:2007(E) Intestrepors, he covetage pcktity shal aways he state hiner wih tn expanded urceriny ‘Table 1 — Overview of the measurement uncertainty for sag ‘Standard uncerainy ‘Combined standard] _ Expandsa uncertainty measurement Dust Dueto [Due to weathor| Duo to residual ‘uncertainty instrumentation =| oparsting, | and ground | sound® iN 10 conawens® | conettons © : eee 220% 8 8 e * y o a 2 = For 1E01e72-12002 cass 1 incnanontaton, i ober netunertain (EC OT672-12002 dese 2 @ IEG 6086-2001) icc 6001-2000 type 1 seund vel meters) er recone mictephores ere uead, the Yue wl erga > Tobe dotamined! om at at tras, and preferably va, waasuraments unde pasty coeitions (the saree meseureren oxocecie, the se instumanis, be sare operat, thd sa placa) and ata postion whersvarisions 1 meteroogie! cordon have life ituence on the reauts. For longterm mecsurerenis, more moasurererés ero raqird to delomine the repecatly| stanceré dewation. For oad-irafe nls, sorte gucance on tha value of is wan M62. ees te cecnrrg ne amu danon ad be pang metro conan A mad aby ant wothrcclgavar spray sed fam ona toga Faron Sacmcranerd, wane nar oon sal. However, for long-onm massurerenis ese vrais can acd consiertl tothe messuremnen uncer. 5 Instrumentation 5. Instrumentation system “The instrumentation system, including the microphone, wind shield, cable and recorders, itany, shall conform to the requirements of one cf the folowing dass 1 Instrument as specie in EC 61072-1:2002, ciate 2 Insrument as spectied in IEC 61872.1:2002 ‘Awind shield shall avays be used dung autdoor measurements Cognizant authertles may reque instuments conforming with IEC 6167212002 alee 1 NOTE 1 1€0.61672-1-2002 class 1 instumerts ero spocflod over the range of aie temperatures fem - 10°C to 4150 Cand IEG 61672-1:2002 dase 2 ieiramants fre Oto + 40°C. NOTE 2 Moat sound lovol motor that mest tho oguiromant in IEC 60661 and IEC 60804 elec meat the acouetis raquements of IEC 81872-1 For maasurements in octave or ene-third-oclave bands, the class 1 and clase 2 instrumentation eystems shall ‘meet the requirements cf a class 1 or class 2 fiter, respectvely, spectied in IEC 81280-1005, 5.2 Calibration Immediately betote and after each series of measurements, @ class 1, of, in the ease of class 2 instruments, a class 1 oF 2 oizes 2 sound callrator in accordance with |EC 60942-7003 sal be applied fo the microphone to ‘check the cellration ofthe entre measuring system at one or more frequencies, | measurements take place over longer perieds of time, e.g. over a day or more, then the measurement system should be checked elther scaustially or electrically at regular tervals, @ . once or twice a day,ISO 1996-2:2007(E) lis recommended to verfy the compliance of the calbralor with the requkements of IEC 60842 et leest once ‘year and the compliance ofthe instrumentation eyatom with the requiremants of the rolovant IEC etandarde atleast every tno years In a laboratory with fraceablily to national standards cord the date ofthe last chack and confirmation of the cempliance with the rlovant IEC etendard 6 Operation of the source G1 General The source operating conditions shall be statslicaly representetive of the noise environment under consideration. To obtain a refable estimate of the equivalent continuous sound pressure level as well as the ‘meximum sound pressure level, the measurement tme interval chal encompass a miaimurm number of noiee ‘events, For the mast carman types af nase sources, guidance is given In6.2 10 6.5 NOTE The operatng concitone of his part of SO 1906 are alvaye the actuel oneo. Accordingly, they normally afar from the eparatng cendiions stated in Inrnatoral Standarcs fr noise amission mezsuromants, “The equivalent continuous sound pressure level, Lag, of nce from rail and ar Yaffe can often be determined ‘most effciertly by measuring a number of single event sound exposure levels, ,, and calculating the ‘equivalent continuous sound pressure level based cn these. Direct measurement of the equivalent cortiauous ‘ound preseute level, Zaq7, [8 possible when the nelse is alatonary er time varying, auch aa isthe cage with ‘noise from road trafic af6 industrial plants. Single-event sound exposure levels, from road vehicles ean bbe measured only at roads weh a smal traffic volume. 62 Road traffic 621 ,, measurement When meastring Ly, the number of vehicle pass-bys shall be counted ¢uring the measurement time interval. W the meaauremert resut Is converted to other trafic conditions, catinetien shall be made between at least the two eategerias of vehicles “heavy” and “ight”. Ta determine I tha traffe conditions ate representative, the average trafic seed shell be measured and fe type cf reed surtace noted NOTE A commen dofriton ofa heavy vehicle is one oxcoading the mace 3 500 kg. Ofton heavy veFicles are divided inte saveral sub-catagcrie depanding en the numbar of whacl des ‘The number of vehice pass-bys needed! fo average the variation In Indidual vehicle nolee emission depends (on the required accuracy of the measured 4, If no better information is aveilable, the standard unce-tabny denoted by Xin Table 1 can be calculted by means of Equation (1) a Where « isthe fetal number of venisle peas-bys. NOTE Equaton (1) refers to med road traf. ony one catagory of vehicles Is rvolve, the standard uncertahty wil be smaler. When L. rom Individual vehicle pass-bys are registered and used together with trafic slaistos to calculate qq 0¥6t the roferenco timo interval, the minimum number oF vahicles per category chal bo 20. 622 ly, measurement ‘The maximum sound pressure levels as defined In ISO 1998-1 difer amiong vehicle categories. Within each vehicle eategory, # certain spread of maximum scund pressure levels Is encountered dua to indNelual differences among vehicies and variation in speed or driving patterns. The maximum sound pressure level should be dolermined based on the sound preseure level measured during at least 30 peas-bys of veblelee of the catogery considered.10 1996-2:2007(E) 63 Rail traffic 63.1 /g;measurement on Necsutemerte shall conelet of the pase-by nolee from at least 20 traine. Each catagory of tain potertialy ‘contrbuling signiizanty to the overall Lqq shall be rapresanted by at least fe pess-bys. If necessary, ‘measurements shall be continued on a subsequent day. 6.3.2 Lac Measurement ‘To determine the maximurn sound pressure leval fr a certain categery of train, the maximum scund pressure level during at least 20 pass-bys shall be recorded. If tis not possible to obtain this many recordings, shall be stated in the report bow many train pass-bys were analysed and the Influence on the uncertainty shall be assessed G4 Airtraffic GAA Lg;measuremont Fea Mezsurements shall consist of the pass-by noise ffom five or more of each type of alrcraft contributing ‘igaifoanly fo the sound presure level to be determined. Eneure that trafic pattern (runway use, take-ofi and landing procedures, alfieat mix, lime-of-day distroution cf the raffle) ie relevant for the lesue under ‘consideration, BAZ Lina Measurement the purpose Is to measure the maximum sound pressure level from alt traffic in a spactie residential ae, ensure that tie measurement period contains the alrcrant types withthe highest noise emission using the fight tracks of nearest proximity. Maximum sound pressure levels shall be determined from at least fe and preferably 20 of more occurrences ofthe mest nolay relevent aircraft eperation. To estimate percenties cf the dlstrbution of maximum sound pressure lovee, record atleast 20 relevant avents. I itis not possible to obtain this many recordings, shal be stated in the report how many averaft pass-bys ara analysed and the Influence on the uncertanty shell be assessed NOTE Pase-bynoice can be caused by areratin fight or en the ground, 2g fading 65 Indust plants 65.1. /,,measurement ‘Tho cource operating conditions shall be divided Into claeses. For each claca, the time variation of the sound ‘emission from the plant chell Le reasonebly stationary in a stochastical senea, The variation shall be less than the variaton in tansmission-path attenuation due to varying weather conditions (see Clause 7). The time vatlaten ofthe sound emission ficm the plant shall be determined from 5 min to 10 min Jog values measured fata distance long enough to hnelide noise conirbutfone from ell major sources and shor! chough to minimize ‘melaoroiegical effects (see Cicuse 7) during a ceriain operating condition. I the source le cycle, the ‘measurement ime shall encompass @ vihcle number of eyeies A new catagarizetion of the operating conditions shell be made If tie cierion Is exceeded. Ifthe offtrion Is mel, meesure J, during each class of ‘operating condition and calculate the resullng J, taking into account the frequency &nd duration of each clase of operating condliion. 65.2 Lpqcmeasurement I the purpose Is lo measure the maximum sourd pressure level of noise from indusrial plans, ensure that the ‘measurement period contains the plant operating condition with the highest nolae emlasion occuring at the heatest proximity fo the receiver location. Maximum sound pressure levels shal be determined from at least five events of the mast nay relavant operation condition NOTE The cpetating condition ia defined by the oct ae wal ae fe location. acta DISA Tasca record 5180 1996-2:2007(6) 6.6 Low-frequency sound sources Examples of lov-roquency eound sources ate hellecpters, sound from bridge viratione, subway traine, stamping plants, pneumatic constuction equipment ete. ISO 1996-12003, Annex C, contains a further ‘scussion on low-frequency sound. Procedures to measure low-frequency noise ere given in 8.3.2 and 8.4.9. 7 Weather conditions 7.4 General “The weather conditions shall be representative of the noise exposure situalon uncer consideration ‘The mad oF rail aurface shall be dry and the ground eurface shall not be covered with anaw er lee and should be neither frozen ner soaked by exceseive amounis of water, unlase uch condone are lo be investigated ‘Sound pressure levels vary with the weather concitons For soft ground such variation is modest wnen Equation (2) apptes: tethon @ where ig Is the sourve nelght I, Ie the recelver height, Inthe distance between the sauree and receiver. Ite ground is hard, lerger distances are acceptable ‘The meteorological conditions during meaurement shall ke described or, if necessary, monitored. When the ondiion In Equation (2) is not fulled, the weather conditions can seriously afect the rasuls of the ‘megsurement. Genetal guidance is given in 72 and 7.3, while more pracise guidance Is gen in Annex A Upwind of he source, measurements have large uncertainties and such conditions are not usualy sullabie for short-term environmentabnosse measurements 7.2 Conditions favourable to sound propagation To faciltale the comparison of reauils, it fs convenient to carry out measurements under selected rmetaoroiegieal conditions, 20 that the resulls are reproducible. This le the case under rather stable sound propagation conditions, ‘Such conditions exist when the sound paths are reacted comnwards, for exarnple during downwind, meaning igh sound pressure levele and moderate level variation, The sound path radius of curvature, 2, le positive fend is valle depends on the wind speed and temperature gradienis near the ground, as expressed In Equation (A). With one dominant source, choose metecrological concitons wih downward sounderay curvature from the soutee Yo the receiver and adopt measurement time intervals corresponding to the conditens given in Annex A, for example 2 € 10 km. ‘AS guldance, the condition R < 1D km holds when the wind Is blowing from the dominant sound source to the recelver (daytime within an angle of + 60°, rightstime within an angle of 90°)10 1996-2:2007(E) the wind speed, measured et a height of 3m to 11 m above the ground, is between 2 ms and 5 mis, during the daytime er more than 0,5 mie at night-time, no strong, negative temperature gradient cccurs near the ground, e.9. when there Is ro bright sunshine during the daytime. 7.3 Average sound pressure levels under a range of weather conditions Estimating average environmental noise levels as thay occur aver a range of weather eondltens requires long measurement tme intervals, often several months. Aternatively, wel montoted, short-term measurements representing diferent weather conditions can be combined wih calculations taking weather staistics Into ‘account to dalarmine long-term averages. The combination of source operating condifons and weathe:-dependent sound propagation shall be taken into account, co that every important component of ecund oxpesute Is reprosonted in tho measuroment results. To determine a fong-erm average noise level as it can ocour during a year, It Is necessary to take Into account the variations i eouroa amiceion and sound propagation during a whele year. 8 Measurement procedure 8.4. Principle For the selection of appropriate observation and measurement time Intervals, it can ke necessary to lake survey measurements ever celatively long te periods 8.2 Selection of measurement time interval Select the measurementime interval to cover all significant variations in nolse emission and propagation. If the noise elspiays perlocilly, the measurement Une Interval should cover an inleger number ef a! least three perieds. f continuous moacurements over auch a period cannot be mada, measurement tne intowale chal be chosen so that each represents a part of the cycle and so that, together, they represert the complete cycle. When measuring the noiee from single avents (e.g. alroraftfly-over, during which the nelee variae during the {ly-over but ls aaeent curing @ eensidarabie portion ef the referenca time Inlerval), measurement time intervals shall be chosen so that the sound exposure level, fg, of te single event can be determined (see 8.4.3) 8.3 Microphone location 831 Outdoors Toatcess the situation a a specie location, use a microphone at that specif location For other purposes, use one ofthe flowing posifona: 8) treecteldposiien (ference constion} This case Is ether an actual case or a theoretical case for which the hypothetisal fee field over ground scund pressure leva of the natant sound field outside a bulding fs calculated from rests of measurements madi Blose to the Duldrg [see & 3.1 ) and 8 3.1 c). The incident feld notation reer tote fect that all rections, ifany, fom any bulding behind the mierophone are siminated. A postion behind a house thet aols a2 barat is also considered to be an incident fad position but in this case positions 8.3.1 b) and 8.3.4 c) are not relevant and reflections trom the back side of he bulding are incuded,10 1996-2:2007(E) } postion with the microphone fush-mounted on the reflecting surface; In this case, tne correction applied 1o get the Incifent sound fleld Is - 6 48, Guldance on the conditions to meet is given in Annex B. For other conditions, i's necessary to use diferent corrections. NOTE 1 + 648 ie tho dforenco botwoon a fagade-mountod mierophona and afte fold microphone in an ideal eae, In practice, minor cavitins rom tis vale do o>tur ©) _poetion with the microphone 0,6 m to 2 min front ofthe reflecting eurfact In this case, the correction apaled to get the Incident sound fleld Is - 3 48. Guidance on the conditions to meet is given in Annex B. For other conditions, it is necessary to use diferent corections. NOTE 2 Te aiference between the sours pressure lvel at a microphone placed 2 m h frat of the facade ard at 2 free-eld microphene 1 cose 19 308 in an idea case whore 10 ofr vera efecing obsiade influences Sound propagation te tho studied rosciver. In compox atuctione, ag. gh bulding donalty on the ata, caryon eteet.ot>, thie flferance can be mich higher Even 1 the inal casa, there can ba soma rastietene. Fee neargrizing meanca, this positon fs notrecommnendec as the deviatons can be great. For turer qudance, see Annex B. ‘ny principle, any of the positions described in this subclause can be used, provided that the posiion used is reported together with a statement of whether or not any correction to the reference condliton was made. In some specfic cases, the positions desaibed in this subclause ate subject to further restrictions. For further guidance see Annex B. For general mapping, use a miotaphone height of (4,0 + 0,5) m in mul-storey residential areas. In one-stovey residential araas and recraationel arees, use a microphone height of (12 0,1) m or (15.1 0,1). For permanent noise monitoring, other microphone heights may be used, Nolse levels In gid points fer use In nokke mapping are normally calculated Mf, In special cases, measurements are carried ou, the density of ord points selected in an area depends on the spatial resolution required for te study concemed and the spallal varation of sound pressure levels of the nolse. This variation is strongest in the viohity of sources and large obstacles, The denely of grid pons should, therefore, be higher in these places. In general, the difference in sound pressure levels between adjacent grid points should not be greater than dB. I sgnficanly higher differences are encountered, Intermediate grid points shall be added, 832 Indoors Use at east ree dlzorete postions evenly detibuted in areas of the room whee affected persons preferably spend fime, or, as an altemstive for continuous noise, use a rctating microphone system If dominant low-frequency noise Is suspected (see €.6), one ofthe three postions shall be In a corner and no rotating microphone is alowed. The comer posiion shall be 0,5 m from all Lounday surfaces in a corner with the heaviest walls and without any wal openings nearer than 0,5 m, The other micophones shall be positioned at least 0.5 m from walls, celing oF Noor, and at least 1 m from slgniicant sounc-iransmission elements such as windows o° airniake operings. The distance between neighbouring microphone posions shall be ai leas! 0,7 m. if@ continuously moving microphone Is used, Is ‘sweep rads shall be atleast 0,7 m. The plane of raverse shal be inclined in order to cover a large portion of the permitad room epace and shall nat le within 10° of the pana of any rcom surlace. Tha above requremen's conceming the dislance from disnzete microphone positions 10 walls, call, floor and transmission elements also apply to moving microphone positions. The duration of a traverse perod shall be not less than 15 s. NOTE 1 Incasos whore thave aro only A.waightod maacuromarts ané only smal ccntrbutons tothe A.nsightod leva ‘Tor ow mequeancies, tc. n some casas, be suMicient tn use one micropnore postion. The procedures inthis subsieuse ore primary intended for rooms with volumes < G00 m3. For larger rooms, more microphone posiions ean be appropiate. In such cases, for lou-requency nose, ane thd of ho extra posiene shouie be comer postions 2150 2007 - Ach reserved10 1996.2:2007(E) 84 Measurements 844 General NOTE Vatables and rating levels such as te yearly 2¥62290, Ly Femi 2M ny a0 etre in 130 1986-4 8.42 Equlvalent continuous sound pressure level, faq? Normal meceurement of Leg: ifthe traffic density i low or the residual sound pressure level high, the L, levels shall if possible, be G&termined from ., measurements of Indlvidual pass-bys. This s often the case ref rall- and ai-raffic noise; see 6.3.1 end 6.4.1, respectively. For shor-ierm averagang, unless the condifen In Equation (2) fe fuiflled, massure for al least 1Dminutes to average weather-induced vaviations in tha propagation path. I the concttion in Equation (2) Is Tuliled, 6 min Is usually suMickent, can be necessary to Inorease these minimum limes in order 'o gel a reoresentative semple of source operating conditions (se2 Clause 8). 8.4.3 Sound exposure level, L, If itis not practicable fo measure Lg, for the required number of events, measure L for each ind'vicual event Moacuro a minimum number of averte of the eoureo aperalion as epesid in Clauce 6. Measure each event during @ time petiod thal fs long enough to nelude all important nelae contributions. For a pass-ty, measure ntl the sound pressure level has dropped at least 10 dB below the maxmum level. BAAN percent exceedance level, x7 During the measurement time Interval, record the shortterm iq (Whera T'< 18) oF record the sound pressure level wih a sampling time lass than the tme constant of He me weighting used. The class Interval Inko Which recorded results era placed shall be 1,0 dB or lose. Tho parameter bea and, whore applleatlo, ‘ima weighting, ofthe recording pericd and the class inlewval used to determine the Ly, shall be reported, eg “ased on 10 ms sampling of Z- with a dess Interval of 02 BT oF “based ON Leqies ass Wah 7,0 3" 8.45 Maximum time- and frequency welghted sound pressure level, Lemar Lsnax Using tine weighting F or S, as specified, measure Sena, Of Ugg, f0F a minimum number of events of tha ‘source operating condions as specified in Ciause 6. Record each result, NOTE Time weighing F conclatos botar with humen porcopton than timo woighting S. Using ime weighting S, i ‘Jeno, mprovas ho reproduc BAG Peak sound pressure level, Loesk ‘See ISO 10843 for sonic booms, blasts, te. NOTE IEC 618721 space the coouracy onl of © poak detect using C-woightng 847 Tonal eound IF the noise characteristics al the recelver lecalion Include audible tone{s), an objective meesurement of the prominence of the tenes should be eared out. The microphone peeitane with the most audible tone(e) should be selected and the analysis should be camied out as deseribed In Annex C: for ha reference method and a3 described lh Annex Dfor a simplified method NOTE In genera, tonal analysis o nc noise isnot recommanded due fo the mocal behaviour of tras in roams. Fr some frequency bands, iis also probleratical al iicrophones in Font ofa facade. seen 9 SGA as reserve 9180 1996-2:2007(E) 848 Impulsive sound ‘There ls no generally accepted method to detect Impulsive sound using objective measurements. If Impulsive sound occurs, identity the source end compare it fo the Ist of impulsive sound scurces in ISO 1996-1. in ‘addiion, make sure thatthe impulsive sound is representative and present in the measurement me interval 849 Low-frequency sound Indoors, measure at three microphone positions as specified in 8.3.2 Outdoors, measure In the free field or rectly on 2 fagace; see Annex B. “The methods In this part of ISO 1998 are generally valid down to the 18 Hz octave band. However, for these leve-troquenoy measurements, the microphone shell be at least 16m from the nearest signileant reflecting surface other than tne ground n order to be a ree-tletd (Incdant-sound fleld) measurement NOTE Tho microphone postion in tent of the reflecting surface mentonad in 8.3.1 c) has rat been ofinad for owtrequency sound measurements. 84.10 Residual sound When measuring environmental nalse, residuel sound as defined In ISO 1996-1, ae all neise other than the specific scunds under investigation, Is otten a problem. One reason is that regulations often require that the noise from diferent types of sources be dealt wih separately. This separation, e.g. of teffic nolse from Incustial noice, Is ofton dificult to accomplish in practice. Another roasen is that the moceurements aro normally cared out outdoors. Wind-induced noise, directy on the microohone and incirecty on trees, buildings, etc, may also affect the result. The character of these noise sources can make It dfcult or even Impossbe to carry out eny corrections, However, see 9.8 to carry out corrections If kis necessary fo measure the residual eound, 84.11 Frequency range of measurements I the frequency content of the reise is required, then, uniess otherwise specfled, measure the sound preseure level using octave-band filers having the follawing mid-bend frequencies: 163 Hz, 128 Hz, 250 Hz. 500 Hz, 1 000 H2, 2000 Hz, 4 000 Hz, 6 000 Hz Optionally, the measurements can be made h one-third-octeve bands with mid-band frequencies from 50 Hz to 10 000 Hz, Frequency bands without signficent influence (< 0,5 dB) on the A-weighted sound pressure level may be ‘excluded and this exclusion should be reported For low-frequency scund, the frequency range of interest appears to be from about 5 Hz to about 100 Hz. in the range below about 20 Hz, the G-weighting In accordance with ISO 7196 is used in some counties ‘0 assess sound. Above about 16 Hz, cctave-band af one-Nrd.cclave band analysis in the range from about 16 Hz to 100 Hz 's used In several countries. For lowstrequency sound, this part of ISO 1996 Incudes the exiended frequency range from about 12Hz to 200Hz (the 18Hz, 31 Hz, 63Hz, 125Hz and 160 Hz ‘cnesthitd-octave bands) and evaluation shall be made in accordance with ISO 7196, 9 Evaluation of the measurement result 9.1 General Corront ali measured ouldoor values to the reforonce coneition, iF epplicabie, thet lc to tho froe-ild levol ‘excluding all eflectons but those from the ground.ISO 1996.2:2007(E) 9.2. Time-integrated levels, Land Lr For each mictopnone positicn and each category of source operating conditions determine the energy average of tie measured values Of Lp OF Leg NOTE Guidance on how io bain retng lovee uch £0 Zin 2 Hani given in ISC 1006-4 9.3 Maximum level, Lmax For each microphone postion and each category of source operating condkons, determine the folowing values, whenever relevant: the maxima; the orthmate average; tho energy average; the ctanderd doviaton; ‘he statitioal detibuion of the measured valuet of Ley For hemegeneaue groupe of single events with a Gaussian dlatibution of maxrmum cound preeetre lovele, Luge Equation (3) and Figure { fo eatimale pereontiles ofthe detibution ef mavimum ecund preseurelevele ® ‘wnera Lpang 8 the maximum leva exceeded by p % of the events; Tmo isthe arthmatle average of Lng, ftom all events; + Te the etendaré doviation of the maximum lavole from the evente (an eatimale of the standard ‘cevietion cf the Gaussian dtnbullon): 1} (8 the number ef stancard deviations given Dy Figure 1 "180 1996.2:2007(E) 120 14 18182022 kB Figure 1 —Pereontage, p, of single events with a maximum ound pressure level exceeding, By a certain number, y, of standard deviations, the (arithmetic) mean of a normal distribution of maximum sound pressure levele EXANPLE I the fh highest marcrum sound prassure leval is raquad out of 500 vehslas passing, then tho wanted percerula is (6200) x 100 = 1% and fom Figure The fcr, 5, to set In Equation (3)'s gon by 7=233=23, thats Laan one) ~ Tad ata regs) * 23 ‘where «isthe stancars deviation ofthe maximum aves 9.4 Exceedance levels, Analyse the sampled values stalietially to obtain the stattioal lavl, Ly» for 4%. 9.5. Indoor measurements Use a scanning microphone or discrete positions. discrete microphone postions have been used, calculate the spatially averaged value of the equivaient continucus sound pressure evel as given in Equation (4) tg=t0 Fo!" ap ” wher 1 leant ermston oneal oroster rans lag tern oe pin. de I measurements are carried out during diferent measurement tme Intervals with ferent ttc condrtions, eech of the noise levels, 1,,. shoud be converted to the same reference traffe conditions using an ‘eppropriate calculation method! aoe 11.2. ithe meacuroment rcom le normally fumishad or hae acoustical treatment on the coling, make no corrections ‘of tho moasurod velues. IF the room ie empty and without acoualieal treatment, eubtract 34B from the reacured values. {185 2007 — an rights esos180 1996-2:2007(E) NOTE The 3 dB correction used to take info account the difrence between furished and unfumiahed rooms ia a Ssripificavon to avckd making measurenenis ot ta raverberaton te. If requations requ oManvse, N can De ‘eceasary to measure the reverberation ime an ncrmalize the measufed sound preeaure eves othe reference stala oF tha regulaton. 9.6 Residual sound If the residual ecund proseure level le 10,d8 or more below the measured sound preseure level, make no ccomections. The measired value ls then vali fr the source under fast. If the residual sound preseute level Is 3 €B or leas below the measured sound preasure level, ne corrections ‘are allowed. The meceurement uncertainty Is then large, The resulta may, howaver, alll be reported end may bbe useful for determining an upper boundary tothe soln pressure level of he source unde lest such cata are reported, it shall clearly be stated inthe text of the report, as well 2s In graphs anc tabs of results, that the reported value cannot be correcied to remove the effec ofthe residual sound. For cases when the residual sound pressure level is within a range fram 3.42 fo 70 dB beiaw the measured ‘sound pressure level, crect according to Equation (5). yy — lg (10%! _407ase!"® gp 6 where Icon Te the corrected sound preceure level Iyeace 19 the measured sound pressure level, Tread ISthe residual sound pressure level 40 Extrapolation to other conditions 10.1 Location Extrapolation of maasurament reaulle Ie often used fo ealimate the sound pressure level al ancther location ‘Such extrapolation I useful, for example, when residual sound prevents direct meesuremert at the tecalvar location ‘The noice measurements chall be carried out at a well defined lecation, neither foo lose (not Inthe near feld of some part of the saurca) nat foo fat away (minor weather influance on tranemission is desirable) from the Source In relation to the extension of the source. By ealeulating the attenuation that has taken place during Propagation from source 'o measuring position, an estimate of the source noise emission is establsned. This estimate is subsequently used 10 calculate the sound pressure level at a receiver further away from the noise Source than the intermediate measurement pesition, ‘To periorm the ealeulation of sound transmissien attenuation, i Is nacessary lo use a ealeulation method: see Clause 71. The Intermediate measurement postion shall be chosen so that reletle measurement and calculation Is facitated. For example, there should be no screening obstacles between the source and the rmiciophone and a high microphone ‘positon Is prefetred 23 this minimizes the influence of the weather ccondilons during the measurement, 10.2. Other time and operating conditions Often measuremen's are carried cut during time periods shorter than the reference time interval and the resulls have to be adjusted to other time and operaiing condifons. Long-term averages are celeulaled fiam chortferm mecourements by ‘cling Info aooount euch ifluences ae cther iraflo fiowe, another vehicle composition, another dlstibution of weather condlions, ste Scmetimes different times of the day are Weighted dlferenty It is necessary fo base such adusiments on some kind of calcuiation metho Clause 11 see 43180 1996-2:2007(6) 44 Calculation 11.4 General In many cases, measurements cen be repieced or supplemented by celculations. Calculations are cften more rellable than a single short-term measurement when long-ierm averages are to be deteimined and In other cases where itis impossibie lo carry cut measurements because of excessive residual sound pressure levels. In coae ef the later, It semetimes convenient to cary out the meaeurements at a chort distance from the seuree and then use a calculation method to celeulate the result at a greater distance. When calculating rather than measuring sound pressure levels, It's necessary to have data on source noise emission. preferably as @ scurce sound power level (including source direciviy), and the position of (a) point source(s) creating the seme sound pressure levels In the enviionment as the real source. For traffic nolse, sound power levels are often replaced by sound pressure levels determined uncer well defined conditions COiten auch data are given in established calculation models but in other caaes It is necessary that they be determined in each Individual caze. Using @ sullabie model fo the sound propagation trom scurce to recever, tne sound pressure level at the assessment point can be calculated. It 1s necessary to relaie the sound propagation 10 well defined meteorological and ground conditions. Most calculation mode's refer to neutal or favcurable sound propagetion conditions, as other propagaten condiiors aro much more difcut to predic. The acoutic Fnpedance of the ground Is also Important, in particular at smell distances and low scurce and racelver heights. Most modes distinguish only between hard and soft ground. I's, In general, easier to carry out accurete calculations with high source and recelver postions. Various degrees of accuracy are required depending on the purpose ofthe calculaion. The necessary density of grid points used a6 a basis for mapping the noise lavols in an area depends on the purpose ofthe mapping Nolse-level vatiaion fe strangest In the vicinly of sources and large obstacles. The density of grid poinis shotle, therafore, be higher ln such places. In general, far overall neice exposure, mapping the difierence ly Sound pressure levels between adjacent grid points should not be larger than 508. When selecting noise-mitgation measures In the form of etther rose control hardware or economical compensation, crkt-palnt density should be chosen so hat variation between the adiacent points daes not exceed 2 0B. 11.2 Calculation methods 11.2.1 General There are no internationally recognized complete calculation methods, although there are some International Standards, euch ae ISO 9612-1, ISO 9613-2 and ISO/TS 12474, on sound propagation that can be applied for sources with known eound power output. A lt of national ealeulatien methods fe given in Annex. 1.2.2 Specific procedures ‘Separate celeuation methods have been developed for the assessment of roads, talk and alrrafilc noise. In ‘most countries, national methods ate used. Many methods are Iited to caicuations of A-welgited scund pressure levels end are applicable for a specifc frequency spectrum. Normaly, an Lag-besed meitic Is Celevlated, and cometimes this motic ie cupplemented by Lnay. Thete are, however, excepts, enemy omar etn (2180 200" ~ At rgnts rearedaa] 10 1996.2:2007(E) 12 Information to be recorded and reported For meesuremen's, the flloning information shall, if relevent, be recorded and reported: 1) time, day and piece for measurements; b). Instrumentation and is calbration; o} measured and, if relevant costed sound pressure levels (gp Ly Lah Aeighled (optona Giflgind co wel) and; optional. eruanay banda; "= C=” LP Lmais Awelghed (cptenaly 4} measured 1 percent excoedance lovel (ty 7) ineuding the bese on which it ie calculated feampling rate snd other parameters); ©) eatimate ofthe messuremant uncertainty together wih the ceverage probity; 4) Information on residual sound preccure levee during the meaeuremante; 9) time interval forthe measurements; h) thorcugh deserption of the measurement ste, Including ground cover and corditen, and locatens, Including helght above ground, of mierophone arid source: 1) ceseripion of the operating conditens, Including number of vehiclestrarvalterat pass-bys spect tor, each suitable eatagary, \ |) description of the meteorclogical conditions, inciucing wind speed, wind clrection, loud cover, temperature, baromelre pressive, humidly and presence of precipitation and locetion af wind and temperature sensors; Kk) methodis) used to extrepolate the measured values to cther enncitions For cazuletion, relevent information listed Ina) tok), Inching calculation uncertainty, shall be glven, seot omens eSBESR Aaa rosowee 41610 1996-2:2007(E} Annex A (informative) Meteorological window and measurement uncertainty due to weather A1 Weather and measurement uncertainty “The varlabity of nolse levele during measurements fs iviuenced by the weather conditions, The weather cenditors ate eharacterisec in this annex by the sound path radius of curvature. ‘The vakias given for the Standard deviation, «,,, due ta weatherinduced variation Ih sound propagation attenuation ara vallé for spedife saund-propagaton condiions. Such valies cannot he gan for langelarm average nose levass censistng of contributions from sound propagating under a variety of concitions. This annex is typeally valle ‘or measurement time Iniervas trom 10 min up to afew hours A2 Weather characterization For neatly horizontal propagation the radius, 2, approximating the curvature of the sound paths caused by ‘atmospheric refraction, can be determined by Equation (A 1). varies wth the height above the ground, wal cfs) is the speed of sound in aif, expressed In metres per second, equal to egJF , where K 4u—_fethe wind speed component inthe direction af propagation, expressed In matras per sacond; 2 ©2008 cnt 188 constant equal to 10 Seen ua ts 10 = Ie thaabeolute temperature ofthe alt, exoressed In kevin: = lathe helght above the ground, expressed in matras Based on the cifferences In temperature and In wind speed at 10m and 0.5m above the ground, the rumereal value of &, expressed in klomelres, ean be appreximated by Equation (8.2) (a2) where ‘Ar Is the numerical value ofthe diference between the alr femperalures, expressed in keNn, et 10 m ‘end 0,5 atiove the ground: Lacon ©" G30 2007 Aran esarne4u ig the numerical velue of the difference between the wind speeds, expressed in metres per second, st 10 m and 0,5 m above the ground; 4s the engle hetween tne wine altection and the direction trom source to receiver. Care should be faken when measuring small temperature differences. Frequently the difference Ie smaller ‘than the uncertainty in the ealbration of the thermometers, A3 Favoural sound propagation conditions ‘The sound path radius of curvature, R, depends on the average gradient of wind speed ard temperature and Is the most important rector determining the sound propagation conditens, Positive values of & correspond to downward sound-ray curvature (e.g. dung downwind or temperature invareien). Such sound propagation condiions ara often referred to ae “favourable, that is, the sound pressure level are high, NOTE 1 Temparature inversion can accur, 0g. atright when the cloud covers less than 70 %, NOTEZ = corresponds to sralgrtine scune propagation (ro-wine". nomogeneaus atmosrhere) walle negatve \aluse of 2 comogpond to upwerd acund ray cuvatur (0g. during upand or an alm summer day) ‘AA Guidance on the radius of curvature required for favourable sound propagation and associated weathor-induced uncertainty Equation (2) equres microphone heights in excess of 5 m or 10 m ata distance of about 80 m to 100 m trom the source In order to measure under any weather conditions. For measurements at more typically used microphone heights, Figure A.1 spectfies the radius of curvature required forthe sound propagation cordlitons to be “Tavourable' and states the associated standard devietion, cq, of Measurement resuts expected a8 4 ‘consequence of weather variation in propagation over porous ierfain such as grassland, The figure is not ‘epplicabe fo long-term measurements, Distrction is made in Figure A1_between so-called “high” and “low situations, depending on the source heloht, J, and recelver height, Situations are igh” when both the source and the microphone are 1.5m or more absve the ground, When the source is less than 1,6 m above the groune, the microphone shall be at a “41m height or more for the situation to be "high". When the sourea ie jess than 1,5 m above the ground and the microonone height is 1.5 m or less, the situation is "bbw In “ow stuations, the requirements on weather ‘condilions curing measurenent are srcter then In “high” situations, Nigh situation: hg 1.8m and b, > 1.8m, oF Ig < 1,5 m and Ay > 4m lowsltuction: ig < 4,8 mand A, < 1,5 When the whole terrain surface between the source and the measurement postion is hard, the \weather-nduces standard deviation cen te neglected 2s long a8 no Sourd shadow Is formed, 1.2, cj, = 0,5 4B upto 25 m in“Tow" and up to 50 min “high” situations, NOTE 1 The pidanca in 4.3 asadon mesturamat dala Sich data endo egal om recaver ected mb Tier weeny onanism eaters athe OS en 2m NOTE? In Figue 4.1, anagatve recusof curvature ie ascaplad in “high” situations with propagation distances below 200m. Figure A.1 Is veld for unscreened flat terrain. No quanitave information Is available for screened receiver postions or tera with complex topography. Until such information becomes avaiable, Is recommended to Use Figure A1 for screened situations as well and lo define screened positions to be ‘lov situaiors, Seca itt eserves 7180 1996.2:2007(E) MLNS ' on= 1,508 “I R<10km a WARN om=2.8 ES LARS \ % 101m eer) © ‘om om fey 2 tg 8 ton © no restrtion Pure At —Scund path aus of trv andthe assed measurement unerthy contin, egesed ax th star etn, due weaker nvene, vas contntons fsoretecaner bls (to) oe pro re tance, egress nts ef mere than 40m, he a of urvte hal be ethan Touran ten western yl [tae] For roads or other extended sources, the curvature shall be determined in a vertical plane though the ‘microphone positon perpencloular to the road oonkeline (or perpendicular to a charactorctic large dimenalon ff the source, whan sppleabla). The average wind direction shall be In the interval 60 degrees arcund the ‘rormal from the road through the microphone postion The effectwe souroe-recelver distance. shall De cetermined along the bisector of the engle between the average wind speed vector and the nermal trom te road to the microphone Fesition; see Figure A 2.10 1996-2:2007(E) Key 1 mean wind direction 2 contains 2 measurement poston Figure A.2 — Favourable propagation conditions from a road and the effective source-recelver distance, d A5 Guidance on when the sound path curvature satisfies the requirements in Figure AA Figures A and A4 show the limits of the sun's allude, and hence the temperature gradient, forthe me Intervals ofthe day (on the ordinato] fer each menth of the year (on the ebsoioea) ‘Area A comosponds to times when the ¢un lsat an angle of 40" to 80° above the horizon; ‘Aves B comesponds to times when the sun Isat an angle of 25 to 40° above the herzon; Area C Area D -Area AA (Figure A4) corresponds fo tines when the suns at an angle exceeding 60" above the horzon Figures A and A4 are appropriate for sound propagation over urban grassland, €.g. grass, sollary trees and detached single family dwellings in an urban er rural setting. Table A.t incleates the smatest acceptable wind speed component (downwind component) In the drection of fscund propagation that eneurae that the radius of curvature of the sound path i less than - 10 km ane less than 10 km for the “high” and ew" sitions, respacively. The demand on the downwld component \depends on the cloudiness and on te required radius of curvature, 9180 1996-2:2007(E) Table A1 — Characteristics Influencing the radius of curvature, ‘Smallest wind speod component at 10 m above the ground, Inimis, wher ‘Time period ofthe day | Cloud cover el Rote (igh, ¢> 30m) (ow, a> 25 m) 78 tick and dense 04 13 A wea 42 20 <5i8 20 20 iB thick ad dane 02 42 8 wooo 09 a <5i8 18. 23 i thick ad dane ° 08) ° ao 03 19 2 mis component = 0 D (Only measure near the source These requromorts ensure hat the radius of curvature, Rs lose than ~ 10 ken and 10 Kr, for th| hich and “iow” stuatons. respectvely. for vanious times of day and coud covers. “Tho area marked “A’ corroapende to “in the middle of the day in eummer™. With thick and deneo clouds a downwind component of 1,3 mis is requlted for the critecion, & < 10 ke, 10 be tultlled. For ight cloud cover or bright weather, a downwind component of 2,7 m/s or more Is necessary to ensure Rs 10km, which is the requrement in“law/ candilons al soures-recelver distances execeding 25 m. ‘Tho arca marked "B* ropresents morning and aflernoon in eummor and the timo around nocn in spring and autumn. For example, the erteron, A < 10 km, can be met bY a downving component of 2,3 mis when the ‘loud cover ie lose than 6/8 The area marked °C" comprises hours in a day outside the time designated ether A or B. The cilttion, Rx 10 km, can for example be met in ight cloud cover cf 4/8 with a downwind of component wind speed of 17 més. ‘The hours marked ‘0 indicate the te from sunrise to 1.5 after surrise and from 1,5 h before sunset untl unset, During these hours, large local variations in temperature can ozcur, and it le recommended that no ‘weather-senslive measurements be carried out during thesa tima perleds unless such conditions ate decisive In special cases. [During the night (shown weh black In Figures A and A.4), only a small downwind component Is required ‘when the cloud cever la more then 6/8. IF the cloudiness 's lees than 6/8 durtag the night, large local temperature gradients can oncur and a wind speed of 2 mis or more is requred fo avold special sound- ropagetion effects, such as sound focusing under inversion cendllons, eo Beene gamete © 180 2007 - Alois reared180 1996-2:2007(E) 423465678 910 12 key X months of ne year (begrning wit 1 for January) Y umecr ne dayin rours NOTE1 The data usedto create Figure A.3 and Table A.1 wore collcted at approximataly 56" north lattude NOTE2 Sea Figura Ad for data at other itudas Figure A.3— Time intarvale when the eun'e altitude, and hence the temperature gradient, Hl Is within certain limits at 56° north latitude at180 1996-2:2007(E) x1 1,2,3,46.67.8.9101112 1.2.3.4.567.8 910112 123.4567 89101112 ees es pore core 70" at 78 9101112123456 7891012123456 78 91012123456 x2 Koy 2x1 mors ofthe year (boginning wit 1 for January), ner of Equator 2X2 months of ne year (beginning wit for July), south of Equator Y time ofthe day mn hours NOTE The data uted to croste Figure A wore colecad at approximately 56" north latitude and ganeralzad fo bo Vala otneritludes: Data on the downwind requiernants area AA are nsuciont Figure A4— Time intervals when the sun's alttude, and hence the temperature gradient, Is within ‘corfaln limite at various lathudes180 1996-2:2007(E) Annex B (informative) Microphone positions relative to reflecting surfaces B.1 Free-field position ‘This is a postion where there are na reflecting surfaces aiher than the ground clase enough to influence the sound pressure level The distance ftom the microphone to any sound-eflecting surface apart from the ‘ground shall bo at ieast twice the dietance frors the misrophene te the dominating part ofthe sound source, NOTE __Excoptons cen be made fr srall scund-vlecting surfaces and when itcan be shown that tho reflection hes ‘an irsgnicant effect. This can be basad on caculatns taking into account the majer denensons of the rflating surface fend the wavelength B.2 Microphone directly on the surface Subject to the restrictions and requirements autined below, this paskion alms at achieving a well defined + 6 dB Increase ofthe sound pressure level ofthe incident sound (Tree-fleld"leve) This position is on a reflecting surface and the direct and reflected sound are in phase below a certain ‘frequency, /. For broadband traffic noise with sound Incident from many angles, ‘Is about 4 KHz for a rmistophone with a 13 mm diameter meunted on the reflecting surface. This position should be avoided F the sound arrives predominantly ata grazing Incidence. “The fagade within a distance of 1 m fram the microphone shall be flat to within 0.05 m. The dlatance fram the microphone ‘o the surtece edges of the facade wall shall be greater than 11m. The microphone can be mounted as shown In Figure B.1 or with the microphone membrane fush with the surface of the mounting plate. The plate ehould no! be thicker than 25mm and is dimensions not less than 0,5 m x 0,7 m. The stance from the microphone to the edges and symmetry axes af the mounting plate shall be greater than 0,1 mio reduce the influence of difraction atthe plate edges. ‘The plate shall te of an acoustically hard and stiff material, such as painted chipboard thicker than aporaximately 18 mm or Simm aluminium pate with minmum 3mm damping matetial on the side facing the ‘well inorder 'o avoid sound absorption and resonance in the frequency range of interest NOTE Tho plato in Figure 1 recta cn file rubber etrpping to commponcato for fogad inegulat ere should be taken thet no disturbing aeredynamic noise Is created between the plale and a rough facade. |. “The microphone can be used witout a plate when the wall is made of concrete, stone, gles, wood or similar hard mate‘al. In this caee, the wall surface within a radius of 1 m from the ericrophane shall be flat to within +0,01 m. For octave-band meacurements, a microphone of 13 mm diamatar or emaller should be used. I tho ‘requenoy range is expanded above 4 KHz. a 6 mm microphone should be used settee SRD 2th reser 23180 1996-2:2007(E) { key rubber smpping mierophene wnesereon ountng plato wall or eflacting surface Figure 8.1 — Microphone mounting on reflecting surface B.3 Microphone near reflecting surface ‘Subject to the restrictions and requirements outlined betew, ths postion alms at achieving a well defined “+44 Increase of the saune pressure level of the Ineident scund ‘reefil”level. £8 150.2007- Al none esanneISO 1996.2:2007(E) When the microphone is at @ disiance from a reflecting surface, the drect and reflected sound is equelly strong and, when the frequency band considered le wHla enough, the reflection causes a doubling of the energy af the direct sound feld ane a3 dB Ineraase a sound pressure leva The fegade shall be plane within +0,3m, and the microphone shall not be placed at postions where the seund fields iviuenced by the multple reflection of sound between protuding bullding eurfacea. Windows shall be considered as part of the fagace. They shall be closed during measurement but a small ‘opening fr the microphone ceble Is allowed, The ofilela In Clauses B.1 to B.3 ensure that the overall equivalent er maximum sound preseura level measured deviates ess than 1 dB from the level ofthe Incklent sound plus 3 dB. Two cases are distinguished; see Figure B2: 1) ontonded coures, Le. the source angle of view, cle 60° or mero; ) point source, Le. Is less than 60° For narrow-band sources oF trequency-band measurements, tree-feld or + 8 dB positions are recommended. The distance from the microphone at point M, perpendicular tothe reflecting surface, to the pint O isd; see Figure B.2. Point © Is considered representative of the microphore positon when determing the angle of view, «. The distances «” and a’ are measured along the dividing Ine of the angle, a. M's the point on the dividing line at a perpondioular dietance, d, from the reflacing eurface, ‘The distances from pont O 10 the nearest edges ofthe reflecing surface are b (measured horizontally) and (measured vertically) To avoid edge effects in the frequency range Including the octave bands 125 Hz to 4 KH, th efterien in Equation (B.1) for tho herizontal moasuramont or in Equaten (8.2) for tho vortiel measurement shal be fullled bead ey cead 2) ‘The ettetion in Equation (B.2) for an extended ecurce ot Equation (B.4) for @ polat source ensue that the hholdent and reflected sounds are equally strong, ee ode ea a 0,054" “ 4) ‘The erteria sted in Equations (8.6) to (B.8) eneure thal the microphone Is placed at a aufiient dletance fram tho 1 € dB region ner the fapace. overall Asweighted sound pressure levels for an extended source, In acoorcance with Equation (8.5) ae 05m 5) ‘ctave-band ound preasure levele for an extanded cource, in accordance with Equation (6): se 1om eo ‘overall A-weighted sound pressure levels for a point source, in accordance witn Equation (6.7) ae 1om 7 28octave-band scund pressure levels for a point source, In accordance with Equation (B.8) a> 54m es Key 1 buleng facade or eter reflecting suriace 2 extended source Mi rnicrophone positon 4 perpendicular distance tom be mcoprone Fosidon tothe reflecting surface, © RO aMangiine of te angle, « Figure B.2 — Microphone near reflecting surface scree ees ttn (2180 2007 Al hs reserved180 1996-2:2007(E) Annex (informative) Objective method for assessing the audibility of tones in noise — Reference method C1 Introduction ‘This annex provides measurement procedures to be usad to vaily the presence of audible tones thelt presence Is in dispute. Based cn the prominence of the tones, this procedure also provides recommended levels of aqlustment. The alm of the objective method Is to assess the prominence of tones in the same way fas listeners do on the average. The mathod Is based on the payoheacouetic concept of ortoal bande, which fare bands defined so that sound cufside a eriieal band daes not contribute signiicanty to the aultilty of tones inside that ertical band ‘The method includes procedures fer steady and varying tones, narrow-band noise, lowefrequercy tones, and the resul is @ graduated adjustment of O dB 106 dB. €.2 Objective method €.2.1 General “The method hae three stops: 2) _harron-bend frequency analysts (preferably FFT-analysis); b)_ cetermination of the average sound pressure level of the tone(s) and of the masking nofse within the clical band around the tone(e); ©) calcuation of the tonal audbilly, aZ, and the adustment, €.2.2 Frequency analysis ‘Avnarrove-band A-weighted spectrum is measured by linear averaging for atleast 1 rin (long-term average”) ‘The effective analysis bandwidth shall be less than 5% of the bandwidth of the ctitical bands with tonal ‘components. The widths ofthe crtcal bands are shown In Table C.1 118 recommended that the measuring setup, inducing the trequency analyser, te calibrated n dB re 20 UPA, and that Hanning weighting be usec as the window function NOTE1 wih the recommended Hanning tne _vindow, the efectve ana¥vsis banaatcth (or te eective no [anduidt) i 1,6 mea he froquoncy tesoluson. The frequency resouton the deiance between the lnca in the spectrum NOTE2 With an affective analysis bandweth of § % of a cxtcal band, just audible tones nonray appaar 26 local raxime ofa least 8 UB above the surrounding masking noise inthe averaged spectra NOTES In rare cases of 2 complex tone with many closely spaced tone components, a Mer resoluion can be receosary to dotomine cartaty the lovel af the meoking ncieo. NOTE _ IF tho froquency of eusibio tones in tho apactrum vara by moro than 10% of tho frequency range of the ‘ica! band within the evataging ame, i can oe necassary to subdivae the lng-lomn average info a nurnber of shorter. {orm averages. 2Is 1996-2:2007(E) €.2.3 Determination of sound pressure levels. ©2341 Sound pressure level of tones, ‘The tones may be identified from the narrowband frequency spectrum by visual inspection. The sound preceure lovels ofthe tones are determined from the apectum, All ocal maxima wih a 3 ¢B banawidth smaller than 10 % of the bandweth of the actual crticel band are regarded as a fone. ‘The levels, Jy, of all tones, i, In the same cxtical band shall be added on an energy basis fo gve the total tone level forthat band, £,.. 8 ven in Equation (C.1): Lost en NOTE fra “tono"ie a norow band of role, crf the Faquoncy ofa tone varies, the fone appoars ae several ines in ‘the averaged spectrum. n such casas, the tne lava. the enovgy sum o all ines, wih loves within 6 dB ofthe loca rmaxrrum level and cerrctod fo" the iflenca oF tho abpiad window functon. (For Hanning woighirg, fis isthe anergy ‘Simoffralines minus 18 8) In cases where tones appear at low frecuencies, It is advisable to Investigate whether the total tore level Is ‘above the hearing thresholé ($0 239-7). the total tane level ina erlicel band fa Below tha hearing trechold, this cical band should be disregarded in the assessment of tonal audboly, €.23.2 Bandwidth and centre frequency of critical bands. ‘The widths ofthe ertical bands are shown in Table C1: Table C1 —Wicths of erltlcal bands Contre requency.f,.Hz | 5010500 ‘Above 500 Bandwidth, He 709 2D off ‘he ertical band shal be postioned with ils conte frequency, fat tre tone frequency. When a number of tones are presen! in the range ofa erica band, the eileal band shal be posiloned syrmetcelly around the most sgnifcant tones ln su a way tha! the dlference between the toll tone level, Jy. and the level of the masking noise, lyn, (8° C.2.33) is maximized Fer the definition of tho contre fraquercy of a ertcal band, only tones with lavele 10 dor lees below the level ofthe tone with the maximum level snould De regarded as significant. NOTE Tho conke Fequoncy,/,,f tho erica! hande cen vary contruouely evar the ‘equancy range of ntreat. The lowes! entcel bards 0 Hz'0 100 HE. €.23.3 Sound pressure level of the masking nolse within a critical band, Lon “The everage rice lve, ayy toa bend may be Fund by vcuay averaging he lyels of he “aloe Insc" im he narrowband PObuoney spect range exending tor fe serve Tequeroy, fe to rprosmataly v0.5 ome! bana to rica bar on each ste te ‘noe nes” are fauna Dy csregardn at marinate speetum result rom ones ahd Del povsble sdsbands that ange eexinetBte eninge (2150 2007 - alight esenedISO 1996-2:2007(E) “The toial sound pressure level ofthe masking noise, Zp, 1s calculated from the average noise level within the cttioal band, Lyng 28 glven in Equation (C2). Boa lon hana 1000-8 2 where gy lscrical band width, expressed in hertz; jar Ie effective analysis band width, expreased in hertz 6.2.4 Calculation of the tonal aucibility, Ai, and the adjustment, & The tonal aucibilty, Aig, is expressed in decibels above the masking threshold, MT: see Figure C.1. The Schuster. tne vale o be ade tthe value ag fora me Perv to gle he tne corected rating level for that inteval. From the diference between tone tavel and noise level in a critical banc, £4, —Z., both ‘lg and K; can be determined by means of Figure G1. A gen done hequoncy, ofthe ce bar ane a gin vel eres, .~ Ly delrrine a pantn gue 1 The tna audi ly is eermied os the Einerence between {i,71,° ane tne masking threshold sown in the Noire k,i"reed by inempoating between the Ines malked With diferent velues of K; in te figure. Altemalively, Alig can be calculated by ‘means of Equation (C.8), and X; ean be calculated by means of Equation (C4) 63 125-250 +500 1000 2000 4000 ©8000 16000 X Key Xgl S9PTESSOC i decibels YY contre fequency of the erica band, exprossed in hertz NOTE {isthe total sound pressure level the tones inthe ccal band, and Zs the total soured the masking ibe inthe erie! band. Figure C1 —Masking threshold, MT, and curves for determining the adjustment, conbheeege AIR SI att ats esaved 29180 1996.2:2007(E) Man he tattle a8 ©) where Jig (8the total sound pressure level ofthe tones in the erica band! yp, the total sound preasute level of the masking note inthe erlical band; fy isthe centre frecuency ofthe critical band, expressed in hertz ‘The adjustment, %, expressed in decibels, s determined by Equations (C4) to (C.6) For 10 dB ~ Alyy, h aecordance with Equation {C.4): A= 608 C4) Ford dB < Ary, < 1048, In accordance with Equation (C5): Kya Mg 409, 5) For Aly, <4 dB, In accordance with Equation (C6): = 0e8 c5) NOTE Ke not restited te ntegor values, ‘When several tones (or groups of tones} occur simultansously In citferent eriteal bands, seperate assessments shall be made for each of these bands, The ciical bard contalning the most dominant tone(s) (Le. olving the highest value of A/,.)s decisive forthe value of Al, end the adjustment, €.3 Documentation ‘As documentation forthe analysis, the following Infermation shall be given: @) For the analysis: umber of averaged spactra, measurement time period and affective analysis bandit, ‘ima window (2g. Hanning), time weighting (Lin), andl frequency weighting (A), ‘one typical spectrum (atl nolse level in tht band st) with an indietion of the pesiton ofthe ertieal band and the average b)_ For the calculations inthe decisive erical banc: statement regarding whether the resuls were obtahned by visual inspection or by automatic calculation, ‘requency limits of the citcal band and the range for the visual averaging or linear regression (see 4.2), ‘requencles and levee ofthe tones and the total tone level (and L_ re 20 pa in decibels}, rg me te 2007 — Al ga envISO 1996-2:2007(6) ‘asking noise leva in the erica band (1, 820 pPa in decibels), ‘audiilty of the tones (fy, n decibels above the masking thresheld), ‘ize ofthe adjustment (kn decibels). ©). Tones in otnerentical bands that may cause an adjustment shous be mentioned by thelr frequencies, C.4 Detaled definitions of tone and masking noise levels C44 General With a view to computor implomentations ef the method, more comprehensive dofintione of tonos and nclse are glven in Clause Cl NOTE The technician pertormng he anaWysis nas the tral responsibilty for me comoctness cf the resus. It's {hetefore, moorant hat sofivare implementations make i posse to visually inspect the results. ts necessary to have @ spectrum wih atleast tha Inae dened ae tha lonee indicated, togethar with tre corresponding eical Ganda” and regression tines. Furtnerrore, separate ccourig oF spectrum ines Characterized zs nolse, noise pause anc Tonos Is help pra gee eserves See es *1S0 1996-2:2007(E) He X Key 4 tone when the 2d bandit i lone than 10% ofthe ciel band 2 tonaleneray 3 tngar regression tne of he nls level 4 5 5 7 etm tone nor noise tone (8 crtical tend Figure C.2— Definitions of tones, nolse and noise pause (neither tone nor nolse). Is the tone-saek ‘fitarion and is normally chosen as 1d,ISO 1996-2:2007(E) C.4.2 Noise pauses Noize pauses are local maxima with a probabilty of a tone. The noise pausse are defined and found according to the folowing principle The start of a noise pause Is found on the positive slope of @ local maximum 8 the Ine, s, where the conditions in Equations (C.7) end (C.8) are mat: Ly~ hg BAGB cn Leg~ boa EXAMPLES Sonu C5 Figurecs — Chitical bana: (258 Hz to 358 Hz; baled = Tr — Tones: 276 Hz: 33,3 0B, [ Bole ace - 0 Ha: 54 3e8, Sie artes; <0 = Tonal lavel, 54.6 dB: Lae 4 4B bandh of ton 3.4% of 100 Hz; 5 les Phe ke — qmoriea bara 459 08 Tonal asbity, Ayer MT 506 a — Adjustment ke 6008. ° a BONPLES — Seorque ce. Figure c.6 — Critical band: 6£0 Hz to 890 Hz; ans T — Teno: varying betwen a Ga Heard SB, = Tonal ive 12 580 06: Ah = Iyqinerieal band 455 0B; Beira! ( Tonal eu, Ayre MT: 507 38; i rary = Aajustnent ean, NOTE FiguroC.8chowe both an averaged epoctum and an inetantanccus apectrum. Ascording to ©.2.2.4 and C2 ‘tha ‘onal loat canbe found ather by anergy surmmaton cf tha Eras in tha broad masimum i ha svatagjed speci Gr by averaging the Lone levels fom a number cf spectra measured wih shor averaging tme, giving me Sane ictal ‘averaging time 1 ia er st 8180 1996-2:2007(E) Annex D (informative) Objective method for assessing the audibility of tones in noise — Simplified method “The test for the presence of 2 prominent, disoretesmequency spectral component (tone) typically compares the tme-averege Sound pressure level in some one-thic-octave band wih the tIme-average sound pressure levels in the adjacent two one-thrd-oceve bands. For ¢ promhent, discrete tone to be ‘entiied as present the tme-average sound pressure level in the one-thintoctave band of Interest Is required 10 exceed the timeraverece sound pressure levels of both adjacent onethrd-octave bands by some constant level difference, ‘The conetantavelifrence may vary vith frequency. Posable chelove fer the level differences ra 18.dB in the low-froquaney ono-thké-ostave bends (25 He fo 126 He}, 8 dB in mids troquoney bande (160 Hz fo 400 He), 65 Bin high-frequoney bande (600 He to 10.C00 He) NOTE __Tho.andlinitsin ne ana ao nt exscty tho came aon 2.4.11 because ho later subcavoo dale with Fruman response fo sound whla the band lint n ts armas are based on te prysiealerfacts, se, largely stmosprera- Induoad nuctuatons as ected by ter bandwidt,‘Annex E (informative) National source-specific calculation methods E.1 Road traffic Auta VS 04.02.17 Larmschutz, Marah 2008 Denmark, Firand, Iceland, Norway, Sweden: European Union: Franco: Germany: dep: “The Netherlands: ‘Swizer'and: United Kingdom: usa: E.2 Rail traffic Auetia: Road Tratle Noise —Nordlo_ Prediction Method, _TemaNord 1996:525, ISBN 92 9120 836 1, ISSN 0908-6692 [Nord 2000. New Nordic Prediction Method for Road Traflo Noise. NOTE This dacument can be cowniaaded from waww-dote. ds but & has not yet been official optad Harmonoise Mode NOTE This document can be downloaded from wwwimagine-proiet om Buk Las not yet Deen offically adopted NMPB, 1997. [NOTE Panty based on 180 9515.2. yeary ane-cceva-band average weathr sass RLS-0. ‘ASU RTNModel 2003. Reken- en Meetvocrschrilt Wegvetkeerslawaal 2002, specifying a basle method (Gtendaard Rekenmethode I} and an advanced method (Standaard Rekenmethode Il) StL-88, Slee oad traffic nolee model, 1986. NOTE A row mathod, SonRoad, Swiss road trafic isa modal 2004, is expactad to ba Introduced shorty ater ie publication ofthis part of ISO 1896, cRTNS. NOTE The 18h day te, L10, calculated, 198N 0115500473, ‘TNM 1998: Geomettieal ray theory and diffraction theory— one-thid-octeve-band specta Berechrung der Schallimmission dutch Sohlanenverkohr, Zugverkehr, Verechub- und Umschlagbetie. se nt et 7Denmark, Finland, loeland, Nomway, Sweden: Ralwey Traffle Noie—Nordle Prediction Method, TemaNord 1996:524, ISBN 92 9120 837 X, ISSN 0908-5692, Nord 2000 Read. New Nordle Prediction Method for Rall Traffic Noise, NOTE This comment can ba counoadod ‘rom ‘wine. ejdineortel.dt/dokument sy page=documentcbino=06673.0rg but it has not yet been oficial adepzed European Union: Harmenoise Propagation Model NOTE This osument can be connloaded ‘rom ‘iw. vededoratt d/dokumentasp2pagendcoument&cbjra=06073.0g but # has not yet bean ficial adepted France: NMPB-fer, French standard 8 31-193 NOTE Draft standent Pr 31-193, as ofthe pubiiation date of this part of SO 1996, Germany: ‘Schall 03, Richlnie zur Berechnung der Sohellrmmisienen von Schienenwegen sapan: Nagakura & Y_ Zenda, Prediction model of wayside noise leve! of Shinkansen, Wave 2002, 237-244, BALKEMA PUBLISHERS. ‘The Netherlande: Roken- on Mectvoorechvit Ralverkeerslawaal "06, apecifying a basic mathod (Standaard Rekenmethoce |} anc an advansed mathod (Standaard Rexermetode I) ‘Sviteetland: ‘Sehwelzerlachea Emlasions- und Immigelonsmodell flr le Berechnung von Elsanbahnlarm (SEMIBEL). United Kingdom: Calculation of Rellway Nois# (CRN), ISBN 0119517545, ISBN 0115918738, E33 Air traffic Canada: Transport Caneda NEF 1.8 Denmark: DANSIM based on ECAC doo 29. European Union: ECAC doo 20: Standard Method of Computing Noe Contours around Ciil Airorts. Switzerland: ——_-FLULAZ,, Swiss alrorattnolse program. usa: FAAINIA G0 for Foxed Wing Ciilan Avera; FAAHINM 22 for Civllan Helicopera USAF —NOISEMAP for Mikary Arraf. E.4 Industrial noise Austra ‘OAL-Richlinie 26 Schellabsttehlung und Schellausbreltung, 1987 Denmark, Finland, leland, Norway, Sweden: Environmental noise trom indusirial plants. General Predicton method NOTE Industral Noise — Nore Precction Mathod simterto IS0 9819-2, eect RSet nner (2180 2007 Al ets wsenodISO 1996.2:2007(E) Germany: \VDI-Richuinie: VD12714 Schellausbreltung im Freien (Quidoot sound propagation), 1986. Japan: Construction noise prediction model of ABY CN-Model 2002, Acoustical Soctety of Japan, 2002. The Netherlands: Hanéleiding Meten on rakenen inductrolawaai 1090, specifying © becie mothed (Methode I) end an advencad metrod (Mathode I) eestor oRSER Peat gre evened 20Is 1996-2:2007(E) iy a 1 4 6 (61 a roy ol ra mm (12 3 14) Bibliography 180 .989-7, Acousties— Reference zero for the calbration of audlometie equipment — Part 7: Reference threshold of hearing under fee-fleld and difuse-Tleld listening condifons 180.6190, Acoustics — Moasuremont of sound proscure levois of gas turbine Inetalletione for evaluating ernironmental nise — Survey method 180 5728 (ell parts), Accuracy (ttueness end precision) of measurement methods and results 180 0813-4, Acoustics — Attenustion of sound during propagetion outdoors — Part 1: Caleulation of {he atssorption of sound by the atmosphere. 180 9818.2, Acoustics — Ateruation of sound curing propagation outdoors — Pert 2: General methed of eelevlation 180 10843, Acoustics — Methods forthe description and physical meesurement of single impulses oF serles of inpulses ISO/TS 13474, Accusties — Impulse sound propagation for environmental rolse assessment TEC 0651:2001, Sound lever meters TEC 0804:2000, integrating-everaging sound level meters STOREHEIER, S.A., Measurement of noise emmission from road treffc (in Norwegian), SINTEF Report No. STF44 A7B026, Trondheim, 1978 Fisk, DJ, Statistical sampling in community noise measurement, J. SVb, 39 (2) (1973) Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Guidelines for Measurements of Environmental Noise, {671084 (In Danich), Nev. 1984 ZWiexER, E, and Fast, H., Psyoho-acoustos — Facts and mores, Springer, Jan. 1999 Sonvencaano, MI, HOU PEDERSEN, T. and KRaGH, JL, Method for Assessing Tonally of Wiad Turbine Nolee, DELTA Acauetice & Vibration, Deo 1900